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Biological Dna Sensor
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Book Synopsis Biological DNA Sensor by : Ken Ishii
Download or read book Biological DNA Sensor written by Ken Ishii and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2013-10-30 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biological DNA Sensor defines the meaning of DNA sensing pathways and demonstrates the importance of the innate immune responses induced by double stranded DNA (dsDNA) through its influencing functions in disease pathology and immune activity of adjuvants for vaccines. Though discussed in specific subsections of existing books, dsDNA and its immunogenic properties has never received the complete treatment given in this book. Biological DNA Sensor approaches the impact of dsDNA's immunogenicity on disease and vaccinology holistically. It paints a complete and concise picture on the topic so you can understand this area of study and make more informed choices for your respective research needs. Chapters are authored by researchers who are renowned for their research focus, ensuring that this book provides the most complete views on the topics. Multi-authored by a distinguished panel of world-class experts Ideal source of information for those wanting to learn about DNA sensing Provides in-depth explanations of DNA sensing pathways and the innate immune system, bridging the gap between them
Book Synopsis Biological DNA Sensor by : Choon Kit Tang
Download or read book Biological DNA Sensor written by Choon Kit Tang and published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters. This book was released on 2013-10-30 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this chapter, we reflect on our early understanding of the immunogenic properties of dsDNA and give a chronological account of the journey we have taken to discover the individual cellular DNA sensors which have played important roles in mediating DNA induced inflammation.
Book Synopsis Biological DNA Sensor by : Y.J. Shen
Download or read book Biological DNA Sensor written by Y.J. Shen and published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters. This book was released on 2013-10-30 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Toll-like receptors, NOD-like receptors and numerous intracellular sensors that detect nucleotides in the cytosol help to initiate immune responses to viral infections. Many of the cytosolic nucleotide sensors and their downstream mediators also play a role in RNA metabolism, DNA repair and cancer. Here we review the evidence that links cytosolic DNA sensors to processes that are activated in cancer cells.
Book Synopsis Biological DNA Sensor by : Christophe J. Desmet
Download or read book Biological DNA Sensor written by Christophe J. Desmet and published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters. This book was released on 2013-10-30 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aluminum-based adjuvants (alum) are among the oldest and most widely used vaccine adjuvants. After decades of largely empirical use, the last years have witnessed a flurry of studies aiming to decipher the immunological mechanisms of action of alum. Along with other hypotheses, recent reports support that alum induces the release by host cells of their own DNA at sites of injection. Extracellular self-DNA would in turn activate the innate immune system through known and yet to be identified innate immune pathways and in this way boost the adaptive response to vaccine antigens. This chapter discusses the evidence supporting the view of self-DNA as a damage-associated molecular pattern implicated in the adjuvant activity of alum, its possible links with other proposed mechanisms, as well as future directions in the area of the sensing of self-nucleic acids in the modulation of immunological responses to vaccines.
Book Synopsis Biological DNA Sensor by : Jan Naujoks
Download or read book Biological DNA Sensor written by Jan Naujoks and published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters. This book was released on 2013-10-30 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The detection of bacterial pathogens by the innate immune system is mediated by various pattern recognition receptors that sense microbial molecules such as cell wall components, virulence factors or nucleic acids. Bacterial DNA is recognized by Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) at endosomal compartments and by cyclic GMP-AMP synthase, polymerase III/RIG-I, AIM2-like receptors (ALRs), DNA helicases as well as other incompletely characterized proteins in the host cell cytosol. Depending on the receptor and specific engagement of the adapter molecules MyD88, STING, MAVS or ASC, sensing of bacterial DNA triggers expression of NF-κB-dependent proinflammatory genes, type I IFN responses, and/or inflammasome activation. Whereas inflammatory gene expression and inflammasome activation are required for an effective host defense to most bacterial infections, type I IFNs appear to play a regulatory role and can be beneficial or detrimental for the host. This chapter summarizes the current knowledge about the mechanisms of DNA sensing and its function in bacterial infections.
Book Synopsis Biological DNA Sensor by : Surya Pandey
Download or read book Biological DNA Sensor written by Surya Pandey and published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters. This book was released on 2013-10-30 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: DNA sensors initiate innate immune responses upon recognition of microbial and self-derived DNA in the intracellular compartments or cytoplasm. These sensors include TLR9, AIM2 like receptors and many other recently identified cytosolic DNA sensors. The otherwise protective nature of host defense by these receptors can turn hostile when they recognize self-DNA through various mechanisms and aberrantly activate DNA sensing pathways leading to unregulated or inappropriate type I IFN production and consequent autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases. In this chapter, we highlight the current findings that shed light on the complex initiator and effector mechanisms that contribute to autoimmune disease pathology, including DNA sensing receptors, self and non-self discrimination, type I IFN system, mechanisms of enhanced self-DNA access to TLR9 and defective host DNA clearance.
Book Synopsis Biological DNA Sensor by : Sivapriya Kailasan Vanaja
Download or read book Biological DNA Sensor written by Sivapriya Kailasan Vanaja and published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters. This book was released on 2013-10-30 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The innate immune response serves as the first line of defense against microbial infections by detecting pathogen-associated molecular patterns through germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors. Proteins of the PYHIN family have gained substantial research focus in recent years as central mediators of innate immune responses induced by cytosolic microbial DNA. Sensing of DNA by PYHINs typically leads to activation of inflammasomes and/or type I interferon responses that are crucial for host defense against invading pathogens. Certain members of the family are also involved in the development of autoimmune diseases as well as transcriptional regulation. Although the generation of knockout mice strains has unraveled the essential role of PYHIN proteins such as AIM2 in the development of antimicrobial innate immune responses, the exact biological role of several other PYHIN family members remains to be understood. This chapter reviews the important discoveries on PYHIN proteins and their role in microbial defense, autoimmunity and transcriptional regulation.
Book Synopsis Biological DNA Sensor by : Kenichi Shimada
Download or read book Biological DNA Sensor written by Kenichi Shimada and published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters. This book was released on 2013-10-30 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: DNA damage exists in all cellular organisms. While DNA damage is distinguished from mutation, mutation can result from unrepaired DNA. While most DNA damage can be repaired, such repair systems are not 100% efficient. Un-repaired DNA damage accumulates in non-replicating cells, such as neurons or myocytes of adult mammals, and can cause aging. DNA damage can be subdivided into two types: (1) endogenous damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are derived from metabolic byproducts and (2) exogenous damage caused by radiation (UV, X-ray, gamma), hydrolysis, plant toxins, and viruses. Current data suggest that increased oxidative stress is a major characteristic of hypercholesterolemia-induced atherosclerosis and that oxidative stress is most likely associated with DNA damage in the development of cholesterol-induced plaques. This chapter critically addresses the extent to which the DNA damage, the sensing of it, and DNA damage repair are involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
Book Synopsis Electrochemical DNA Biosensors by : Mehmet Sengun Ozsoz
Download or read book Electrochemical DNA Biosensors written by Mehmet Sengun Ozsoz and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2012-04-23 with total page 568 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on the basic electrochemical applications of DNA in various areas, from basic principles to the most recent discoveries. The book comprises theoretical and experimental analysis of various properties of nucleic acids, research methods, and some promising applications. The topics discussed in the book include electrochemical detection of DNA hybridization based on latex/gold nanoparticle and nanotubes; nanomaterial-based electrochemical DNA detection; electrochemical detection of microorganism-based DNA biosensors; gold nanoparticle-based electrochemical DNA biosensors; electrochemical detection of the aptamer-target interaction; nanoparticle-induced catalysis for DNA biosensing; basic terms regarding electrochemical DNA (nucleic acids) biosensors; screen-printed electrodes for electrochemical DNA detection; application of field-effect transistors to label free electrical DNA biosensor arrays; and electrochemical detection of nucleic acids using branched DNA amplifiers.
Book Synopsis DNA Conjugates and Sensors by : Keith R Fox
Download or read book DNA Conjugates and Sensors written by Keith R Fox and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2012-11-30 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Applications of nucleic acids have developed recently to provide solutions for biosensors, diagnostic tools and as platforms for the assembly of complex structures. These developments have been possible as their base sequence can be used to assemble precise structures following simple and predictable rules. Self-assembled DNA can then be amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and this ultimately enables the preparation of synthetic nucleic acids. Their use as molecular tools or DNA-conjugates has recently been enhanced by the addition of other groups including enzymes, fluorophores and small molecules. Written by leaders in the field, this volume describes the preparation and application of these DNA-conjugates. Several have been used as sensors (aptamers, riboswitches and nanostructures) based on the ability of nucleic acids to adopt specific structures in the presence of ligands, whilst others link reporter groups such as proteins or fluorophores to RNA or DNA for detection, single molecule studies, and increasing the sensitivity of PCR. The book is relevant to researchers in areas related to analytical chemistry, chemical biology, medicinal chemistry, molecular pharmacology, and structural and molecular biology.
Book Synopsis Biological DNA Sensor by : Ann Marshak-Rothstein
Download or read book Biological DNA Sensor written by Ann Marshak-Rothstein and published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters. This book was released on 2013-10-30 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In vitro analyses of autoreactive B cells and pDCs clearly demonstrate a critical role for both TLR7 and TLR9 in the detection of endogenous nucleic acid ligands and activation of autoreactive B cells and dendritic cell subsets. Ligands for TLR7 and TLR9 are bound by surface receptors, either the BCR or an FcγR, and then delivered to endolysomal compartments where TLR7 or TLR9 are subsequently engaged, leading to immune activation. However, in vivo analyses of autoimmune-prone mice have revealed a more complex interplay between TLR9- and TLR7-driven activation of key effector populations and the severity of systemic autoimmune diseases such as SLE. It is clear that TLR7/BCR co-engagement promotes B cell activation, autoantibody production, and clinical disease. By contrast, TLR9 has a biphasic role and appears to initially limit the activation of B cells reactive to DNA or DNA-binding proteins, either by contributing to the production of protective antibodies or by directly constraining B cell responses to endogenous ligands. Nevertheless, TLR9 is still required for the full-scale activation of B cells with similar DNA/DNA-binding autoanigen reactivities.
Book Synopsis Biological DNA Sensor by : Tatsuya Saitoh
Download or read book Biological DNA Sensor written by Tatsuya Saitoh and published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters. This book was released on 2013-10-30 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microbial double-stranded (ds)DNA potently stimulates innate immunity. Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) plays a major role in dsDNA-induced expression of type I interferons (IFNs) and elimination of invading pathogens. After stimulation, STING translocates from the endoplasmic reticulum to cytoplasmic punctate structures where it associates with TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1). TBK1 phosphorylates interferon regulatory factor 3 to induce type I IFNs and optineurin to induce autophagy, an intracellular clearance system. Autophagy-related protein, Atg9a, regulates membrane trafficking involved in STING movement and suppresses type I IFN expression. Absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) plays a major role in dsDNA-induced inflammatory responses. After stimulation, AIM2 forms an inflammasome with an adaptor protein, ASC, and caspase-1, a protease, to induce the production of IL-1β, an inflammatory cytokine. Autophagy mediates degradation of activated AIM2-inflammasome to terminate the response. Thus, autophagy-related proteins, essential components of autophagy machinery, regulate innate immune responses induced by dsDNA.
Book Synopsis Biological DNA Sensor by : Glen N. Barber
Download or read book Biological DNA Sensor written by Glen N. Barber and published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters. This book was released on 2013-10-30 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Invading microbes are detected by cellular sensors, the consequences of which result in the production of potent anti-pathogen proteins such as type I interferon (IFN) as well as other cytokines capable of stimulating the adaptive immune response. Examples comprise the RIG-I-like helicase (RLH) and the Toll-like receptor (TLR) families which recognize non-self-pathogen derived molecules (PAMPs) including bacterial lipopolysaccharides as well as nucleic acids. In addition, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) associated transmembrane protein referred to as STING (for stimulator of interferon genes) was established as being essential for triggering the production of innate immune proteins in response to the sensing of cytosolic DNA. Such DNA can be ‘self’-DNA produced from necrotic or apoptotic cells, or the actual genomes of DNA pathogens that become exposed following infection. Moreover, while STING appears essential for controlling innate signaling events triggered by DNA microbes, chronic STING activation also appears to be responsible for certain inflammatory diseases manifested by ‘self’-DNA. Thus, understanding STING function may lead to the design of new compounds that may facilitate vaccine development or conversely that may provide new therapies for the treatment of inflammatory disease.
Book Synopsis Biological DNA Sensor by : Cevayir Coban
Download or read book Biological DNA Sensor written by Cevayir Coban and published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters. This book was released on 2013-10-30 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ideal vaccines are expected to give lifetime protection from infectious diseases, and if possible, from allergic diseases, autoimmune diseases and cancer. DNA vaccination was introduced two decades ago as a simple plasmid inoculation method with a capability of inducing both cellular and humoral immune responses. Recent studies have provided insights into the molecular mechanisms by which the double-stranded structure of DNA vaccine induces the activation of type-I interferon (IFN)-mediated innate immune responses via STING/TBK1 complex, similar to cytosolic double stranded DNA (dsDNA) recognition of immune cells. In this chapter, DNA vaccines and the current knowledge on their mechanism of action will be introduced. The possibilities of using this knowledge for improving immunogenicity of DNA vaccines in humans will then be discussed.
Book Synopsis Biological DNA Sensor by : Rebecca Schmidt
Download or read book Biological DNA Sensor written by Rebecca Schmidt and published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters. This book was released on 2013-10-30 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cyclic dinucleotides (c-di-NMPs), such as c-di-GMP and c-di-AMP were first discovered in bacteria, where they play important roles as second messenger molecules that regulate bacterial cellular functions. In addition, these and other c-di-NMPs exert potent biological effects on mammalian cells, such as the inhibition of cancer cell proliferation, immune cell activation, and the triggering of type I interferon production. Here, we introduce the biology of c-di-NMPs in bacterial systems and review the current state of the literature on their biological effects in mammalian cells. Emphasis is placed on evaluating the evidence that c-di-NMPs have potent immune stimulatory effects on cultured mouse and human cells and can act as adjuvants and immune stimulants in animal models. In addition, we highlight areas where further experimentation could hasten the development of c-di-NMPs as adjuvants in potent and safe systemic and mucosal vaccines.
Book Synopsis Biological DNA Sensor by : Søren R. Paludan
Download or read book Biological DNA Sensor written by Søren R. Paludan and published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters. This book was released on 2013-10-30 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microbial and host DNA are potent stimulators of innate immune responses and have been implicated in both host defense and autoimmune diseases. To date more than 10 immunological sensors of DNA have been proposed, and we are now beginning to understand the functions and mechanism of action of these proposed DNA sensors in host defense and diseases. Much of the current knowledge on DNA sensing has been obtained through studies with herpesviruses. Hence, in this chapter, we review and critically assess the literature on innate DNA recognition from the perspective of herpesviruses sensing. Finally, we extend the discussion beyond herpesviruses, and propose important questions that need to be addressed in the emerging field of innate immune activation by DNA.
Book Synopsis Nucleic Acid Sensing and Immunity - by :
Download or read book Nucleic Acid Sensing and Immunity - written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2019-03-21 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nucleic Acid Sensing and Immunity - PART B, Volume 345 gives a comprehensive overview of the nucleic acid machinery, from plants to mammalians, along with their regulation. Chapters in this updated volume include Nucleic acids sensing in allergic disorders, Nucleic acids sensing in autoimmune disorders, Nucleic acid sensing in inflammatory disorders, Viral nucleic acid sensing inflammasomes in intestinal host defense, Genome damage sensing leads to tissue homeostasis in Drosophila, Nucleic acids sensing in plants, Nucleic Acid sensing in invertebrates, amongst other topics. Provides an accurate, state-of-the-art resource on RNA sensing Includes the work of a well-known tumor immunologist Links intestinal host defense and viral nucleic acid sensing Presents a chapter on the negative regulation of DNA sensing, a timely topic
