Borobudur as an Unsettling Hindu-Buddhist Cultural Landscape

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (135 download)

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Book Synopsis Borobudur as an Unsettling Hindu-Buddhist Cultural Landscape by : 梁嬌安

Download or read book Borobudur as an Unsettling Hindu-Buddhist Cultural Landscape written by 梁嬌安 and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Cultural Landscape Management at Borobudur, Indonesia

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Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319420461
Total Pages : 147 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (194 download)

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Book Synopsis Cultural Landscape Management at Borobudur, Indonesia by : Masanori Nagaoka

Download or read book Cultural Landscape Management at Borobudur, Indonesia written by Masanori Nagaoka and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-08-22 with total page 147 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume investigates a historical account of the development of landscapes management at Borobudur. In the 1970s and 1980s, there was large scale heritage conservation intervention of the Borobudur Temple by UNESCO and a simultaneous attempt of a wider landscapes management at Borobudur. But in the late 1980s and early 1990s, a global heritage discourse of an enlarged value system emerged. This discourse embraced issues such as cultural landscape, living history, intangible values, vernacular heritage, and urban landscapes with community involvement. The early 1990s saw a move against the European-dominated discourse of heritage as well as the concept of authenticity in the World Heritage system and other European-oriented classifications. The Asian experience in heritage discourse has begun to have a significant impact on the European standard. Additionally, in the 1990s, there was a gradual recognition of the concept of cultural landscape, which differed both within Asia and between Asia and Europe. These different ideas are evident in the case of the Borobudur Temple and its 1991 nomination to the World Heritage List. This book focuses how the management of the Borobudur historical monument and its landscapes was developed and reached current exclusive national legislative framework and set as an example for others sites in the region and for other regions to consider.

Borobudur as Cultural Landscape

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Author :
Publisher : Government Printing Office
ISBN 13 : 9781920901677
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (16 download)

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Book Synopsis Borobudur as Cultural Landscape by : Kiyoko Kanki

Download or read book Borobudur as Cultural Landscape written by Kiyoko Kanki and published by Government Printing Office. This book was released on 2015 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Borobudur is a 9th-century Buddhist temple site in Central Java, Indonesia. As a cultural landscape, Borobudur is a site of active discussion. Since the start of the International Field School on Borobudur Cultural Landscape Heritage, the site of Borobudur as a cultural landscape (including its mountains, fields, villages, and historic tangible and intangible items) has been considered in light of the role, and potential role, local communities and organization have in conservation and the living environment. How can Borobudur as cultural landscape be described? How are diverse activities related? How can individuals contribute to its sustainability? This comprehensive volume considers these questions and presents discussions by academics and local community members. The book considers cultural landscape heritage - saujana heritage - and discusses the idea of 'evolutive conservation.' It presents geographical, geological, and ecological perspectives. It also investigates the ancient lake that once existed, as well as the topography and landscapes. The book looks at the regional planning system and describes the history and potential of local communities and organizations with a focus on tourism and development. [Subject: Asian Studies, Indonesian Studies, Conservation, Environmental Studies]

BOROBUDUR,TRUE BACK HISTORY

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Publisher : Santo Saba Piliang
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 160 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis BOROBUDUR,TRUE BACK HISTORY by : Santo Saba Piliang

Download or read book BOROBUDUR,TRUE BACK HISTORY written by Santo Saba Piliang and published by Santo Saba Piliang. This book was released on with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Borobudur is not Temple Ńâmô bhägâvâtyai āryātārāyai It is time for history which is considered "sacred", will fall by the results of science that clarifies historical records before, and no one should be surprised by this phenomenon, our ancestors are "Aryans" Ancestors of the Indonesian Aryans The latest study, led by geneticist David Reich of Harvard University, was published in March 2018 and 92 scholars from around the world in the disciplines of genetics, history, archeology and anthropology This study shows that there have been two major migrations to India in the last 10,000 years: 1. Out of Africa (OoA) migrants who have reached India around 65,000, this Zagrosian mixes with previous inhabitants in India as early as 7,000 - 3,000 BC, giving birth to the "Harappan" civilization 2. After 2000 BC, came immigrants (Schytia / Sakya / Sakkas / Arya), They brought Sanskrit early or basic from Sanskrit New cultural practices such as sacrifice rituals, all of which form the basis of early Hindu / Vedic culture, are based on the teachings of our ancestor "Dharma" Tony Joseph, author of the book Early Indians: The Story of Our Ancestors and Where We Came From, published by Juggernaut wrote that a thousand years earlier people (Ras Aryan) also traveled to Europe, replacing and mixing with farmers there, giving birth to new cultures and spreading Indo-European language Other genetic studies have proven that there are many nations migrating to India, originating from Southeast Asia, strengthened by the many Austro-Asian speakers That the Aryans were not the first inhabitants of India and the Harappan "Dravidian" civilization existed long before their arrival. Indeed "Dravidas" are their ancestors of Indians They have campaigned to change the school curriculum and erase every word that mentions "Aryan immigration" from history books The Arya race is the "Schtya" of the Çaka Nation of the Indonesian Archipelago before the advance, the "Jawi" nation of the Çaka descendant nation: 1. Javanese (Not Javanese) 2. Madayu (Mada, Medes, Madyan, Midian, Medea) 3. Cambyses (Kambuja Greek) 4. Scythia, Çaka (Aryans / Aryan Races) The Çaka Archipelago's ancestors conquered King Salivahana of India in 78 AD, this year was the start of the year where Saka began in India Çaka's empire centered on the Nusantara "Dinasty Surya" left thousands of inscriptions with the number of the year Çaka and an "Oversight" if yr Saka in all inscriptions counted from 78 AD, How to calculate this is the cause of the loss of our history before that year Many large Scythian groups also migrated to Central Asia, Eastern Europe and Northern Anatolia around 3,100-3,000 BC Sakas = Scythians, migrating to eastern Europe and northern Anatolia through Pontic Steppe since the Vedic era after the Mahabharata war 3.162 BC. Source, Archievorg The "Dharmic" teachings brought by the Çaka / Sakkas / Sākya / Schytia / Aryān recorded in Borobudur with the literacy of the word "Màhéçākyā" developing in the Indian plains, based on 3 teachings and one of "Jainsm" with its character "Mahavira" Māhe means almighty or great and great, Çakya are the people or nation of çakya or Sakya / Çaka / Saka The words "Svārggā" & Kusãlãdhārmābâjaņà in the basic relief of Borobudur prove the original teachings of the archipelago "Dharmic" The period before the New Order, 2 Religion from India, must be an alternative choice The official religion of the country is also in "Label" Borobudur and other sites, just by distinguishing the "There / No" position statue sitting cross-legged The philosophy of "Dharma" is perfectly recorded in Balinese culture and is fully illustrated in Borobudur, both not based on one of the 2 religions in India, but the philosophy recorded in both, underlies the 3 religions that grow there Ńâmô bhägâvâtyai āryātārāyai INDONËSIARYĀ By: Santosabapiliang Book Info: WA +62813 2132 9787

BOROBUDUR IS NOT A BUDDHA TEMPLE,English Version

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Author :
Publisher : Santo Saba Piliang
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 800 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis BOROBUDUR IS NOT A BUDDHA TEMPLE,English Version by : Santo Saba Piliang

Download or read book BOROBUDUR IS NOT A BUDDHA TEMPLE,English Version written by Santo Saba Piliang and published by Santo Saba Piliang. This book was released on with total page 800 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: BOROBUDUR IS NOT A BUDDHA TEMPLE When and who did Hindu / Buddhist missionaries / preachers born in pre-Islamic India enter the archipelago, so that sites in the archipelago are said to be based on one of the teachings of India ....? That it is true that Hindu / Buddhist originates from India and it is not true that sites in the Indonesian Archipelago are based on Hindu / Buddhist ... in fact what is depicted on these sites is the "teaching" that underlies the birth of Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainas in India INDONËSIARYĀ By : Santo Saba eBook pdf : WA +62813 2132 9787 https://wa.me/message/OO5THVF7RNNDO1

Mysteries of Borobudur Discover Indonesia

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Publisher : Tuttle Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1462906990
Total Pages : 74 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (629 download)

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Book Synopsis Mysteries of Borobudur Discover Indonesia by : John Miksic

Download or read book Mysteries of Borobudur Discover Indonesia written by John Miksic and published by Tuttle Publishing. This book was released on 2013-02-22 with total page 74 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With vivid photography and insightful commentary, this travel pictorial shines a light on the Buddhist art and architecture of Borobudur. The glorious ninth-century Buddhist stupa of Borobudur--the largest Buddhist monument in the world--stands in the midst of the lush Kedu Plain of Central Java in Indonesia, where it is visited annually by over a million people. Borobudur contains more than a thousand exquisitely carved relief panels extending along its many terraces for a total distance of more than a kilometer. These are arranged so as to take the visitor on a spiritual journey to enlightenment, and one ascends the monument past scenes depicting the world of desire, the life story of Buddha, and the heroic deeds of other enlightened beings--finally arriving at the great circular terraces at the top of the structure that symbolize the formless world of pure knowledge and perfection.

BOROBUDUR IS NOT BUDDHIST TEMPLE,CLARIFICATION

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Author :
Publisher : Santo Saba Piliang
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 489 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis BOROBUDUR IS NOT BUDDHIST TEMPLE,CLARIFICATION by : Santo Saba Piliang

Download or read book BOROBUDUR IS NOT BUDDHIST TEMPLE,CLARIFICATION written by Santo Saba Piliang and published by Santo Saba Piliang. This book was released on 2020-06-24 with total page 489 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 26.Do NOT CLOSE THE OLD ARCHIPELAGES FACTS ... is "Lying" there is a "Porn" scene in the bas-relief of "Borobudur" .... This publication must be "Stop" ..... Don't close the "Facts" to the glories of the Old Archipelago Note: There are 160 basic relief panels published with the naming "Karmawibhangga" using an interpretation of the text "Mahakarmawibhangga", but not completely following the text , Bernet Kempers 1970: 151 & 1976 The basic relief photographed by K. Cheppas 1890 was then closed in 1891, with the consideration that it would collapse, but no "Crack" was displayed ... ● Virupã ● Mãhéçãkhya ● Vyąsąda, äbhídya, mītthyädrstï ● Kųsălă ● Sûvãrnăvărnă, ćaityãvãndãnä ● Māhojáskásámådhânà, şuşvârâ ● argavarga, bhă .... (unreadable) ● argavarga, bhă ... (unreadable) ● Mãhěs (şă) khyãmădhãnä ● Cākrāvārtį ● Şvąrggã ● Măhē (şä) khyãsãmãvâdhąną, ğhæntä ● Çãkrãvãrtï ● Şabdåsråvānā ● Şvãrggã, bôghį ● Prásáditâ, vàstràdãnã ● Şvãrggã ● Kųsãlädhãrmãbæjănā ● Bhőgį ● Şvãrggã ● Pātākā ● Ádyâbhógì ● Şvãrggã ● ... tąná ... unreadable ● Şvãrggã ● Ćhätrădãnã ... mähãnă ● Şvãrggã ● Şvãrggã, pűspādānā ● Şvãrggã ● Mąlądhănã, bhõgì, şvãrggä ● jnjálï There are 12 words "Şvãrggã", not written the word, "Jannah" or "Nirvana", this proves that the language and teachings that are the originals of ours are native to the Indonesian Archipelago, Literacy text words "Şvãrggã", these are not from Arabic or India The word "Svargga" is the original word of the Archipelago because it does not have a declination in the form of a locative case, namely "Svarge" or "Svargge", the writing of this inscription is not in accordance with the grammatical "Sanskrit Panini" and concerning declination if the word is nominative with additional examples in the case 'h' or 'Visarga', Macdonell 1954: 371 & Zoetmulder 1995: 1169 ● In the source of the lontar quote "Geguritan Bhima Svargga", this Svargga Loka is understood to be a holy realm, the blessings of the Gods as a temporary stopover for people with good spirits. "Svarggaloka" is a third world filled with light and happiness which is home to saints. In the "Putru Pasaji" ejection, it is said that there is a realm of gods and goddesses "Svargga Manik" The literary text "Şvãrggã" is the native language of the Archipelago, "Suargo" or "Svargga", Svãrggãloka, Kādəwãn, Kâyângân, Svârggã ... which later were absorbed into the word "Heaven" ..... this is the proof ● In Islamic Eschatology, "Akhirah / Akhirah" (الآخرة) is used to term life after death, "Jannah" (جنّة) is the concept of "Heaven", whereas the meaning of "Jannah" in Arabic is "Gardens" not found in the text literacy of the word "heaven" in the scriptures ● In "Vedas" it is said that Swarga is a "third world" full of light and light which is the abode of the gods termed "Swarga Loka" Bhagawad Gita said: "Swarga" is a temporary stopover "After enjoying extensive Swarga, they returned to the world", Swarga as a temporary pleasure place, while true happiness is the union of "Atman" / Soul with "Brahman" the Creator ● the Venerable Siddartha Gautama, explained "Buddhism" as a raft which, after floating on the river, would allow the passenger to attain "Nirvana / Nibbana" is the highest happiness Happiness "Nibbana" cannot be experienced by pampering the senses, but by calming it, "Nibbana" is not a place, "Nibbana" is not an absence or extinction "Nibbana" is not a "Heaven" or "Svargga" So ... the word "Paradise" is not from India or Arabic, this word is the result of absorption from the teachings and the native language of the archipelago namely Svârggã ..... which colors India Do not close the "Facts" to the glory of the Old Archipelago, ... is "Lying" there is a "Porno" scene in the basic relief of Vhwănā Çhaķâ Phalā which is now published as Borobudur ... INDONËSIARYĀ By: Santosabapiliang (Datuok Panglimo Soko) Book Info: WA +62813 2132 9787

BOROBUDUR TRUE BACK HISTORY

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Publisher : Santo Saba Piliang
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis BOROBUDUR TRUE BACK HISTORY by : Santo Saba Piliang

Download or read book BOROBUDUR TRUE BACK HISTORY written by Santo Saba Piliang and published by Santo Saba Piliang. This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At Sangharamā Mahæ Thupa Vhwãnã Çakã Phãlã is now published as "Borobudur", there are 160 relief panels at the base which are not in "Exposé", there are 12 words "Şvãrggã" written on the bas-relief figure instead of the word "Nirvana" and the literacy of the word text other ....... Mãhéçãkhya .... which if revealed, we will understand who our ancestors really are .... Mãhéçãkhya (43 Panel Frame) The word "Mahe" means great or great nation and the word "SAkya" is the Çaka Nusantara, Maheshakhya is one of the words that is absorbed into Sanskrit which is also used in books such as the Upanishads, the Veda. A different transliteration proves that the language in the text in the reliefs is not Sanskrit, but this language is the basis of Sanskrit, so it is possible that there is a similarity. The German people took the symbol "Su Astika" from a more advanced nation in the past. In the dictionary, the Petersburg Dictionary "Otto Böhtlingk and Rudolph Roth, 1879-1889 & Saint Petersburg Great St Dictionary 1855-1875, is called: Maheshakhya, Mahendranagari, Mahendrayajin, Maheshabandhu, Similar words are: Maheshakhya, Maheshvarasiddhanta, Mahibhrit, Mahidhra, Maheshakhya, Mahahava, Mahavanij, Maheshudhi Harvard-Kyoto transliteration "maheçãkhya" to "mahezAkhya" in Velthuis transcription word "mahe" gets the affix "saakhya", modern Itrans version is "maheshAkhya", "maheSAKya", in IPA font "məɦeːɕɑːkʱjə The Devanagari version of Maheshakhya is महेशाख्य written in the IAST transliteration with a diacritic sign. This word is written as "maheśākhya" meaning: A great man, in Sanskrit word with the translation to be a man who is "Great Noble" Words that have similar meanings to Maheshakhya, either from Sanskrit or from German means a great male aristocrat, the great wise man was the leader of the nation in the advanced civilization of the Indonesian archipelago, the Çaka ... proven by hundreds of "inscriptions "the number of the year" Saka " The Çãkyã / Şàkyà / Schytia / Saka nation, Aryān the Great is the ancestor of the 4th sub-race of the Archipelago, which came from the "Jawi" nation who descended the Çaka people, namely: 1. Jawi (not tribe) 2. Madayu 3.Cambyses 4.Scythia, Sakkas, Çaka, Aryān Çaka are the ancestors of the archipelago, written on the bas-relief of Vhwãnã Çakã Phãlã with the literary text of the word Māhéçãkyã, Nation Çãkyã / Şàkyà / Schytia / Saka, Great Aryān, The "Çaka" used a predetermined date far from 78 AD from the time of conquering the King of India. .... Note: Among the books by Santosaba discussed at DAV College (Aff. Punjab University) Sector 10, Chandigarh, Punjab India INDONËSIARYĀ By: Santosabapiliang (Datuok Panglimo Soko) Book Info: WA 0813 2132 9787 https://tokopedia.link/PSvBD8M3Z5

Borobudur

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Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 136 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Borobudur by : Jacques Dumarçay

Download or read book Borobudur written by Jacques Dumarçay and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 1978 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Borobudur in Central Java is one of the largest religious monuments in the world and has become the focus of current interest with its recent restoration under the auspices of UNESCO. Dumarcay, a consultant architect to the restoration project gives a detailed assessment of the architecture and symbolism of the monument and puts it in the context of the religious culture of eighth-century Java.

Hindu-Buddhist Architecture in Southeast Asia

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Author :
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004644962
Total Pages : 461 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (46 download)

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Book Synopsis Hindu-Buddhist Architecture in Southeast Asia by : Daigoro Chihara

Download or read book Hindu-Buddhist Architecture in Southeast Asia written by Daigoro Chihara and published by BRILL. This book was released on 1996-07 with total page 461 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book deals with the technical, artistic and architectural aspects of the Hindu and Buddhist monuments from the beginning until today in Southeast Asia.

Chandi Borobudur

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Author :
Publisher : Assen : Van Gorcum ; Paris : The Unesco Press
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 100 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (321 download)

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Book Synopsis Chandi Borobudur by : R. Soekmono

Download or read book Chandi Borobudur written by R. Soekmono and published by Assen : Van Gorcum ; Paris : The Unesco Press. This book was released on 1976 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The magic tree house transports Jack and Annie to the deck of the Titanic to find the mysterious gift that will free a small dog from a magic spell.

BOROBUDUR as Cultural Landscap

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9784876983650
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (836 download)

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Book Synopsis BOROBUDUR as Cultural Landscap by : 神吉紀世子

Download or read book BOROBUDUR as Cultural Landscap written by 神吉紀世子 and published by . This book was released on 2015-02 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Uncovering the Meaning of the Hidden Base of Candi Borobudur

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789798041532
Total Pages : 387 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (415 download)

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Book Synopsis Uncovering the Meaning of the Hidden Base of Candi Borobudur by :

Download or read book Uncovering the Meaning of the Hidden Base of Candi Borobudur written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 387 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Restoration of Borobudur

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 296 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis The Restoration of Borobudur by : Unesco

Download or read book The Restoration of Borobudur written by Unesco and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This publication traces the history and restoration of Chandi Borobudur, a Buddhist temple built over 1,000 years ago on the island of Java, Indonesia which was successfully restored during 1973-1983 and listed as a World Heritage Site in 1991. It covers the various aspects of the process, including the long and painstaking task of logging the position of the stones, the studies that revealed the underlying sources of decay, and the important archaeological finds that provided clues to the temple's spiritual past; and includes many of the original drawings and photographs taken from the restoration project archives.

Unearthly Powers

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Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108477143
Total Pages : 409 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (84 download)

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Book Synopsis Unearthly Powers by : Alan Strathern

Download or read book Unearthly Powers written by Alan Strathern and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-03-21 with total page 409 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This ground-breaking study sets out a new understanding of transformations in the interaction between religion and political authority throughout history.

The Art of South and Southeast Asia

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Author :
Publisher : Metropolitan Museum of Art
ISBN 13 : 0870999923
Total Pages : 169 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (79 download)

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Book Synopsis The Art of South and Southeast Asia by : Steven Kossak

Download or read book The Art of South and Southeast Asia written by Steven Kossak and published by Metropolitan Museum of Art. This book was released on 2001 with total page 169 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents works of art selected from the South and Southeast Asian and Islamic collection of The Metropolitan Museum of Art, lessons plans, and classroom activities.

Violence and Serenity

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Publisher : University of Hawaii Press
ISBN 13 : 0824829247
Total Pages : 306 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (248 download)

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Book Synopsis Violence and Serenity by : Natasha Reichle

Download or read book Violence and Serenity written by Natasha Reichle and published by University of Hawaii Press. This book was released on 2007-07-26 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The mention of Buddhism in Indonesia calls to mind for many people the Central Javanese monument of Borobudur, one of the largest Buddhist monuments in the world and the subject of extensive scholarly scrutiny. The neglect of scholarship on Buddhist art from later periods might lead one to assume that after the tenth century Buddhism had been completely eclipsed by the predominantly Hindu Eastern Javanese dynasties. Yet, as the works discussed here illustrate, extraordinary Buddhist images were still being produced as late as the fourteenth century. Violence and Serenity offers a close examination of some of the impressive works from East Java and Sumatra and explores their political and religious roles. The number of clearly identifiable Buddhist works from the Singasari and Majapahit dynasties (1222–ca. 1520) is limited, yet existing examples are impressive. They demonstrate a remarkable level of craftsmanship and are exceptionally expressive, exhibiting a range of emotions from the ferocious to the serene. Following a brief discussion of the early history of Buddhism in Indonesia, Natasha Reichle focuses each chapter on a specific statue or group of statues and considers the larger issues evoked by the images. Through a rarely examined depiction of the last Singasari king, she explores the nature of religion in Java in the late thirteenth century and what we know about tantric practices and the syncretism of Hinduism and Buddhism. She reassesses the question of portraiture in ancient Javanese art while contemplating the famous Prajñāpāramitā from Singasari. Notions of kingship are discussed in light of a number of statues depicting the Buddhist deity Amoghapāśa and his attendants and the meanings of the Amoghapāśa maṇḍala. The final chapter examines the origins and significance of one of Indonesia’s most spectacular sculptures, a four-meter-high Buddhist bhairava (demon) discovered in West Sumatra.