Biopolitics, Necropolitics, Cosmopolitics

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Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000372871
Total Pages : 126 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)

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Book Synopsis Biopolitics, Necropolitics, Cosmopolitics by : C.L. Quinan

Download or read book Biopolitics, Necropolitics, Cosmopolitics written by C.L. Quinan and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-03-25 with total page 126 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The concepts of biopolitics and necropolitics have increasingly gained scholarly attention, particularly in light of today’s urgent and troubling issues that mark some lives as more – or less – worthy than others, including the migration crisis, rise of populism on a global scale, homonationalist practices, and state-sanctioned targeting of gender, sexual, racial, and ethnic ‘others’. This book aims to nuance this conversation by emphasising feminist and queer investments and interventions and by adding the analytical lens of cosmopolitics to ongoing debates around life/living and death/dying in the current political climate. In this way, we move forward toward envisioning feminist and queer futures that rethink categories such as ‘human’ and ‘subjectivity’ based on classical modern premises. Informed by feminist/queer studies, postcolonial theory, cultural analysis, and critical posthumanism, Biopolitics, Necropolitics, Cosmopolitics engages with longstanding questions of biopolitics and necropolitics in an era of neoliberalism and late capitalism, but does so by urging for a more inclusive (and less violent) cosmopolitical framework. Taking account of these global dynamics that are shaped by asymmetrical power relations, this fruitful posthuman(ist) and post-/decolonial approach allows for visions of transformation of the matrix of in-/exclusion into feminist/queer futures that work towards planetary social justice. This book is a significant new contribution to feminist and queer philosophy and politics, and will be of interest to academics, researchers, and advanced students of gender studies, postcolonial studies, sociology, philosophy, politics, and law. The chapters in this book were originally published as a special issue of the Journal of Gender Studies.

Biopolitics, Necropolitics, Cosmopolitics

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Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 9780367714895
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (148 download)

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Book Synopsis Biopolitics, Necropolitics, Cosmopolitics by : C L Quinan

Download or read book Biopolitics, Necropolitics, Cosmopolitics written by C L Quinan and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2023-09-25 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book engages with longstanding questions of biopolitics and necropolitics in an era of neoliberalism and late capitalism, but does so by urging for a more inclusive (and less violent) cosmopolitical framework.

Necropolitics, Racialization, and Global Capitalism

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Author :
Publisher : Lexington Books
ISBN 13 : 0739191977
Total Pages : 339 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (391 download)

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Book Synopsis Necropolitics, Racialization, and Global Capitalism by : Marina Gržinić

Download or read book Necropolitics, Racialization, and Global Capitalism written by Marina Gržinić and published by Lexington Books. This book was released on 2014-06-04 with total page 339 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book articulates a contemporary, globalized world as one in which radical disparities in distribution of wealth are being reproduced as the basis for depoliticized social, institutional, and ideological discourses. At its center is a reorientation of global capitalism from the management of life towards making a surplus value from death. This change is presented as a reorientation of biopolitics (bio meaning life) to necropolitics (necro meaning death). Therefore in the book we work with processes of change, of a historicization of biopolitics and its turn into necropolitics that leads to a theoretical trajectory from M. Foucault to A. Mbembe and beyond. This book interprets the sustained perception of existence of dichotomy between these provisional extremes as a trademark of apolitical and/or post-political logics on which contemporary institutional, political, and social discourses tend to be structured upon. More, contrary to the majority of approaches that insists on a profound dichotomy between democracy and totalitarianism, between poverty and free market, and between democracy and capitalism, this book does not interpret these relations as dichotomous, but as mutually fulfilling. The book elaborates, in the context of articulation of these logics, contemporary, imperial racism (racialization) as an ideology of capitalism and states that the First World’s monopoly on definition of modernity has its basis in contemporary reorganization of colonialism. In the book, the authors trace a forensic methodology of global capitalism with which life, art, culture, economy, and the political are becoming part of a detailed system of scrutiny presented and framed in relation to criminal or civil law. Criminalization of each and every segment of our life is working hand in hand with a depoliticization of social conflicts and pacification of the relation between those who rules and those who are ruled. The outcome is a differentiation of every single concept that must from now bear the adjectives of the necropolitical or forensic; therefore we can talk about forensic images, art, projects, and necropolitical life, democracy, citizenship. This will change radically the perspectives of an emancipative project of politics (if it is any possible to be named as such) for the future.

Pandemic and Crisis of Democracy

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Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000637239
Total Pages : 192 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (6 download)

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Book Synopsis Pandemic and Crisis of Democracy by : André Duarte

Download or read book Pandemic and Crisis of Democracy written by André Duarte and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2022-08-19 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this incisive book, André Duarte examines the health crisis resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic and the contemporary crisis of democracy. Reflecting on President Jair Bolsonaro’s misgovernment of Brazil, as evidenced by his political actions, speeches and omissions from March 2020 to September 2021, and using concepts like biopolitics, neoliberalism and necropolitics, Duarte proposes three interrelated hypotheses to demonstrate Bolsonaro's sharp distrust of democracy. First, that Bolsonaro’s rhetoric, actions and omissions during the first year and a half of the pandemic revealed a dangerous mixture of biopolitical, neoliberal and necropolitical governmentality strategies. Second, that the pandemic in Brazil intensified the damaging side-effects against democracy brought by neoliberalism and biopolitics, once the necropolitical vector assumed precedence. And third, that Bolsonaro’s political agenda is either to revoke the Brazilian democracy by violent means or to implement a façade democracy by slowly distorting it from within, blurring the differences between democracy and authoritarianism. Conceptualizing democracy as power of the demos and not exclusively as a political regime organized around a definite set of political institutions, Duarte argues that Bolsonaro's misgovernment of Brazil is related to his antidemocratic viewpoints. Pandemic and Crisis of Democracy is an important book for researchers, students, and anyone concerned about the dangers that surround the democratic experience in the contemporary world.

Death

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Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000956261
Total Pages : 102 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Death by : Marc Trabsky

Download or read book Death written by Marc Trabsky and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-07-20 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines how legal institutions reify the value of death in the twenty-first century. Its starting point is that bio-technological innovations have extended life to such an extent that death has become an epistemological problem for legal institutions. It explores how legal definitions of death are subject to the governing logic of economisation, how legal technologies for registering a death reshape what kind of deaths are counted during a pandemic, and how technologies for recycling cadaveric tissue problematise the legal status of the corpse. The question that unites each chapter is how legal institutions respond to technologies that bring death before their laws. The book argues for an interdisciplinary approach, informed by the writings of Georges Bataille, Wendy Brown, Georges Canguilhem and Michel Foucault, to understand how legal epistemologies are increasingly disrupted, challenged, and countered by technologies that repurpose death to extend, nourish and foster human life. It contends that legal theorists and social scientists need to rethink doctrinal perspectives of law when theorising how law defines the moment of death, shapes what kind of deaths count, and recycles the debris of the dead. This book will appeal to a broad international readership with research interests in critical theory, political theory, legal theory or death studies; and it will be particularly useful for teachers and students who are searching for an accessible entry point to the study of the intersections between law and death.

Queer Necropolitics

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Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136005366
Total Pages : 222 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (36 download)

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Book Synopsis Queer Necropolitics by : Jin Haritaworn

Download or read book Queer Necropolitics written by Jin Haritaworn and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-02-03 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book comes at a time when the intrinsic and self-evident value of queer rights and protections, from gay marriage to hate crimes, is increasingly put in question. It assembles writings that explore the new queer vitalities within their wider context of structural violence and neglect. Moving between diverse geopolitical contexts – the US and the UK, Guatemala and Palestine, the Philippines, Iran and Israel – the chapters in this volume interrogate claims to queerness in the face(s) of death, both spectacular and everyday. Queer Necropolitics mobilises the concept of ‘necropolitics’ in order to illuminate everyday death worlds, from more expected sites such as war, torture or imperial invasion to the mundane and normalised violence of racism and gender normativity, the market, and the prison-industrial complex. Contributors here interrogate the distinction between valuable and pathological lives by attending to the symbiotic co-constitution of queer subjects folded into life, and queerly abjected racialised populations marked for death. Drawing on diverse yet complementary methodologies, including textual and visual analysis, ethnography and historiography, the authors argue that the distinction between ‘war’ and ‘peace’ dissolves in the face of the banality of death in the zones of abandonment that regularly accompany contemporary democratic regimes. The book will appeal to activist scholars and students from various social sciences and humanities, particularly those across the fields of law, cultural and media studies, gender, sexuality and intersectionality studies, race, and conflict studies, as well as those studying nationalism, colonialism, prisons and war. It should be read by all those trying to make sense of the contradictions inherent in regimes of rights, citizenship and diversity.

Cosmopolitics and Biopolitics. Ethics and Aesthetics in Contemporary Art

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Publisher : Edicions Universitat Barcelona
ISBN 13 : 8491680691
Total Pages : 127 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (916 download)

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Book Synopsis Cosmopolitics and Biopolitics. Ethics and Aesthetics in Contemporary Art by : Modesta Di Paola

Download or read book Cosmopolitics and Biopolitics. Ethics and Aesthetics in Contemporary Art written by Modesta Di Paola and published by Edicions Universitat Barcelona. This book was released on 2018-03-19 with total page 127 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cosmopolitics and Biopolitics seeks to trace cosmopolitical aesthetics understood not only as the union of art, science, and the right to survive, but also as the prism through which artistic practices are developed around questions connected to transculturality, migration, nomadism, post-gender subjectivities, social and natural sustainability, and new digital technologies. This book’s authors fashion a narrative that moves in the territory of “inbetweenness”, between hospitality and hostility, between welcoming and conflict, between languages and intermediate languages, science, and survival in a world that is “common” more than global.

The Ends of Critique

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Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1786616475
Total Pages : 235 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (866 download)

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Book Synopsis The Ends of Critique by : Kathrin Thiele

Download or read book The Ends of Critique written by Kathrin Thiele and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2022-03-01 with total page 235 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Ends of Critique re-examines the stakes of critique in the 21st century. In view of increasingly complex socio-political realities and shifts in a fully globalized world, the roles and manners of critique also change. The volume offers an unprecedented re-examination of critique under those conditions of global entanglement and asymmetrical relations from a diversity of scholarly perspectives within the humanities. All contributions move the notion of critique into more diverse traditions than the Eurocentric, Kantian tradition and emphasize the need to attend to a plurality of critical perspectives. The volume’s reflections move critique toward a situated, perspectival, and entangled critical stance, with interventions from decolonial and systemic, deconstructive and (post)human(ist) perspectives. In that way, the volume develops a decidedly different approach to critique than recent considerations of critique as post-critique (Felski) or those endebted to Frankfurt School thought and liberal theories of democracy. It is the first full-length research publication of the interdisciplinary research network Terra Critica.

Affect and the Rise of Right-Wing Populism

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Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108838405
Total Pages : 261 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (88 download)

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Book Synopsis Affect and the Rise of Right-Wing Populism by : Michalinos Zembylas

Download or read book Affect and the Rise of Right-Wing Populism written by Michalinos Zembylas and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2021-05-06 with total page 261 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book analyzes the affective modes of right-wing populism and discusses the pedagogical implications for renewing democratic education.

Technologies of Suspicion and the Ethics of Obligation in Political Asylum

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Publisher : Ohio University Press
ISBN 13 : 0821446673
Total Pages : 335 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (214 download)

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Book Synopsis Technologies of Suspicion and the Ethics of Obligation in Political Asylum by : Bridget M. Haas

Download or read book Technologies of Suspicion and the Ethics of Obligation in Political Asylum written by Bridget M. Haas and published by Ohio University Press. This book was released on 2019-03-11 with total page 335 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Across the globe, migration has been met with intensifying modes of criminalization and securitization, and claims for political asylum are increasingly met with suspicion. Asylum seekers have become the focus of global debates surrounding humanitarian obligations, on the one hand, and concerns surrounding national security and border control, on the other. In Technologies of Suspicion and the Ethics of Obligation in Political Asylum, contributors provide fine-tuned analyses of political asylum systems and the adjudication of asylum claims across a range of sociocultural and geopolitical contexts. The contributors to this timely volume, drawing on a variety of theoretical perspectives, offer critical insights into the processes by which tensions between humanitarianism and security are negotiated at the local level, often with negative consequences for asylum seekers. By investigating how a politics of suspicion within asylum systems is enacted in everyday practices and interactions, the authors illustrate how asylum seekers are often produced as suspicious subjects by the very systems to which they appeal for protection. Contributors: Ilil Benjamin, Carol Bohmer, Nadia El-Shaarawi, Bridget M. Haas, John Beard Haviland, Marco Jacquemet, Benjamin N. Lawrance, Rachel Lewis, Sara McKinnon, Amy Shuman, Charles Watters

Hybrid Anxieties

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Publisher : U of Nebraska Press
ISBN 13 : 1496223616
Total Pages : 282 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (962 download)

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Book Synopsis Hybrid Anxieties by : C.L. Quinan

Download or read book Hybrid Anxieties written by C.L. Quinan and published by U of Nebraska Press. This book was released on 2020-12 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Situated at the crossroads of queer theory and postcolonial studies, Hybrid Anxieties analyzes the intertwined and composite aspects of identities and textual forms in the wake of the French-Algerian War (1954–1962). C. L. Quinan argues that the war precipitated a dynamic in which a contestation of hegemonic masculinity occurred alongside a production of queer modes of subjectivity, embodiment, and memory that subvert norms. Innovations in literature and cinema were also directly impacted by the long and difficult process of decolonization, as the war provoked a rethinking of politics and aesthetics. The novels, films, and poetry analyzed in Hybrid Anxieties trace this imbrication of content and form, demonstrating how a postwar fracturing had both salutary and injurious effects, not only on bodies and psyches but also on artistic forms. Adopting a queer postcolonial perspective, Hybrid Anxieties adds a new impulse to the question of how to rethink hegemonic notions of gender, sexuality, and nationality, thereby opening up new spaces for considering the redemptive and productive possibilities of negotiating life in a postcolonial context. Without losing sight of the trauma of this particularly violent chapter in history, Hybrid Anxieties proposes a new kind of hybridity that, however anxious and anticipatory, emphasizes the productive forces of a queer desire to deconstruct teleological relationships between past, present, and future.

Critical Security Studies

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Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000227375
Total Pages : 329 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis Critical Security Studies by : Columba Peoples

Download or read book Critical Security Studies written by Columba Peoples and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-11-29 with total page 329 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This textbook introduces students to the sub-field of critical security studies through a detailed yet accessible survey of emerging theories and practices. This third edition contains two new chapters – on ‘Ontological security’ and ‘(In)Security and the everyday’ – and has been fully revised and updated. Written in an accessible and clear manner, Critical Security Studies: offers a comprehensive and up-to-date introduction to critical security studies locates critical security studies within the broader context of social and political theory evaluates fundamental theoretical positions in critical security studies against a backdrop of new security challenges. The book is divided into two main parts. Part I, ‘Approaches’, surveys the newly extended and contested theoretical terrain of critical security studies: constructivist theories, Critical Theory, feminist and gender approaches, postcolonial perspectives, poststructuralism and International Political Sociology, Ontological security, and securitisation theory. Part II, ‘Issues’, examines how these various theoretical approaches have been put to work in critical considerations of environmental and planetary security; health, human security and development; information, technology and warfare; migration and border security; (in)security and the everyday; and terror, risk and resilience. The historical and geographical scope of the book is deliberately broad and each of the chapters in Part II concretely illustrates one or more of the approaches discussed in Part I, with clear internal referencing allowing the text to act as a holistic learning tool for students. This book is essential reading for upper level students of critical security studies, and an important resource for students of international/global security, political theory and international relations.

Archaeology and Photography

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Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000213285
Total Pages : 212 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis Archaeology and Photography by : Lesley McFadyen

Download or read book Archaeology and Photography written by Lesley McFadyen and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-08-05 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Does a photograph freeze a moment of time? What does it mean to treat a photographic image as an artefact? In the visual culture of the 21st century, do new digital and social forms change the status of photography as archival or objective – or are they revealing something more fundamental about photography’s longstanding relationships with time and knowledge?Archaeology and Photography imagines a new kind of Visual Archaeology that tackles these questions. The book reassesses the central place of Photography as an archaeological method, and re-wires our cross-disciplinary conceptions of time, objectivity and archives, from the History of Art to the History of Science.Through twelve new wide-ranging and challenging studies from an emerging generation of archaeological thinkers, Archaeology and Photography introduces new approaches to historical photographs in museums and to contemporaryphotographic practice in the field. The book re-frames the relationship between Photography and Archaeology, past and present, as more than a metaphor or an analogy – but a shared vision.Archaeology and Photography calls for a change in how we think about photography and time. It argues that new archaeological accounts of duration and presence can replace older conceptions of the photograph as a snapshot orremnant received in the present. The book challenges us to imagine Photography, like Archaeology, not as a representation of the past and the reception of traces in the present but as an ongoing transformation of objectivity and archive.Archaeology and Photography will prove indispensable to students, researchers and practitioners in History, Photography, Art, Archaeology, Anthropology, Science and Technology Studies and Museum and Heritage Studies.

Urban Political Ecology in the Anthropo-obscene

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Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351809938
Total Pages : 411 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (518 download)

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Book Synopsis Urban Political Ecology in the Anthropo-obscene by : Henrik Ernstson

Download or read book Urban Political Ecology in the Anthropo-obscene written by Henrik Ernstson and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-12-07 with total page 411 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Urban Political Ecology in the Anthropo-obscene: Interruptions and Possibilities centres on how to organize anew the articulation between emancipatory theory and political activism. Across its theoretical and empirical chapters, written by leading scholars from anthropology, geography, urban studies, and political science, the book explores new political possibilities that are opening up in an age marked by proliferating contestations, sharpening socio-ecological inequalities, and planetary processes of urbanization and environmental change. A deepened conversation between urban environmental studies and political theory is mobilized to chart a radically new direction for the field of urban political ecology and cognate disciplines: What could emancipatory politics be about in our time? What does a return of the political under the aegis of equality and freedom signal today in theory and in practice? How do political movements emerge that could re-invent equality and freedom as actually existing socio-ecological practices? The hope is to contribute discussions that can expand and rearrange critical environmental studies to remain relevant in a time of deepening depoliticization and the rise of post-truth politics. Urban Political Ecology in the Anthropo-obscene will be of interest to postgraduates, established scholars, and upper level undergraduates from any discipline or field with an interest in the interface between the urban, the environment, and the political, including: geography, urban studies, environmental studies, and political science.

Geontologies

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Publisher : Duke University Press
ISBN 13 : 0822373815
Total Pages : 232 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (223 download)

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Book Synopsis Geontologies by : Elizabeth A. Povinelli

Download or read book Geontologies written by Elizabeth A. Povinelli and published by Duke University Press. This book was released on 2016-09-16 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Geontologies Elizabeth A. Povinelli continues her project of mapping the current conditions of late liberalism by offering a bold retheorization of power. Finding Foucauldian biopolitics unable to adequately reveal contemporary mechanisms of power and governance, Povinelli describes a mode of power she calls geontopower, which operates through the regulation of the distinction between Life and Nonlife and the figures of the Desert, the Animist, and the Virus. Geontologies examines this formation of power from the perspective of Indigenous Australian maneuvers against the settler state. And it probes how our contemporary critical languages—anthropogenic climate change, plasticity, new materialism, antinormativity—often unwittingly transform their struggles against geontopower into a deeper entwinement within it. A woman who became a river, a snakelike entity who spawns the fog, plesiosaurus fossils and vast networks of rock weirs: in asking how these different forms of existence refuse incorporation into the vocabularies of Western theory Povinelli provides a revelatory new way to understand a form of power long self-evident in certain regimes of settler late liberalism but now becoming visible much further beyond.

On the Muslim Question

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Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 0691195943
Total Pages : 286 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (911 download)

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Book Synopsis On the Muslim Question by : Anne Norton

Download or read book On the Muslim Question written by Anne Norton and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2020-01-21 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why “the Muslim question” is really about the West and its own anxieties—not Islam In this fearless, original book, Anne Norton demolishes the notion that there is a “clash of civilizations” between the West and Islam. What is really in question, she argues, is the West’s commitment to its own ideals: to democracy and the Enlightenment trinity of liberty, equality, and fraternity. In the most fundamental sense, the Muslim question is about the values not of Islamic, but of Western, civilization.

Decolonizing Science in Latin American Art

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Publisher : UCL Press
ISBN 13 : 178735976X
Total Pages : 286 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (873 download)

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Book Synopsis Decolonizing Science in Latin American Art by : Joanna Page

Download or read book Decolonizing Science in Latin American Art written by Joanna Page and published by UCL Press. This book was released on 2021-04-15 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Projects that bring the ‘hard’ sciences into art are increasingly being exhibited in galleries and museums across the world. In a surge of publications on the subject, few focus on regions beyond Europe and the Anglophone world. Decolonizing Science in Latin American Art assembles a new corpus of art-science projects by Latin American artists, ranging from big-budget collaborations with NASA and MIT to homegrown experiments in artists’ kitchens. While they draw on recent scientific research, these art projects also ‘decolonize’ science. If increasing knowledge of the natural world has often gone hand-in-hand with our objectification and exploitation of it, the artists studied here emphasize the subjectivity and intelligence of other species, staging new forms of collaboration and co-creativity beyond the human. They design technologies that work with organic processes to promote the health of ecosystems, and seek alternatives to the logics of extractivism and monoculture farming that have caused extensive ecological damage in Latin America. They develop do-it-yourself, open-source, commons-based practices for sharing creative and intellectual property. They establish critical dialogues between Western science and indigenous thought, reconnecting a disembedded, abstracted form of knowledge with the cultural, social, spiritual, and ethical spheres of experience from which it has often been excluded. Decolonizing Science in Latin American Art interrogates how artistic practices may communicate, extend, supplement, and challenge scientific ideas. At the same time, it explores broader questions in the field of art, including the relationship between knowledge, care, and curation; nonhuman agency; art and utility; and changing approaches to participation. It also highlights important contributions by Latin American thinkers to themes of global significance, including the Anthropocene, climate change and environmental justice.