Bayesian Natural Language Semantics And Pragmatics

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Bayesian Natural Language Semantics and Pragmatics

Author : Henk Zeevat
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319170643
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (191 download)

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Book Synopsis Bayesian Natural Language Semantics and Pragmatics by : Henk Zeevat

Download or read book Bayesian Natural Language Semantics and Pragmatics written by Henk Zeevat and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-06-19 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The contributions in this volume focus on the Bayesian interpretation of natural languages, which is widely used in areas of artificial intelligence, cognitive science, and computational linguistics. This is the first volume to take up topics in Bayesian Natural Language Interpretation and make proposals based on information theory, probability theory, and related fields. The methodologies offered here extend to the target semantic and pragmatic analyses of computational natural language interpretation. Bayesian approaches to natural language semantics and pragmatics are based on methods from signal processing and the causal Bayesian models pioneered by especially Pearl. In signal processing, the Bayesian method finds the most probable interpretation by finding the one that maximizes the product of the prior probability and the likelihood of the interpretation. It thus stresses the importance of a production model for interpretation as in Grice’s contributions to pragmatics or in interpretation by abduction.

Gradability in Natural Language

Author : Heather Burnett
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0198724799
Total Pages : 229 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (987 download)

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Book Synopsis Gradability in Natural Language by : Heather Burnett

Download or read book Gradability in Natural Language written by Heather Burnett and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017 with total page 229 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a new theory of the relationship between vagueness, context-sensitivity, gradability, and scale structure in natural language. Heather Burnett proposes a new formal reasoning system called DelTCS in which she sets out a completely new theory of gradable linguistic constructions.

Questions in Discourse

Author :
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004378308
Total Pages : 314 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (43 download)

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Book Synopsis Questions in Discourse by :

Download or read book Questions in Discourse written by and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2019-04-09 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The volume Questions in Discourse - Vol. 1 Semantics contains a comprehensive overview of the semantic analysis of questions and their role in structuring discourse, next to a series of in-depth contributions on individual aspects of question meanings. The expert contributions offer novel accounts of semantic phenomena such as negation and biased questions, question embedding, exhaustivity, disjunction in alternative questions, and superlative quantification particles in questions. Some accounts are modelled in the framework of inquisitive semantics, whereas others employ alternative semantics, and yet others point to the discourse-structuring potential of marked questions. All contributions are easily accessible against the background of the general introduction. Together, they give an excellent overview of current trends in question semantics.

The Oxford Handbook of Pragmatics

Author : Yan Huang
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0191065218
Total Pages : 753 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis The Oxford Handbook of Pragmatics by : Yan Huang

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Pragmatics written by Yan Huang and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017-01-19 with total page 753 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume brings together distinguished scholars from all over the world to present an authoritative, thorough, and yet accessible state-of-the-art survey of current issues in pragmatics. Following an introduction by the editor, the volume is divided into five thematic parts. Chapters in Part I are concerned with schools of thought, foundations, and theories, while Part II deals with central topics in pragmatics, including implicature, presupposition, speech acts, deixis, reference, and context. In Part III, the focus is on cognitively-oriented pragmatics, covering topics such as computational, experimental, and neuropragmatics. Part IV takes a look at socially and culturally-oriented pragmatics such as politeness/impoliteness studies, cross- and intercultural, and interlanguage pragmatics. Finally, the chapters in Part V explore the interfaces of pragmatics with semantics, grammar, morphology, the lexicon, prosody, language change, and information structure. The Oxford Handbook of Pragmatics will be an indispensable reference for scholars and students of pragmatics of all theoretical stripes. It will also be a valuable resource for linguists in other fields, including philosophy of language, semantics, morphosyntax, prosody, psycholinguistics, and sociolinguistics, and for researchers and students in the fields of cognitive science, artificial intelligence, computer science, anthropology, and sociology.

Rational Approaches in Language Science

Author : Matthew W. Crocker
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889747654
Total Pages : 514 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (897 download)

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Book Synopsis Rational Approaches in Language Science by : Matthew W. Crocker

Download or read book Rational Approaches in Language Science written by Matthew W. Crocker and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-03-25 with total page 514 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Oxford Handbook of Reference

Author : Jeanette Gundel
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0191510971
Total Pages : 605 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (915 download)

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Book Synopsis The Oxford Handbook of Reference by : Jeanette Gundel

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Reference written by Jeanette Gundel and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2019-02-14 with total page 605 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook presents an overview of the phenomenon of reference - the ability to refer to and pick out entities - which is an essential part of human language and cognition. In the volume's 21 chapters, international experts in the field offer a critical account of all aspects of reference from a range of theoretical perspectives. Chapters in the first part of the book are concerned with basic questions related to different types of referring expression and their interpretation. They address questions about the role of the speaker - including speaker intentions - and of the addressee, as well as the role played by the semantics of the linguistic forms themselves in establishing reference. This part also explores the nature of such concepts as definite and indefinite reference and specificity, and the conditions under which reference may fail. The second part of the volume looks at implications and applications, with chapters covering such topics as the acquisition of reference by children, the processing of reference both in the human brain and by machines. The volume will be of interest to linguists in a wide range of subfields, including semantics, pragmatics, computational linguistics, and psycho- and neurolinguistics, as well as scholars in related fields such as philosophy and computer science.

Pragmatics at its Interfaces

Author : Stavros Assimakopoulos
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 1501505025
Total Pages : 294 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (15 download)

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Book Synopsis Pragmatics at its Interfaces by : Stavros Assimakopoulos

Download or read book Pragmatics at its Interfaces written by Stavros Assimakopoulos and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2017-02-20 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: All of the papers included in this volume offer some novel and/or updated perspective on issues of central importance in pragmatics, suggesting original ways in which research in the particular areas they adhere to could advance. Apart from the obvious aim of motivating further discussion on the topics it touches on, a central objective of this volume is to underline that research in pragmatics can and does substantially inform research in numerous other fields of enquiry, namely philosophy, cognitive science, linguistics and conversation analysis, revealing in this way the truly interdisciplinary nature of pragmatics theorizing. In this respect, and given that most of the contributions in this volume are from leading scholars in their respective fields, it is clearly expected that the ideas put forth in this volume will have a profound and long-lasting impact for future research in the area.

The Philosophy of Theoretical Linguistics

Author : Ryan M. Nefdt
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1316514250
Total Pages : 245 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (165 download)

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Book Synopsis The Philosophy of Theoretical Linguistics by : Ryan M. Nefdt

Download or read book The Philosophy of Theoretical Linguistics written by Ryan M. Nefdt and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2024-05-31 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Covering a wide range of fields and theoretical perspectives, this book provides a novel philosophical account of theoretical linguistics.

Suppose and Tell

Author : Timothy Williamson
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0192604767
Total Pages : 287 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (926 download)

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Book Synopsis Suppose and Tell by : Timothy Williamson

Download or read book Suppose and Tell written by Timothy Williamson and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2020-07-03 with total page 287 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What does 'if' mean? It is one of the most commonly used words in the English language, in itself a sign to the importance of conditional thinking to human cognitive life. We make conditional statements, ask conditional questions, and issue conditional orders. We need to think and talk conditionally for many purposes, from everyday decision-making to mathematical proof. Yet the meaning of conditionals has been debated for thousands of years. Suppose and Tell brings together ideas from philosophy, linguistics, and psychology to present a controversial new approach to understanding conditionals. It argues that in using 'if' we rely on psychological heuristics, methods which are fast and frugal and mostly, but not always, reliable. As a result philosophers and linguists have been led astray in theorizing about conditionals through trusting faulty data generated by such methods and prematurely rejecting simple theories on the basis of merely apparent counterexamples. This book shows how one such simple theory of conditionals can explain the data, and draws wider implications for the nature of meaning and its non-transparency to native speakers, vagueness in thought and language, and the need for semantics to attend to the unreliable heuristics underlying our judgments.

Bounded Meaning

Author : Matthew Mandelkern
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0192697137
Total Pages : 300 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (926 download)

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Book Synopsis Bounded Meaning by : Matthew Mandelkern

Download or read book Bounded Meaning written by Matthew Mandelkern and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2024-08-20 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bounded Meaning investigates the dynamics of interpretation: how and why the interpretation of the building blocks of human language is sensitive, not just to the context in which the expression is used, but also to the expression's linguistic environment—in other words, how and why interpretation depends not just on global information, but also on local information. Matthew Mandelkern motivates a range of generalizations about the dynamics of interpretation, some known and some novel, involving modals, conditionals, and anaphora, and an overview of the best extant theory of those patterns, dynamic semantics, is provided. After bringing out the striking motivations and successes of that framework, the discussion turns to criticisms of dynamic semantics, focusing on its puzzling predictions about the logic of natural language. In response to these problems, Mandelkern develops a novel framework for explaining dynamic phenomena without dynamic semantics: the bounded theory of meaning. On the bounded theory, dynamic phenomena arise from the interaction of two dimensions of meaning. One dimension is a standard truth-conditional layer, which, relative to a context of use, associates each sentence with a proposition. The second dimension, the dimension of bounds, limits the admissible interpretations of an expression, relative to the expression's context of use and its local information. Bounds thus play an essential role in coordinating on the resolution of context-sensitive language, explaining dynamic effects in natural language while avoiding a variety of problematic predictions of dynamic semantics.

Scalar Implicatures

Author : Penka Stateva
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889631346
Total Pages : 172 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (896 download)

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Book Synopsis Scalar Implicatures by : Penka Stateva

Download or read book Scalar Implicatures written by Penka Stateva and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2019-10-18 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Scalar implicatures have enjoyed the status of one of the most researched topics in both theoretical and experimental pragmatics in recent years. This Research Topic presents new developments in studying the comprehension, as well as the production of scalar inferences, suggests new testing paradigms that trigger important discussions about the methodology of experimental investigation, explores the effect of prosody and context on inference rates. To a great extent the articles reflect the state of the art in the domain and outline promising paths for future research.

Measurements, Numerals and Scales

Author : Nicole Gotzner
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030733238
Total Pages : 361 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (37 download)

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Book Synopsis Measurements, Numerals and Scales by : Nicole Gotzner

Download or read book Measurements, Numerals and Scales written by Nicole Gotzner and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-02-07 with total page 361 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book brings together chapters on the semantics and pragmatics of measurement, scales, and numerical expressions. The chapters highlight recent developments in measurement theory, the meaning of numerical expressions and the relation between measurement scales and entailment scales. The authors provide explorations in formal and experimental semantics and pragmatics, as well as at the interfaces of this field with others including philosophy of language and sociolinguistics. This book will be of interest to students and scholars in these areas, as well as psychology, psycholinguistics and artificial intelligence.

Experimental Perspectives on Presuppositions

Author : Florian Schwarz
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319079808
Total Pages : 266 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (19 download)

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Book Synopsis Experimental Perspectives on Presuppositions by : Florian Schwarz

Download or read book Experimental Perspectives on Presuppositions written by Florian Schwarz and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-09-12 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume brings together some of the most recent developments in the field of experimental pragmatics, specifically empirical approaches to theoretical issues in presupposition theory. It includes studies of the online processing of presupposed content; investigations of the interpretive properties of presuppositions in various linguistic contexts; comparative perspectives relative to other aspects of meaning, such as asserted content and implicatures; cross-linguistic comparisons of presupposition triggers; and perspectives from language acquisition. Taken together, these novel contributions provide a snapshot of state-of-the art developments in this area and will serve as a point of reference for numerous emerging avenues of future work. It makes for an ideal set of readings for advanced university courses on experimental studies of meaning and is a must-read for anyone interested in experimental research on meaning in natural language.

Achievements, durativity and scales

Author : Zsofia Gyarmathy
Publisher : Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH
ISBN 13 : 3832540768
Total Pages : 216 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (325 download)

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Book Synopsis Achievements, durativity and scales by : Zsofia Gyarmathy

Download or read book Achievements, durativity and scales written by Zsofia Gyarmathy and published by Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH. This book was released on 2015-09-30 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book contributes to the growing work on scale-based formal semantic approaches to verbal phenomena. It presents a new scale-based framework for both aspectual classes and grammatical aspect with the aim of offering an analysis of achievements in the progressive. In order to analyse these, the temporal trace function is relativised to a granularity parameter, and the semantics of the progressive operator is assumed to involve partitivity over scales of change. To this end, a novel concept of a scale of change is adopted, building on a bottom-up idea of associating scales with events and characterising verbal predicates via event-level scales. As a crucial departure from former scale-based approaches, predicates like "arrive" are associated with both two-valued and multi-valued scales of change. The new framework can then capture fine-grained aspectual class differences and predict the interpretations of the progressive for different aspectual classes.

Enriched Meanings

Author : Ash Asudeh
Publisher : Oxford Studies in Semantics an
ISBN 13 : 0198847858
Total Pages : 202 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (988 download)

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Book Synopsis Enriched Meanings by : Ash Asudeh

Download or read book Enriched Meanings written by Ash Asudeh and published by Oxford Studies in Semantics an. This book was released on 2020 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book develops a theory of enriched meanings for natural language interpretation that uses the concept of monads and related ideas from category theory, a branch of mathematics that has been influential in theoretical computer science and elsewhere. Certain expressions that exhibit complex effects at the semantics/pragmatics boundary live in an enriched meaning space, while others live in a more basic meaning space. These basic meanings are mapped to enriched meanings only when required compositionally, which avoids generalizing meanings to the worst case. Ash Asudeh and Gianluca Giorgolo show that the monadic theory of enriched meanings offers a formally and computationally well-defined way to tackle important challenges at the semantics/pragmatics boundary. In particular, they develop innovative monadic analyses of three phenomena - conventional implicature, substitution puzzles, and conjunction fallacies - and demonstrate that the compositional properties of monads model linguistic intuitions about these cases particularly well. The analyses are accompanied by exercises to aid understanding, and the computational tools used are available on the book's companion website. The book also contains background chapters on enriched meanings and category theory. The volume is interdisciplinary in nature, with insights from semantics, pragmatics, philosophy of language, psychology, and computer science, and will appeal to graduate students and researchers from a wide range of disciplines with an interest in natural language understanding and representation.

Automated Essay Scoring

Author : Beata Beigman Klebanov
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031021827
Total Pages : 294 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Automated Essay Scoring by : Beata Beigman Klebanov

Download or read book Automated Essay Scoring written by Beata Beigman Klebanov and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-31 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses the state of the art of automated essay scoring, its challenges and its potential. One of the earliest applications of artificial intelligence to language data (along with machine translation and speech recognition), automated essay scoring has evolved to become both a revenue-generating industry and a vast field of research, with many subfields and connections to other NLP tasks. In this book, we review the developments in this field against the backdrop of Elias Page's seminal 1966 paper titled "The Imminence of Grading Essays by Computer." Part 1 establishes what automated essay scoring is about, why it exists, where the technology stands, and what are some of the main issues. In Part 2, the book presents guided exercises to illustrate how one would go about building and evaluating a simple automated scoring system, while Part 3 offers readers a survey of the literature on different types of scoring models, the aspects of essay quality studied in prior research, and the implementation and evaluation of a scoring engine. Part 4 offers a broader view of the field inclusive of some neighboring areas, and Part \ref{part5} closes with summary and discussion. This book grew out of a week-long course on automated evaluation of language production at the North American Summer School for Logic, Language, and Information (NASSLLI), attended by advanced undergraduates and early-stage graduate students from a variety of disciplines. Teachers of natural language processing, in particular, will find that the book offers a useful foundation for a supplemental module on automated scoring. Professionals and students in linguistics, applied linguistics, educational technology, and other related disciplines will also find the material here useful.

Statistical Methods for Annotation Analysis

Author : Silviu Paun
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031037634
Total Pages : 208 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Statistical Methods for Annotation Analysis by : Silviu Paun

Download or read book Statistical Methods for Annotation Analysis written by Silviu Paun and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-31 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Labelling data is one of the most fundamental activities in science, and has underpinned practice, particularly in medicine, for decades, as well as research in corpus linguistics since at least the development of the Brown corpus. With the shift towards Machine Learning in Artificial Intelligence (AI), the creation of datasets to be used for training and evaluating AI systems, also known in AI as corpora, has become a central activity in the field as well. Early AI datasets were created on an ad-hoc basis to tackle specific problems. As larger and more reusable datasets were created, requiring greater investment, the need for a more systematic approach to dataset creation arose to ensure increased quality. A range of statistical methods were adopted, often but not exclusively from the medical sciences, to ensure that the labels used were not subjective, or to choose among different labels provided by the coders. A wide variety of such methods is now in regular use. This book is meant to provide a survey of the most widely used among these statistical methods supporting annotation practice. As far as the authors know, this is the first book attempting to cover the two families of methods in wider use. The first family of methods is concerned with the development of labelling schemes and, in particular, ensuring that such schemes are such that sufficient agreement can be observed among the coders. The second family includes methods developed to analyze the output of coders once the scheme has been agreed upon, particularly although not exclusively to identify the most likely label for an item among those provided by the coders. The focus of this book is primarily on Natural Language Processing, the area of AI devoted to the development of models of language interpretation and production, but many if not most of the methods discussed here are also applicable to other areas of AI, or indeed, to other areas of Data Science.