Biology and Ecology of Bioluminescent Marine Fishes

Download Biology and Ecology of Bioluminescent Marine Fishes PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000873889
Total Pages : 366 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (8 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Biology and Ecology of Bioluminescent Marine Fishes by : Ramasamy Santhanam

Download or read book Biology and Ecology of Bioluminescent Marine Fishes written by Ramasamy Santhanam and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2023-10-06 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This enlightening new volume details over 200 species of bioluminescent marine fishes along with their biotechnological and therapeutic applications. It delves into the chemistry, diversity, biology, and functions of these fishes. Bioluminescence, which is a type of chemiluminescence and is a "cold living light," is seen in a wide variety of organisms from bacteria to fish. The chemicals and circumstances of this phenomenon are used for biotechnological, commercial, and therapeutic applications. Bioluminescence imaging technology has provided valuable means for the monitoring of different biological processes for immunology, oncology, virology, and neuroscience. A new emerging biological technique that combines luminescence with optogenetics involves the use of light to control cells, particularly neurons, in living tissue. Bioluminescence may also be as a potential form of green energy. The author states that more than 75% of deep-sea creatures (700 marine genera within 16 phyla) have been estimated to possess this phenomenon of bioluminescence. While marine plants do not display bioluminescence, several organisms such as the dinoflagellate, cnidarian, jellyfish, ostracod crustacean, molluscan squids and lantern fish are well known for their luminescence. Bioluminescence is employed by marine organisms mainly to hunt their prey, to defend against predators and in reproduction. This scientifically comprehensive and well-illustrated book will serve as an essential standard reference for students and teachers as well as marine biologists, fisheries scientists, zoologists, and environmentalists.

Biology and Ecology of Bioluminescent Marine Fishes

Download Biology and Ecology of Bioluminescent Marine Fishes PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781774913161
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (131 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Biology and Ecology of Bioluminescent Marine Fishes by : Ramasamy Santhanam

Download or read book Biology and Ecology of Bioluminescent Marine Fishes written by Ramasamy Santhanam and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This enlightening new volume details over 200 species of bioluminescent marine fishes along with their biotechnological and therapeutic applications. It delves into the chemistry, diversity, and functions of these fishes and also discusses their biology and ecology aspects. Bioluminescence, which is a type of chemiluminescence and is a "cold living light," is seen in a wide variety of organisms from bacteria to fish. The chemicals and circumstances involved in marine bioluminescence are studied by biologists and engineers to make use of this phenomenon for biotechnological, commercial, and therapeutic applications. Bioluminescence imaging technology has provided valuable means for the monitoring of different biological processes for immunology, oncology, virology, and neuroscience. A new emerging biological technique that combines luminescence with optogenetics involves the use of light to control cells, particularly neurons, in living tissue. Bioluminescence may also be as a potential form of green energy. The author states that more than 75% of deep-sea creatures (700 marine genera within 16 phyla) have been estimated to possess this phenomenon of bioluminescence. While marine plants do not display bioluminescence, several organisms such as the dinoflagellate, Noctiluca, cnidarian, jellyfish, ostracod crustacean, Vargula, molluscan squids and lantern fish are well known for their luminescence. Bioluminescence is employed by marine organisms mainly to hunt their prey, to defend against predators and in reproduction. This scientifically comprehensive and well-illustrated book will serve as an essential standard reference for students and teachers as well as marine biologists, fisheries scientists, zoologists, and environmentalists"--

Deep-Sea Fishes

Download Deep-Sea Fishes PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107083826
Total Pages : 513 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (7 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Deep-Sea Fishes by : I. G. Priede

Download or read book Deep-Sea Fishes written by I. G. Priede and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2017-08-10 with total page 513 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive account of deep-sea fishes, covering evolution, ecology and the potential threats posed by the growing fishing industry.

Bioluminescence: Chemical Principles And Methods (3rd Edition)

Download Bioluminescence: Chemical Principles And Methods (3rd Edition) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 9813277122
Total Pages : 557 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (132 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Bioluminescence: Chemical Principles And Methods (3rd Edition) by : Osamu Shimomura

Download or read book Bioluminescence: Chemical Principles And Methods (3rd Edition) written by Osamu Shimomura and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2019-06-06 with total page 557 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is the bible of bioluminescence and a must-read not only for the students but for those who work in various fields relating to bioluminescence. It summarizes current structural information on all known bioluminescent systems in nature, from well-studied ones to those that have been seldom investigated.This book remains an important source of chemical knowledge on bioluminescence and, since the second edition's publication in 2012, has been revised to include major developments in two systems: earthworm Fridericia and higher fungi whose luciferins have been elucidated and synthesized. These two new luciferins represent an essential addition to seven previously known, with fully rewritten sections covering this new subject matter.

Bioluminescence

Download Bioluminescence PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781839623868
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (238 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Bioluminescence by : Hirobumi Suzuki

Download or read book Bioluminescence written by Hirobumi Suzuki and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book contains seven chapters on bioluminescence techniques and organisms. On the technical side, the four chapters presented the fluorescent markers of proteins and nanocrystals, imidazopyrazine-type luciferin that emits light when bound to human serum albumin, firefly luciferin that emits near-infrared light, and imaging technique for visualization of promoter activity in fruiting body formation of cellular slime molds Dictyostelium. On the organismal side, the three chapters presented recommendations for the commercial use of fireflies in urban areas from the perspective of conservation biology, the origin of luciferin by predation in marine luminescent organisms, and the ecology and behavior of luminescent organisms from sea to land, which will be of interest to both professionals and students.

Bioluminescence

Download Bioluminescence PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 0674071913
Total Pages : 196 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (74 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Bioluminescence by : Thérèse Wilson

Download or read book Bioluminescence written by Thérèse Wilson and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2013-03-04 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bioluminescence is everywhere on earth—most of all in the ocean, from angler fish in the depths to the flashing of dinoflagellates at the surface. Here, Thérèse Wilson and Woody Hastings explore the natural history, evolution, and biochemistry of the diverse array of organisms that emit light. While some bacteria, mushrooms, and invertebrates, as well as fish, are bioluminescent, other vertebrates and plants are not. The sporadic distribution and paucity of luminous forms calls for explanation, as does the fact that unrelated groups evolved completely different biochemical pathways to luminescence. The authors explore the hypothesis that many different luciferase systems arose in the early evolution of life because of their ability to remove oxygen, which was toxic to life when it first appeared on earth. As oxygen became abundant and bioluminescence was no longer adequate for oxygen removal, other antioxidant mechanisms evolved and most luminous species became extinct. Those light-emitting species that avoided extinction evolved uses with survival value for the light itself. Today’s luminous organisms use bioluminescence for defense from predators, for their own predatory purposes, or for communication in sexual courtship. Bioluminescence was earlier viewed as a fascinating feature of the living world, but one whose study seemed unlikely to contribute in any practical way. Today, bioluminescence is no longer an esoteric area of research. Applications are numerous, ranging from the rapid detection of microbial contamination in beef and water, to finding the location of cancer cells, to working out circuitry in the brain.

Oceanic Anglerfishes

Download Oceanic Anglerfishes PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Univ of California Press
ISBN 13 : 0520942558
Total Pages : 571 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (29 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Oceanic Anglerfishes by : Theodore W. Pietsch Ph.D.

Download or read book Oceanic Anglerfishes written by Theodore W. Pietsch Ph.D. and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2009-04-22 with total page 571 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: No environment on Earth imposes greater physical and biological constraints on life than the deep oceanic midwaters. Near-freezing temperatures, the absence of sunlight, enormous pressure, and a low food supply make habitation by any living thing almost inconceivable. Yet 160 species of anglerfishes are found there in surprising profusion. Monstrous in appearance, anglerfishes possess a host of unique and spectacular morphological, behavioral, and physiological innovations. In this fully illustrated book, the first to focus on these intriguing fish, Theodore W. Pietsch delivers a comprehensive summary of all that is known about anglerfishes—morphology, diversity, evolution, geographic distribution, bioluminescence, and reproduction.

Luminous Creatures

Download Luminous Creatures PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP
ISBN 13 : 0773554106
Total Pages : 422 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (735 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Luminous Creatures by : Michel Anctil

Download or read book Luminous Creatures written by Michel Anctil and published by McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. This book was released on 2018-05-30 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Naturalists in antiquity worked hard to dispel fanciful ideas about the meaning of living lights, but remained bewildered by them. Even Charles Darwin was perplexed by the chaotic diversity of luminous organisms, which he found difficult to reconcile with his evolutionary theory. It fell to naturalists and scientists to make sense of the dazzling displays of fireflies and other organisms. In Luminous Creatures Michel Anctil shows how mythical perceptions of bioluminescence gradually gave way to a scientific understanding of its mechanisms, functions, and evolution, and to the recognition of its usefulness for biomedical and other applied fields. Following the rise of the modern scientific method and the circumnavigations and oceanographic expeditions of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, biologists began to realize the diversity of bioluminescence's expressions in light organs and ecological imprints, and how widespread it is on the planet. By the end of the nineteenth century an understanding of the chemical nature and physiological control of the phenomenon was at hand. Technological developments led to an explosion of knowledge on the ecology, evolution, and molecular biology of bioluminescence. Luminous Creatures tracks these historical events and illuminates the lives and the trail-blazing accomplishments of the scientists involved. It offers a unique window into the awe-inspiring, phantasmagorical world of light-producing organisms, viewed from the perspectives of casual observers and scientists alike.

Luminescence

Download Luminescence PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 9535127624
Total Pages : 390 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (351 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Luminescence by : Jagannathan Thirumalai

Download or read book Luminescence written by Jagannathan Thirumalai and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2016-11-10 with total page 390 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aim of this book is to give readers a broad review of topical worldwide advancements in theoretical and experimental facts, instrumentation and practical applications erudite by luminescent materials and their prospects in dealing with different types of luminescence like photoluminescence, electroluminescence, thermo-luminescence, triboluminescence, bioluminescence design and applications. The additional part of this book deals with the dynamics, rare-earth ions, photon down-/up-converting materials, luminescence dating, lifetime, bioluminescence microscopical perspectives and prospects towards the basic research or for more advanced applications. This book is divided into four main sections: luminescent materials and their associated phenomena; photo-physical properties and their emerging applications; thermoluminescence dating: from theory to applications, and bioluminescence perspectives and prospects. Individual chapters should serve the broad spectrum of common readers of diverse expertise, layman, students and researchers, who may in this book find easily elucidated fundamentals as well as progressive principles of specific subjects associated with these phenomena. This book was created by 14 contributions from experts in different fields of luminescence and technology from over 20 research institutes worldwide.

Encyclopedia of Fish Physiology

Download Encyclopedia of Fish Physiology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0080923232
Total Pages : 2275 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (89 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Encyclopedia of Fish Physiology by :

Download or read book Encyclopedia of Fish Physiology written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2011-06-01 with total page 2275 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fish form an extremely diverse group of vertebrates. At a conservative estimate at least 40% of the world's vertebrates are fish. On the one hand they are united by their adaptations to an aquatic environment and on the other they show a variety of adaptations to differing environmental conditions - often to extremes of temperature, salinity, oxygen level and water chemistry. They exhibit an array of behavioural and reproductive systems. Interesting in their own right, this suite of adaptive physiologies provides many model systems for both comparative vertebrate and human physiologists. This four volume encyclopedia covers the diversity of fish physiology in over 300 articles and provides entry level information for students and summary overviews for researchers alike. Broadly organised into four themes, articles cover Functional, Thematic, and Phylogenetic Physiology, and Fish Genomics. Functional articles address the traditional aspects of fish physiology that are common to all areas of vertebrate physiology including: Reproduction, Respiration, Neural (Sensory, Central, Effector), Endocrinology, Renal, Cardiovascular, Acid-base Balance, Osmoregulation, Ionoregulation, Digestion, Metabolism, Locomotion, and so on. Thematic Physiology articles are carefully selected and fewer in number. They provide a level of integration that goes beyond the coverage in the Functional Physiology topics and include discussions of Toxicology, Air-breathing, Migrations, Temperature, Endothermy, etc. Phylogenetic Physiology articles bring together information that bridges the physiology of certain groupings of fishes where the knowledge base has a sufficient depth and breadth and include articles on Ancient Fishes, Tunas, Sharks, etc. Genomics articles describe the underlying genetic component of fish physiology and high light their suitability and use as model organisms for the study of disease, stress and physiological adaptations and reactions to external conditions. Winner of a 2011 PROSE Award Honorable Mention for Multivolume Science Reference from the Association of American Publishers The definitive encyclopedia for the field of fish physiology Three volumes which comprehensively cover the entire field in over 300 entries written by experts Detailed coverage of basic functional physiology of fishes, physiological themes in fish biology and comparative physiology amongst taxonomic Groups Describes the genomic bases of fish physiology and biology and the use of fish as model organisms in human physiological research Includes a glossary of terms

Photoproteins in Bioanalysis

Download Photoproteins in Bioanalysis PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 3527608699
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (276 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Photoproteins in Bioanalysis by : Sylvia Daunert

Download or read book Photoproteins in Bioanalysis written by Sylvia Daunert and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2006-12-13 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of light-emitting proteins for the detection of biomolecules provides fast and sensitive methods which overcome the disadvantages of radioactive labels and the high cost of fluorescent dyes. This reference work summarizes modern advanced techniques and their applications and includes practical examples of assays based on photoproteins. The book presents contemporary key topics like luminescent marine organisms, DNA probes, reporter gene assays and photoproteins, ratiometric sensing, use of photoproteins for in vivo functional imaging and luminescent proteins in binding assays, to name just a few, and is complemented by recent advances in instrumentation. Includes an introductory chapter by 2008 Chemistry Nobel laureate Osamu Shimomura.

Deep-Sea Fishes

Download Deep-Sea Fishes PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1316033457
Total Pages : 513 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (16 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Deep-Sea Fishes by : Imants G. Priede

Download or read book Deep-Sea Fishes written by Imants G. Priede and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2017-08-10 with total page 513 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The technological advances of the last twenty years have brought huge advances in our understanding of the deep sea and of the species inhabiting this elusive and fascinating environment. Synthesising the very latest research and discoveries, this is a comprehensive and much-needed account of deep-sea fishes. Priede examines all aspects of this incredibly diverse group of animals, reviewing almost 3,500 species and covering deep-sea fish evolution, physiology and ecology as well as charting the history of their discovery from the eighteenth century to the present day. Providing a global account of both pelagic and demersal species, the book ultimately considers the effect of the growing deep-sea fishing industry on sustainability. Copiously illustrated with explanations of the deep-sea environment, drawings of fishes and information on how they adapt to the deep, this is an essential resource for biologists, conservationists, fishery managers and anyone interested in marine evolution and natural history.

Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior

Download Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128132523
Total Pages : 3052 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior by :

Download or read book Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2019-01-21 with total page 3052 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior, Second Edition, Four Volume Set the latest update since the 2010 release, builds upon the solid foundation established in the first edition. Updated sections include Host-parasite interactions, Vertebrate social behavior, and the introduction of ‘overview essays’ that boost the book's comprehensive detail. The structure for the work is modified to accommodate a better grouping of subjects. Some chapters have been reshuffled, with section headings combined or modified. Represents a one-stop resource for scientifically reliable information on animal behavior Provides comparative approaches, including the perspective of evolutionary biologists, physiologists, endocrinologists, neuroscientists and psychologists Includes multimedia features in the online version that offer accessible tools to readers looking to deepen their understanding

The Ecology of Marine Fishes

Download The Ecology of Marine Fishes PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Univ of California Press
ISBN 13 : 0520932471
Total Pages : 1353 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (29 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Ecology of Marine Fishes by : Dr. Larry G. Allen

Download or read book The Ecology of Marine Fishes written by Dr. Larry G. Allen and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2006-02-15 with total page 1353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Marine fishes have been intensively studied, and some of the fundamental ideas in the science of marine ecology have emerged from the body of knowledge derived from this diverse group of organisms. This unique, authoritative, and accessible reference, compiled by 35 luminary ecologists, evolutionary biologists, and ichthyologists, provides a synthesis and interpretation of the large, often daunting, body of information on the ecology of marine fishes. The focus is on the fauna of the eastern Pacific, especially the fishes of the California coast, a group among the most diverse and best studied of all marine ecosystems. A generously illustrated and comprehensive source of information, this volume will also be an important launching pad for future research and will shed new light on the study of marine fish ecology worldwide. The contributors touch on many fields in biology, including physiology, development, genetics, behavior, ecology, and evolution. The book includes sections on the history of research, both published and unpublished data, sections on collecting techniques, and references to important earlier studies.

Light and Life in the Sea

Download Light and Life in the Sea PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521392075
Total Pages : 378 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (92 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Light and Life in the Sea by : Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom

Download or read book Light and Life in the Sea written by Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1990-05-17 with total page 378 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Without light there would be no life in the sea. Since the seas were the cradle for the evolution of all life forms, the theme of this book is central to our understanding of the interaction between living organisms and their environments. To express the breadth of research in this area, leading experts in topics as diverse as satellite imagery and molecular biology have contributed to this collection of essays on light and life in the sea, first published in 1990. Intended for all with an interest in the marine environment, this book aims to present the reader with a sampler of the exciting research that is underway and to provide an introduction to its broad compass.

Marine Biology

Download Marine Biology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1394200072
Total Pages : 725 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (942 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Marine Biology by : Roberto Danovaro

Download or read book Marine Biology written by Roberto Danovaro and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2024-06-04 with total page 725 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: MARINE BIOLOGY Marine Biology: Comparative Ecology of Planet Ocean provides a learning tool to those who love the ocean to help them understand and learn about the life that populates it, the extraordinary adaptations of marine organisms to their environment, and the spectacular variety of marine life forms that inhabit the many marine habitats and contribute to the life support system of Planet Ocean. The book introduces marine biology by seeing the ocean through the eyes of its inhabitants, describing the properties of sea water, the surface waters and its currents, and the characteristics of the seabed according to how marine organisms perceive, exploit, and shape them. This book explains to the reader and those who love the ocean not only how to recognize the most common marine organisms and habitats, from the coast to great depths, but it also explains their complex life cycles and the environmental factors controlling their distribution, reproduction, and growth. Finally, the book evaluates the role that living biota play in how different marine ecosystems function in order to understand better their characteristics, peculiarities, and threats. This book offers an up-to-date and comprehensive text on the study of marine biology, presenting insights into the methodologies scientists have adopted for the study of marine ecosystems. It also includes chapters about human impacts on marine biodiversity, from overfishing to climate change, from pollution (including microplastics), to alien-species invasions, from conservation of marine resources to the restoration of degraded marine habitats. The authors developed this text for Bachelor and Master’s level students taking classes on marine biology and marine ecology, but it will also interest high-school students and marine enthusiasts (dive masters, tour guides) who wish to deepen their knowledge of marine biology.

Pigments, Pigment Cells and Pigment Patterns

Download Pigments, Pigment Cells and Pigment Patterns PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811614903
Total Pages : 475 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (116 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Pigments, Pigment Cells and Pigment Patterns by : Hisashi Hashimoto

Download or read book Pigments, Pigment Cells and Pigment Patterns written by Hisashi Hashimoto and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-07-05 with total page 475 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book comprehensively summarizes the biological mechanisms of coloration and pattern formation of animals at molecular and cellular level, offering up-to-date knowledge derived from remarkable progress in the last 10 years. The brilliant coloration, conspicuous patterns and spectacular color changes displayed by some vertebrates and invertebrates are generally their strategies of the utmost importance for survival. Consists of mainly three parts, starts with introductory chapter, such as Pigments and Pigment Organelles, Developmental Genetics of Pigment Cell Formation, Adult Pigment Patterns, and Color Changes, this book introduces new pigment compounds in addition to classically known pigments and organelles, explains how the generation of multiple types of pigment cell is genetically controlled, describes the mechanisms underlying the zebrafish stripe formation as well as other animals and also summarizes the mechanism of physiological and morphological color changes of teleost, amphibian and cephalopod. Written by experts in the field, this book will be essential reading for graduate students and researchers in biological fields who are interested in pigmentation mechanisms of animals.