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Biotic Interactions In Salt Marsh Zonation With Particular Reference To Arbuscular Mycorrhizas
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Book Synopsis Biotic Interactions in Salt Marsh Zonation with Particular Reference to Arbuscular Mycorrhizas by : Adrian Roy Yallop
Download or read book Biotic Interactions in Salt Marsh Zonation with Particular Reference to Arbuscular Mycorrhizas written by Adrian Roy Yallop and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Biotic Interactions in Salt Marsh Zonation with Particular Reference to Abuscular Mycorrhizas by : Adrian Roy Yallop
Download or read book Biotic Interactions in Salt Marsh Zonation with Particular Reference to Abuscular Mycorrhizas written by Adrian Roy Yallop and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Role of Biotic and Abiotic Processes in the Zonation of Salt Marsh Plants in the Nueces River Delta, Texas by : Michael Kevin Rasser
Download or read book The Role of Biotic and Abiotic Processes in the Zonation of Salt Marsh Plants in the Nueces River Delta, Texas written by Michael Kevin Rasser and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Salt marshes provide critical ecosystem services, such as shoreline stabilization, biogeochemical cycling and habitat for wildlife, to much of the world's population living on the coasts. Emergent vascular plants are a critical component of these ecosystems. This study was a comprehensive effort to gain a better understanding of the ecology of salt marsh plants in the Nueces River delta on the south Texas coast. This knowledge is essential to understand the potential anthropogenic impacts on salt marshes, including sea-level rise, global warming, reduced freshwater inflow and coastal erosion. A combination of remote sensing analysis, field studies and experiments were used to allow analysis across spatial scales ranging from landscape patterns of vegetation to leaf level measurements of the dominant species. A novel method of image classification was developed using high-resolution multi-spectral imagery integrated with ancillary data to map the major plant communities at a landscape scale. This included a high marsh assemblage composed primarily of Spartina spartinae and a low marsh community dominated by Borrichia frutescens and Salicornia virginica. Geospatial analysis determined that the location of these plant communities was related to the distance from the tidal creek network and elevation. The B. frutescens and S. virginica assemblage was more abundant at lower elevations along the waters edge, making it vulnerable to loss from shoreline erosion. At a finer spatial scale, gradient analysis was utilized to examine the relationship between elevation, which creates environmental gradients in salt marshes, and species distribution. I discovered that elevation differences of less than 5 cm can influence both individual species and plant community distribution. One interesting finding was that the two dominant species, B. frutescens and S. virginica, share similar responses along an elevation gradient yet are observed growing in monotypic adjacent zones. I constructed a large reciprocal transplant experiment, using 160 plants at 4 sites throughout the marsh, to determine what causes the zonation between these two species. The results of this study found that S. virginica fared well wherever it was transplanted but was a weak competitor. B. frutescens survival was significantly lower in the S. virginica zone than in its own zone suggesting that abiotic factors are important in determining the zonation of this species. However, high spatial and temporal variability existed in environmental parameters such as salinity. This variability may have been caused by the semi-arid climate and irregular flooding typical in the Nueces Marsh. Therefore, I utilized a greenhouse experiment to directly test the importance of the two dominant physical factors in salt marshes, flooding and salinity. The results found that for B. frutescens the effects of flooding were not significant, however salinity at 30% reduced growth. Salinity did not influence growth of S. virginica. The greater ability of S. virginica to tolerate salinity stress has important implications because reduced freshwater inflow or climate change can increase porewater salinity, thus favoring the expansion of S. virginica, and altering the plant community structure.
Book Synopsis Communities of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Salt Marsh Habitats by : Ahmed Alzahrani
Download or read book Communities of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Salt Marsh Habitats written by Ahmed Alzahrani and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Abiotic and Biotic Context Influence Species Interactions in Coastal Vegetated Ecosystems by : Althea F. P. Moore
Download or read book Abiotic and Biotic Context Influence Species Interactions in Coastal Vegetated Ecosystems written by Althea F. P. Moore and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 131 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The outcomes of species interactions can change depending on the particular conditions under which they occur, including both abiotic and biotic factors, such as physical stress and species traits. For example, the traits of interacting species and individuals can influence amelioration of environmental conditions. Further, the response of individuals to environmental context can depend on traits determined by source population, including genetic background and maternal investment. These different aspects of context dependency are a challenge to predicting and understanding the consequences of species interactions and distributions. In this dissertation I address three aspects of environmental context. In Chapter one, I examine how abiotic factors influence plant-fungal symbiosis in an intertidal salt marsh using a field manipulation increasing resource availability (sediment nutrient concentrations) and physical stress (sediment salinity). I examined the response of the dominant marsh grass Spartina alterniflora and the abundant yet poorly understood dark septate endophyte (DSE) fungi that colonize the roots of S. alterniflora. As expected, plants grew more with nutrient addition, yet the positive effect on plant percent cover was reduced by salt addition. Increased resource availability decreased colonization by DSE hyphae, but it did not influence fungal reproductive structures, which were marginally increased when elevated nutrients and increased salinity were combined. These results are consistent with the still controversial view that plant-DSE interactions are based in part on enhanced nutritional condition of plants by fungi. In Chapter two, I use a bidirectional approach to examine a facilitative interaction and the species traits and environmental conditions that contribute to partner benefits. Using a field survey and three complementary field experiments, I characterized an association between the salt marsh forb Limonium carolinianum and ribbed mussel Geukensia demissa. Both species benefited from the association in terms of growth and survival, yet the benefits were asymmetrical, with mussels benefitting more consistently and on a shorter timescale. Limonium ameliorated predation and high temperature conditions for mussels, whereas mussels enriched sediment organic matter, which may alleviate nutrient limitation for Limonium. Both interacting species had positive effects on traits that might serve to enhance the stability of the interaction through time. In Chapter three, I investigated how population identity of mangrove seedlings interacts with the biotic and abiotic environment to influence survival and morphology. I planted Avicennia germinans (black mangrove) propagules from 6 source locations into two common garden experiments. One experiment site is mangrove dominated and in the middle of the mangrove range in FL, while the other is a salt marsh dominated area at the northern edge of the mangrove range. Maternal investment in terms of propagule size was important for survival and growth, however this effect was stronger at the northern site. Seedlings survived better and grew taller at the more southern site. Seedlings traits differed by source location at the two field experiments, with seedlings from different sources having variable numbers of branches through time and differing in number of leaves, depending on experiment site. The results suggest that success of range-expanding mangroves will depend on an interaction between source population and local environmental conditions. The results from this dissertation highlight the influence of the biotic and biotic context on species interactions and individual responses to environmental conditions. Further study of such dynamics will strengthen our ability to predict and understand ecosystem functions as these contexts change due to anthropogenic influence.
Book Synopsis Abiotic and Biotic Drivers of Spatial Variation in Salt Marsh Species Interactions and Community Dynamics by : Akana Noto
Download or read book Abiotic and Biotic Drivers of Spatial Variation in Salt Marsh Species Interactions and Community Dynamics written by Akana Noto and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 151 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Interactions among members of ecological communities often vary spatially in response to environmental differences. Yet interactions can also vary spatially as a result of biotic factors such as differences in species traits or variation in other species interactions. It is necessary to understand the conditions under which each of these drivers of variation has an effect in order to predict how species interactions will be affected both by changes in the environment and in biotic communities. In this thesis, I explore mechanisms that may cause species interactions to vary across space at local, regional and continental scales in salt marsh plant communities. Chapter 1 investigates the relationship between the environment (means and variability) and community diversity and stability in time-series data from the east and west coasts of North America. Chapter 2 experimentally investigates the effect of sea-level rise on species interactions within a marsh. Chapter 3 seeks to understand geographic variation in plant interactions among six sites spanning the California coast. Chapter 4 uses a common garden experiment to test whether spatial variation in species interactions are driven by differences among plant populations or the environment. Finally, Chapter 5 describes geographic patterns of variation in herbivore pressure to determine whether herbivory drives regional differences in interactions among plants. I found that changes in mean conditions, including sea level, can affect community diversity, stability and strength of species interactions. Environmental variability only affects community stability and diversity when it is relatively large, so increases in variability with climate change may cause plant community dynamics to become affected by both variability and means. Species interactions vary geographically along the west coast, but unlike on the east coast, do not show consistent trends with latitude. Rather, interaction strengths may differ due to trait variation among plant populations and differences in herbivore pressure. My thesis demonstrates that environmental conditions and local factors, including intraspecific phenotypic variation and herbivory, both determine the nature of species interactions in salt marshes, and that the west coast of North America shows geographic patterns in interactions that are distinct from those found on the east coast.
Book Synopsis Chemically-mediated Interactions in Salt Marshes by : Robert Drew Sieg
Download or read book Chemically-mediated Interactions in Salt Marshes written by Robert Drew Sieg and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Herbivores and pathogens pose a consistent threat to plant productivity. In response, plants invest in structural and/or chemical defenses that minimize damage caused by these biotic stressors. In salt marshes along the Atlantic coast of the United States, a facultative mutualism between snails (Littoraria irrorata) and multiple species of fungi exert intense top-down control of the foundation grass species Spartina alterniflora. Since exposure to herbivores and pathogens are tightly coupled in this system, I investigated whether S. alterniflora utilizes chemical and/or structural defenses to deter both snails and fungi, and examined how plant defenses varied among S. alterniflora individuals and populations. I also assessed how other marsh plants prevent snails from establishing farms, and considered whether interspecific variation in plant chemical defenses influences marsh community structure. Initial experiments revealed that S. alterniflora chemical defenses inhibited L. irrorata and two fungi that snails commonly farm. A caging experiment determined that production of chemical defenses could not be induced in the presence of snails and fungi, nor relaxed in their absence. Through separations chemistry guided by ecological assays, I isolated two distinct classes of chemical defenses from short form S. alterniflora, one of which inhibited fungal growth and the other decreased plant palatability. In a community context, the chemical defenses produced by S. alterniflora were relatively weak compared to those of four other salt marsh plant species, which produced compounds that completely inhibited L. irrorata grazing and strongly hindered fungal growth in lab assays. Nutritional and structural differences among marsh plants did not influence feeding preferences, suggesting that plant secondary chemistry was the primary driver for food selection by snails. It appears that S. alterniflora produces weak chemical defenses that slow down or limit fungal growth and snail herbivory, and may compensate for tissue losses by producing new growth. In contrast, less abundant marsh plants express chemical defenses that completely inhibit fungal farming and deter snail grazing, but doing so may come at a cost to growth or competitive ability. As marsh dieback continues with rising herbivore densities and compounding abiotic stressors, the ecosystem services that salt marshes provide may be lost. Therefore, understanding how and under what conditions salt marsh plants resist losses to herbivores and pathogens will help predict which marsh communities are most likely to be threatened in the future. Initial experiments revealed that S. alterniflora chemical defenses inhibited L. irrorata and two fungi that snails commonly farm. A caging experiment determined that production of chemical defenses could not be induced in the presence of snails and fungi, nor relaxed in their absence. Through separations chemistry guided by ecological assays, I isolated two distinct classes of chemical defenses from short form S. alterniflora, one of which inhibited fungal growth and the other decreased plant palatability. In a community context, the chemical defenses produced by S. alterniflora were relatively weak compared to those of four other salt marsh plant species, which produced compounds that completely inhibited L. irrorata grazing and strongly hindered fungal growth in lab assays. Nutritional and structural differences among marsh plants did not influence feeding preferences, suggesting that differences in plant chemistry were the primary driver for food selection by snails. It appears that S. alterniflora produces weak chemical defenses that slow down or limit fungal growth and snail herbivory, and may compensate for tissue losses by producing new growth. In contrast, less abundant marsh plants express chemical defenses that completely inhibit fungal farming and deter snail grazing, but doing so may come at a cost to growth or competitive ability against S. alterniflora. As marsh dieback continues with rising herbivore densities and compounding abiotic stressors, the ecosystem services that salt marshes provide may be lost. Therefore, understanding how and under what conditions salt marsh plants resist losses to herbivores and pathogens will help predict which marsh communities are most likely to be threatened in the future.
Book Synopsis The Distribution of Salt Marsh Plants and Its Relations to Edaphic Factors with Particular Reference to Puccinellia Maritima and Spartina Townsendii by : Saberi Bin Othman
Download or read book The Distribution of Salt Marsh Plants and Its Relations to Edaphic Factors with Particular Reference to Puccinellia Maritima and Spartina Townsendii written by Saberi Bin Othman and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 580 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Distribution of Salt Marsh Plants and Its Relation to Edaphic Factors with Particular Reference to the Puccinellia Maritima and Spartina Townsendii by : S. Bin Othman
Download or read book The Distribution of Salt Marsh Plants and Its Relation to Edaphic Factors with Particular Reference to the Puccinellia Maritima and Spartina Townsendii written by S. Bin Othman and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Nature of Plant Communities by : J. Bastow Wilson
Download or read book The Nature of Plant Communities written by J. Bastow Wilson and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-03-21 with total page 373 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides a comprehensive review of the role of species interactions in the process of plant community assembly.
Book Synopsis Community Ecology by : Herman A. Verhoef
Download or read book Community Ecology written by Herman A. Verhoef and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2010 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Community ecology is the study of the interactions between populations of co-existing species. Co-edited by two prominent community ecologists and featuring contributions from top researchers in the field, this book provides a survey of the state-of-the-art in both the theory and applications of the discipline. It pays special attention to topology, dynamics, and the importance of spatial and temporal scale while also looking at applications to emerging problems in human-dominated ecosystems (including the restoration and reconstruction of viable communities). Community Ecology: Processes, Models, and Applications adopts a mainly theoretical approach and focuses on the use of network-based theory, which remains little explored in standard community ecology textbooks. The book includes discussion of the effects of biotic invasions on natural communities; the linking of ecological network structure to empirically measured community properties and dynamics; the effects of evolution on community patterns and processes; and the integration of fundamental interactions into ecological networks. A final chapter indicates future research directions for the discipline.
Book Synopsis Halophytes for Food Security in Dry Lands by : Muhammad Ajmal Khan
Download or read book Halophytes for Food Security in Dry Lands written by Muhammad Ajmal Khan and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2015-09-15 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Halophytes for Food Security in Dry Lands addresses the concerns surrounding global food scarcity, especially focusing on those living in arid and dry lands The book touches on food crises in dry regions of the world and proposes halophytes as an alternate source of consumption for such areas. Halophytes, those plants that thrive in saline soil and provide either food source options themselves, or positively enhance an eco-system’s ability to produce food, and are thus an important and increasingly recognized option for addressing the needs of the nearly 1/6 of the world’s population that lives in these arid and semi-arid climates. Including presentations from the 2014 International Conference on Halophytes for Food Security in Dry Lands, this book features insights from the leading researchers in the subject. It is a valuable resource that includes information on the nutritional value of halophytes, their genetic basis and potential enhancement, adaption of halophytes, and lessons learned thus far. Provides comprehensive coverage of the importance and utilization of halophytes to compensate the demand of food in whole world especially in the dry regions Contains insights from ecological to molecular fields Includes edible halophytes as well as those that enhance food-producing eco-systems Presents information for improving abiotic stress tolerance in plants
Book Synopsis Ecosystems of California by : Harold Mooney
Download or read book Ecosystems of California written by Harold Mooney and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2016-01-19 with total page 1008 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This long-anticipated reference and sourcebook for CaliforniaÕs remarkable ecological abundance provides an integrated assessment of each major ecosystem typeÑits distribution, structure, function, and management. A comprehensive synthesis of our knowledge about this biologically diverse state, Ecosystems of California covers the state from oceans to mountaintops using multiple lenses: past and present, flora and fauna, aquatic and terrestrial, natural and managed. Each chapter evaluates natural processes for a specific ecosystem, describes drivers of change, and discusses how that ecosystem may be altered in the future. This book also explores the drivers of CaliforniaÕs ecological patterns and the history of the stateÕs various ecosystems, outlining how the challenges of climate change and invasive species and opportunities for regulation and stewardship could potentially affect the stateÕs ecosystems. The text explicitly incorporates both human impacts and conservation and restoration efforts and shows how ecosystems support human well-being. Edited by two esteemed ecosystem ecologists and with overviews by leading experts on each ecosystem, this definitive work will be indispensable for natural resource management and conservation professionals as well as for undergraduate or graduate students of CaliforniaÕs environment and curious naturalists.
Book Synopsis Ecology and the Environment by : Russell K. Monson
Download or read book Ecology and the Environment written by Russell K. Monson and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-10-02 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book, plant biology is considered from the perspective of plants and their surrounding environment, including both biotic and abiotic interactions. The intended audience is undergraduate students in the middle or final phases of their programs of study. Topics are developed to provide a rudimentary understanding of how plant-environment interactions span multiple spatiotemporal scales, and how this rudimentary knowledge can be applied to understand the causes of ecosystem vulnerabilities in the face of global climate change and expansion of natural resource use by human societies. In all chapters connections are made from smaller to larger scales of ecological organization, providing a foundation for understanding plant ecology. Where relevant, environmental threats to ecological systems are identified and future research needs are discussed. As future generations take on the responsibility for managing ecosystem goods and services, one of the most effective resources that can be passed on is accumulated knowledge of how organisms, populations, species, communities and ecosystems function and interact across scales of organization. This book is intended to provide some of that knowledge, and hopefully provide those generations with the ability to avoid some of the catastrophic environmental mistakes that prior generations have made.
Book Synopsis Seagrasses of Australia by : Anthony W. D. Larkum
Download or read book Seagrasses of Australia written by Anthony W. D. Larkum and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-07-27 with total page 791 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book takes the place of “Biology of Seagrasses: A Treatise on the Biology of Seagrasses with Special Reference to the Australian Region”, co-edited by A.W.D. Larkum, A.J. MaCComb and S.A. Shepherd and published by Elsevier in 1989. The first book has been influential, but it is now 25 years since it was published and seagrass studies have progressed and developed considerably since then. The design of the current book follows in the steps of the first book. There are chapters on taxonomy, floral biology, biogeography and regional studies. The regional studies emphasize the importance of Australia having over half of the world’s 62 species, including some ten species published for Australia since the previous book. There are a number of chapters on ecology and biogeography; fish biology and fisheries and dugong biology are prominent chapters. Physiological aspects again play an important part, including new knowledge on the role of hydrogen sulphide in sediments and on photosynthetic processes. Climate change, pollution and environmental degradation this time gain an even more important part of the book. Decline of seagrasses around Australia are also discussed in detail in several chapters. Since the first book was published two new areas have received special attention: blue carbon and genomic studies. Seagrasses are now known to be a very important player in the formation of blue carbon, i.e. carbon that has a long turnover time in soils and sediments. Alongside salt marshes and mangroves, seagrasses are now recognized as playing a very important role in the formation of blue carbon. And because Australia has such an abundance and variety of seagrasses, their role in blue carbon production and turnover is of great importance. The first whole genomes of seagrasses are now available and Australia has played an important role here. It appears that seagrasses have several different suites of genes as compared with other (land) plants and even in comparison with freshwater hydrophytes. This difference is leading to important molecular biological studies where the new knowledge will be important to the understanding and conservation of seagrass ecosystems in Australia. Thus by reason of its natural abundance of diverse seagrasses and a sophisticated seagrass research community in Australia it is possible to produce a book which will be attractive to marine biologists, coastal scientists and conservationists from many countries around the world.
Download or read book Coastal Dunes written by M. L. Martínez and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-09-14 with total page 391 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book, coastal dune specialists from tropical and temperate latitudes cover a wide set of topics, including: geomorphology, community dynamics, ecophysiology, biotic interactions and environmental problems and conservation. The book offers recommendations for future research, identifying relevant topics where detailed knowledge is still lacking. It also identifies management tools that will promote and maintain the rich diversity of the dune environments in the context of continuing coastal development.
Book Synopsis Biogeography of Mycorrhizal Symbiosis by : Leho Tedersoo
Download or read book Biogeography of Mycorrhizal Symbiosis written by Leho Tedersoo and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-06-01 with total page 563 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers a timely overview and synthesis of biogeographic patterns of plants and fungi and their mycorrhizal associations across geographic scales. Written by leading experts in the field, it provides an updated definition of mycorrhizal types and establishes the best practices of modern biogeographic analyses. Individual chapters address the basic processes and mechanisms driving community ecology, population biology and dispersal in mycorrhizal fungi, which differ greatly from these of prokaryotes, plants and animals. Other chapters review the state-of-the-art knowledge about the distribution, ecology and biogeography of all mycorrhizal types and the most important fungal groups involved in mycorrhizal symbiosis. The book argues that molecular methods have revolutionized our understanding of the ecology and biogeography of mycorrhizal symbiosis and that rapidly evolving high-throughput identification and genomics tools will provide unprecedented information about the structure and functioning of mycorrhizal symbiosis on a global scale. This volume appeals to scientists in the fields of plant and fungal ecology and biogeography.
