Black Bodies Black Rights

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Black Bodies, Black Rights

Author : Elizabeth Farfán-Santos
Publisher : University of Texas Press
ISBN 13 : 1477309241
Total Pages : 216 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (773 download)

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Book Synopsis Black Bodies, Black Rights by : Elizabeth Farfán-Santos

Download or read book Black Bodies, Black Rights written by Elizabeth Farfán-Santos and published by University of Texas Press. This book was released on 2016-05-24 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Under a provision in the Brazilian constitution, rural black communities identified as the modern descendants of quilombos—runaway slave communities—are promised land rights as a form of reparations for the historic exclusion of blacks from land ownership. The quilombo provision has been hailed as a success for black rights; however, rights for quilombolas are highly controversial and, in many cases, have led to violent land conflicts. Although thousands of rural black communities have been legally recognized, only a handful have received the rights they were promised. Conflict over quilombola rights is widespread and carries important consequences for race relations and political representations of blackness in twenty-first century Brazil. Drawing on a year of field research in a quilombola community, Elizabeth Farfán-Santos explores how quilombo recognition has significantly affected the everyday lives of those who experience the often-complicated political process. Questions of identity, race, and entitlement play out against a community's struggle to prove its historical authenticity—and to gain the land and rights they need to survive. This work not only demonstrates the lived experience of a new, particular form of blackness in Brazil, but also shows how blackness is being mobilized and reimagined to gain social rights and political recognition. Black Bodies, Black Rights thus represents an important contribution to the rapidly growing interdisciplinary field of Afro-Latino studies.

Killing the Black Body

Author : Dorothy Roberts
Publisher : Vintage
ISBN 13 : 0804152594
Total Pages : 402 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (41 download)

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Book Synopsis Killing the Black Body by : Dorothy Roberts

Download or read book Killing the Black Body written by Dorothy Roberts and published by Vintage. This book was released on 2014-02-19 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Killing the Black Body remains a rallying cry for education, awareness, and action on extending reproductive justice to all women. It is as crucial as ever, even two decades after its original publication. "A must-read for all those who claim to care about racial and gender justice in America." —Michelle Alexander, author of The New Jim Crow In 1997, this groundbreaking book made a powerful entrance into the national conversation on race. In a media landscape dominated by racially biased images of welfare queens and crack babies, Killing the Black Body exposed America’s systemic abuse of Black women’s bodies. From slave masters’ economic stake in bonded women’s fertility to government programs that coerced thousands of poor Black women into being sterilized as late as the 1970s, these abuses pointed to the degradation of Black motherhood—and the exclusion of Black women’s reproductive needs in mainstream feminist and civil rights agendas. “Compelling. . . . Deftly shows how distorted and racist constructions of black motherhood have affected politics, law, and policy in the United States.” —Ms.

Fearing the Black Body

Author : Sabrina Strings
Publisher : NYU Press
ISBN 13 : 1479831093
Total Pages : 292 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (798 download)

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Book Synopsis Fearing the Black Body by : Sabrina Strings

Download or read book Fearing the Black Body written by Sabrina Strings and published by NYU Press. This book was released on 2019-05-07 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winner, 2020 Body and Embodiment Best Publication Award, given by the American Sociological Association Honorable Mention, 2020 Sociology of Sex and Gender Distinguished Book Award, given by the American Sociological Association How the female body has been racialized for over two hundred years There is an obesity epidemic in this country and poor black women are particularly stigmatized as “diseased” and a burden on the public health care system. This is only the most recent incarnation of the fear of fat black women, which Sabrina Strings shows took root more than two hundred years ago. Strings weaves together an eye-opening historical narrative ranging from the Renaissance to the current moment, analyzing important works of art, newspaper and magazine articles, and scientific literature and medical journals—where fat bodies were once praised—showing that fat phobia, as it relates to black women, did not originate with medical findings, but with the Enlightenment era belief that fatness was evidence of “savagery” and racial inferiority. The author argues that the contemporary ideal of slenderness is, at its very core, racialized and racist. Indeed, it was not until the early twentieth century, when racialized attitudes against fatness were already entrenched in the culture, that the medical establishment began its crusade against obesity. An important and original work, Fearing the Black Body argues convincingly that fat phobia isn’t about health at all, but rather a means of using the body to validate race, class, and gender prejudice.

Policing Black Bodies

Author : Angela J. Hattery
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1538142554
Total Pages : 327 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (381 download)

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Book Synopsis Policing Black Bodies by : Angela J. Hattery

Download or read book Policing Black Bodies written by Angela J. Hattery and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2021-03-01 with total page 327 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "An essential work that advances an acute awareness of our responsibility to make society equitable for all." Library Journal, Starred Review In this provocative book, the authors connect the regulation of African American people in many settings into a powerful narrative. Completely updated throughout, the book now includes a new chapter on policing black athletes’ bodies, and expanded coverage of the Black Lives Matter movement, policing trans bodies, and policing Black women’s bodies.

Violence Against Black Bodies

Author : Sandra E. Weissinger
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1315408694
Total Pages : 307 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (154 download)

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Book Synopsis Violence Against Black Bodies by : Sandra E. Weissinger

Download or read book Violence Against Black Bodies written by Sandra E. Weissinger and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2017-04-07 with total page 307 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Part I There is No Time for Despair: (Re)Working the Racial Order -- 1 The Fires of Racial Discontent Are Still Burning! Intensely! -- 2 Rage and Activism: The Promise of Black Lives Matter -- 3 Understanding Racialized Homophobic and Transphobic Violence -- Part II The Space of Trauma: Violence to the Psyche, Body, and Home -- 4 When No Place Is Safe: Violence Against Black Youth -- 5 Death by Residential Segregation and the Post-Racial Myth -- 6 Vigilant Vagrants: The Turbulent Tale of the Queer Black Man -- Part III Media Fallacies: Stereotypes and Other Obliterations of Black Realities -- 7 The Revelatory Racial Politics of The Sopranos: Black and Brown Bodies and Storylines as Props and Backdrop in the Normalization of Whiteness -- 8 From Mammy to black-ish: The Perceived Evolution of the Black American Typecast -- 9 For the World to See: Bestiality Against Black Bodies and the Deleterious Effects of Predisposed Media Disclosure -- 10 It's "Young Black Kids Doing It": Biased Media Portrayals of the Deviant in Britain? -- Part IV Stone Walls: The Invisible Hand of Institutional Racism -- 11 "The Multicultural Dilemma": Ignoring Racism in the Works of James Howard Kunstler -- 12 The School-to-Prison Pipeline: Institutionalized Racial Violence -- 13 Blood at the Root: The False Equivalency of External and Internal Violence Against Blacks in Obama's America -- 14 Trigger-Happy Policing: Racialized Violence Against Black Bodies in Academic Spaces -- Contributor Biographies -- Index.

Killing the Black Body

Author : Dorothy Roberts
Publisher : Vintage
ISBN 13 : 0679758690
Total Pages : 402 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (797 download)

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Book Synopsis Killing the Black Body by : Dorothy Roberts

Download or read book Killing the Black Body written by Dorothy Roberts and published by Vintage. This book was released on 1998-12-29 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Killing the Black Body remains a rallying cry for education, awareness, and action on extending reproductive justice to all women. It is as crucial as ever, even two decades after its original publication. "A must-read for all those who claim to care about racial and gender justice in America." —Michelle Alexander, author of The New Jim Crow In 1997, this groundbreaking book made a powerful entrance into the national conversation on race. In a media landscape dominated by racially biased images of welfare queens and crack babies, Killing the Black Body exposed America’s systemic abuse of Black women’s bodies. From slave masters’ economic stake in bonded women’s fertility to government programs that coerced thousands of poor Black women into being sterilized as late as the 1970s, these abuses pointed to the degradation of Black motherhood—and the exclusion of Black women’s reproductive needs in mainstream feminist and civil rights agendas. “Compelling. . . . Deftly shows how distorted and racist constructions of black motherhood have affected politics, law, and policy in the United States.” —Ms.

Black Bodies in the River

Author : Davis W. Houck
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781496840813
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (48 download)

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Book Synopsis Black Bodies in the River by : Davis W. Houck

Download or read book Black Bodies in the River written by Davis W. Houck and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Nearly sixty years after Freedom Summer, its events-especially the lynching of Andrew Goodman, James Chaney, and Mickey Schwerner-stand out as a critical episode of the civil rights movement. The infamous deaths of these activists dominate not just the history but also the public memory of the Mississippi Summer Project. Beginning in the late 1970s, however, movement veterans challenged this central narrative with the shocking claim that during the search for Goodman, Chaney, and Schwerner, the FBI and other law enforcement personnel discovered many unidentified Black bodies in Mississippi's swamps, rivers, and bayous. This claim has evolved in subsequent years as activists, journalists, filmmakers, and scholars have continued to repeat it, and the number of supposed Black bodies-never identified-has grown from five to more than two dozen. In Black Bodies in the River: Searching for Freedom Summer, author Davis W. Houck sets out to answer two questions: Were Black bodies discovered that summer? And why has the shocking claim only grown in the past several decades-despite evidence to the contrary? In other words, what rhetorical work does the Black bodies claim do, and with what audiences? Houck's story begins in the murky backwaters of the Mississippi River and the discovery of the bodies of Henry Dee and Charles Moore, murdered on May 2, 1964, by the Ku Klux Klan. He pivots next to the Council of Federated Organization's voter registration efforts in Mississippi leading up to Freedom Summer. He considers the extent to which violence generally and expectations about interracial violence, in particular, serves as a critical context for the strategy and rhetoric of the Summer Project. Houck then interrogates the unnamed-Black-bodies claim from a historical and rhetorical perspective, illustrating that the historicity of the bodies in question is perhaps less the point than the critique of who we remember from that summer and how we remember them. Houck examines how different memory texts-filmic, landscape, presidential speech, and museums-function both to bolster and question the centrality of murdered white men in the legacy of Freedom Summer"--

Black Bodies, White Gazes

Author : George Yancy
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1442258357
Total Pages : 318 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (422 download)

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Book Synopsis Black Bodies, White Gazes by : George Yancy

Download or read book Black Bodies, White Gazes written by George Yancy and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2016-11-02 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Following the deaths of Trayvon Martin and other black youths in recent years, students on campuses across America have joined professors and activists in calling for justice and increased awareness that Black Lives Matter. In this second edition of his trenchant and provocative book, George Yancy offers students the theoretical framework they crave for understanding the violence perpetrated against the Black body. Drawing from the lives of Ossie Davis, Frantz Fanon, Malcolm X, and W. E. B. Du Bois, as well as his own experience, and fully updated to account for what has transpired since the rise of the Black Lives Matter movement, Yancy provides an invaluable resource for students and teachers of courses in African American Studies, African American History, Philosophy of Race, and anyone else who wishes to examine what it means to be Black in America.

Every Nation Has Its Dish

Author : Jennifer Jensen Wallach
Publisher : UNC Press Books
ISBN 13 : 146964522X
Total Pages : 265 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (696 download)

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Book Synopsis Every Nation Has Its Dish by : Jennifer Jensen Wallach

Download or read book Every Nation Has Its Dish written by Jennifer Jensen Wallach and published by UNC Press Books. This book was released on 2018-11-13 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Jennifer Jensen Wallach's nuanced history of black foodways across the twentieth century challenges traditional narratives of "soul food" as a singular style of historical African American cuisine. Wallach investigates the experiences and diverse convictions of several generations of African American activists, ranging from Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois to Mary Church Terrell, Elijah Muhammad, and Dick Gregory. While differing widely in their approaches to diet and eating, they uniformly made the cultivation of "proper" food habits a significant dimension of their work and their conceptions of racial and national belonging. Tracing their quests for literal sustenance brings together the race, food, and intellectual histories of America. Directly linking black political activism to both material and philosophical practices around food, Wallach frames black identity as a bodily practice, something that conscientious eaters not only thought about but also did through rituals and performances of food preparation, consumption, and digestion. The process of choosing what and how to eat, Wallach argues, played a crucial role in the project of finding one's place as an individual, as an African American, and as a citizen.

Stand Your Ground

Author : Douglas Brown, Kelly
Publisher : Orbis Books
ISBN 13 : 1608335402
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (83 download)

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Book Synopsis Stand Your Ground by : Douglas Brown, Kelly

Download or read book Stand Your Ground written by Douglas Brown, Kelly and published by Orbis Books. This book was released on 2015-05-05 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Between the World and Me

Author : Ta-Nehisi Coates
Publisher : One World
ISBN 13 : 0679645985
Total Pages : 163 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (796 download)

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Book Synopsis Between the World and Me by : Ta-Nehisi Coates

Download or read book Between the World and Me written by Ta-Nehisi Coates and published by One World. This book was released on 2015-07-14 with total page 163 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: #1 NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER • NATIONAL BOOK AWARD WINNER • NAMED ONE OF TIME’S TEN BEST NONFICTION BOOKS OF THE DECADE • PULITZER PRIZE FINALIST • NATIONAL BOOK CRITICS CIRCLE AWARD FINALIST • ONE OF OPRAH’S “BOOKS THAT HELP ME THROUGH” • NOW AN HBO ORIGINAL SPECIAL EVENT Hailed by Toni Morrison as “required reading,” a bold and personal literary exploration of America’s racial history by “the most important essayist in a generation and a writer who changed the national political conversation about race” (Rolling Stone) NAMED ONE OF THE MOST INFLUENTIAL BOOKS OF THE DECADE BY CNN • NAMED ONE OF PASTE’S BEST MEMOIRS OF THE DECADE • NAMED ONE OF THE TEN BEST BOOKS OF THE YEAR BY The New York Times Book Review • O: The Oprah Magazine • The Washington Post • People • Entertainment Weekly • Vogue • Los Angeles Times • San Francisco Chronicle • Chicago Tribune • New York • Newsday • Library Journal • Publishers Weekly In a profound work that pivots from the biggest questions about American history and ideals to the most intimate concerns of a father for his son, Ta-Nehisi Coates offers a powerful new framework for understanding our nation’s history and current crisis. Americans have built an empire on the idea of “race,” a falsehood that damages us all but falls most heavily on the bodies of black women and men—bodies exploited through slavery and segregation, and, today, threatened, locked up, and murdered out of all proportion. What is it like to inhabit a black body and find a way to live within it? And how can we all honestly reckon with this fraught history and free ourselves from its burden? Between the World and Me is Ta-Nehisi Coates’s attempt to answer these questions in a letter to his adolescent son. Coates shares with his son—and readers—the story of his awakening to the truth about his place in the world through a series of revelatory experiences, from Howard University to Civil War battlefields, from the South Side of Chicago to Paris, from his childhood home to the living rooms of mothers whose children’s lives were taken as American plunder. Beautifully woven from personal narrative, reimagined history, and fresh, emotionally charged reportage, Between the World and Me clearly illuminates the past, bracingly confronts our present, and offers a transcendent vision for a way forward.

Black in White Space

Author : Elijah Anderson
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 0226826414
Total Pages : 299 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (268 download)

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Book Synopsis Black in White Space by : Elijah Anderson

Download or read book Black in White Space written by Elijah Anderson and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2023-04-05 with total page 299 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the vital voice of Elijah Anderson, Black in White Space sheds fresh light on the dire persistence of racial discrimination in our country. A birder strolling in Central Park. A college student lounging on a university quad. Two men sitting in a coffee shop. Perfectly ordinary actions in ordinary settings—and yet, they sparked jarring and inflammatory responses that involved the police and attracted national media coverage. Why? In essence, Elijah Anderson would argue, because these were Black people existing in white spaces. In Black in White Space, Anderson brings his immense knowledge and ethnography to bear in this timely study of the racial barriers that are still firmly entrenched in our society at every class level. He focuses in on symbolic racism, a new form of racism in America caused by the stubbornly powerful stereotype of the ghetto embedded in the white imagination, which subconsciously connects all Black people with crime and poverty regardless of their social or economic position. White people typically avoid Black space, but Black people are required to navigate the “white space” as a condition of their existence. From Philadelphia street-corner conversations to Anderson’s own morning jogs through a Cape Cod vacation town, he probes a wealth of experiences to shed new light on how symbolic racism makes all Black people uniquely vulnerable to implicit bias in police stops and racial discrimination in our country. An unwavering truthteller in our national conversation on race, Anderson has shared intimate and sharp insights into Black life for decades. Vital and eye-opening, Black in White Space will be a must-read for anyone hoping to understand the lived realities of Black people and the structural underpinnings of racism in America.

Black Bourgeois

Author : Candice M. Jenkins
Publisher : U of Minnesota Press
ISBN 13 : 1452961611
Total Pages : 293 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (529 download)

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Book Synopsis Black Bourgeois by : Candice M. Jenkins

Download or read book Black Bourgeois written by Candice M. Jenkins and published by U of Minnesota Press. This book was released on 2019-10-15 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Exploring the forces that keep black people vulnerable even amid economically privileged lives At a moment in U.S. history with repeated reminders of the vulnerability of African Americans to state and extralegal violence, Black Bourgeois is the first book to consider the contradiction of privileged, presumably protected black bodies that nonetheless remain racially vulnerable. Examining disruptions around race and class status in literary texts, Candice M. Jenkins reminds us that the conflicted relation of the black subject to privilege is not, solely, a recent phenomenon. Focusing on works by Toni Morrison, Spike Lee, Danzy Senna, Rebecca Walker, Reginald McKnight, Percival Everett, Colson Whitehead, and Michael Thomas, Jenkins shows that the seemingly abrupt discursive shift from post–Civil Rights to Black Lives Matter, from an emphasis on privilege and progress to an emphasis on vulnerability and precariousness, suggests a pendulum swing between two interrelated positions still in tension. By analyzing how these narratives stage the fraught interaction between the black and the bourgeois, Jenkins offers renewed attention to class as a framework for the study of black life—a necessary shift in an age of rapidly increasing income inequality and societal stratification. Black Bourgeois thus challenges the assumed link between blackness and poverty that has become so ingrained in the United States, reminding us that privileged subjects, too, are “classed.” This book offers, finally, a rigorous and nuanced grasp of how African Americans live within complex, intersecting identities.

Black Bodies and Transhuman Realities

Author : Melvin G. Hill
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1498583814
Total Pages : 236 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (985 download)

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Book Synopsis Black Bodies and Transhuman Realities by : Melvin G. Hill

Download or read book Black Bodies and Transhuman Realities written by Melvin G. Hill and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2019-08-02 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection explores the Black body in the context of transhuman realities from a variety of literary and artistic perspectives. Contributing to broader thought about Black transcendence of subjectivity in a posthuman framework, the chapters explore interpretations of the “old” and visions of the “new” human.

MARTYRS FOR THE MOVEMENT

Author : Dorinda Booker Rolle
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781793503800
Total Pages : 314 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (38 download)

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Book Synopsis MARTYRS FOR THE MOVEMENT by : Dorinda Booker Rolle

Download or read book MARTYRS FOR THE MOVEMENT written by Dorinda Booker Rolle and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Martyrs for the Movement: Black Bodies, Civil Rights and #BlackLivesMatter helps students understand the connection between past and current events related to social justice, especially with regard to issues that affect the African American communi.

African Americans and the Culture of Pain

Author : Debra Walker King
Publisher : University of Virginia Press
ISBN 13 : 9780813926902
Total Pages : 212 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (269 download)

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Book Synopsis African Americans and the Culture of Pain by : Debra Walker King

Download or read book African Americans and the Culture of Pain written by Debra Walker King and published by University of Virginia Press. This book was released on 2008 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this compelling new study, Debra Walker King considers fragments of experience recorded in oral histories and newspapers as well as those produced in twentieth-century novels, films, and television that reveal how the black body in pain functions as a rhetorical device and as political strategy. King's primary hypothesis is that, in the United States, black experience of the body in pain is as much a construction of social, ethical, and economic politics as it is a physiological phenomenon. As an essential element defining black experience in America, pain plays many roles. It is used to promote racial stereotypes, increase the sale of movies and other pop culture products, and encourage advocacy for various social causes. Pain is employed as a tool of resistance against racism, but it also functions as a sign of racism's insidious ability to exert power over and maintain control of those it claims--regardless of race. With these dichotomous uses of pain in mind, King considers and questions the effects of the manipulation of an unspoken but long-standing belief that pain, suffering, and the hope for freedom and communal subsistence will merge to uplift those who are oppressed, especially during periods of social and political upheaval. This belief has become a ritualized philosophy fueling the multiple constructions of black bodies in pain, a belief that has even come to function as an identity and community stabilizer. In her attempt to interpret the constant manipulation and abuse of this philosophy, King explores the redemptive and visionary power of pain as perceived historically in black culture, the aesthetic value of black pain as presented in a variety of cultural artifacts, and the socioeconomic politics of suffering surrounding the experiences and representations of blacks in the United States. The book introduces the term Blackpain, defining it as a tool of national mythmaking and as a source of cultural and symbolic capital that normalizes individual suffering until the individual--the real person--disappears. Ultimately, the book investigates America's love-hate relationship with black bodies in pain.

Medicalizing Blackness

Author : Rana A. Hogarth
Publisher : UNC Press Books
ISBN 13 : 1469632888
Total Pages : 291 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (696 download)

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Book Synopsis Medicalizing Blackness by : Rana A. Hogarth

Download or read book Medicalizing Blackness written by Rana A. Hogarth and published by UNC Press Books. This book was released on 2017-09-26 with total page 291 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1748, as yellow fever raged in Charleston, South Carolina, doctor John Lining remarked, "There is something very singular in the constitution of the Negroes, which renders them not liable to this fever." Lining's comments presaged ideas about blackness that would endure in medical discourses and beyond. In this fascinating medical history, Rana A. Hogarth examines the creation and circulation of medical ideas about blackness in the Atlantic World during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. She shows how white physicians deployed blackness as a medically significant marker of difference and used medical knowledge to improve plantation labor efficiency, safeguard colonial and civic interests, and enhance control over black bodies during the era of slavery. Hogarth refigures Atlantic slave societies as medical frontiers of knowledge production on the topic of racial difference. Rather than looking to their counterparts in Europe who collected and dissected bodies to gain knowledge about race, white physicians in Atlantic slaveholding regions created and tested ideas about race based on the contexts in which they lived and practiced. What emerges in sharp relief is the ways in which blackness was reified in medical discourses and used to perpetuate notions of white supremacy.