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Author : Samuel Johnson
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 1204 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (334 download)
Download or read book English Dictionary written by Samuel Johnson and published by . This book was released on 1835 with total page 1204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Penne L. Restad
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199923582
Total Pages : 240 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (999 download)
Download or read book Christmas in America written by Penne L. Restad and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 1996-12-05 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The manger or Macy's? Americans might well wonder which is the real shrine of Christmas, as they take part each year in a mix of churchgoing, shopping, and family togetherness. But the history of Christmas cannot be summed up so easily as the commercialization of a sacred day. As Penne Restad reveals in this marvelous new book, it has always been an ambiguous meld of sacred thoughts and worldly actions-- as well as a fascinating reflection of our changing society. In Christmas in America, Restad brilliantly captures the rise and transformation of our most universal national holiday. In colonial times, it was celebrated either as an utterly solemn or a wildly social event--if it was celebrated at all. Virginians hunted, danced, and feasted. City dwellers flooded the streets in raucous demonstrations. Puritan New Englanders denounced the whole affair. Restad shows that as times changed, Christmas changed--and grew in popularity. In the early 1800s, New York served as an epicenter of the newly emerging holiday, drawing on its roots as a Dutch colony (St. Nicholas was particularly popular in the Netherlands, even after the Reformation), and aided by such men as Washington Irving. In 1822, another New Yorker named Clement Clarke Moore penned a poem now known as "'Twas the Night Before Christmas," virtually inventing the modern Santa Claus. Well-to-do townspeople displayed a German novelty, the decorated fir tree, in their parlors; an enterprising printer discovered the money to be made from Christmas cards; and a hodgepodge of year-end celebrations began to coalesce around December 25 and the figure of Santa. The homecoming significance of the holiday increased with the Civil War, and by the end of the nineteenth century a full- fledged national holiday had materialized, forged out of borrowed and invented custom alike, and driven by a passion for gift-giving. In the twentieth century, Christmas seeped into every niche of our conscious and unconscious lives to become a festival of epic proportions. Indeed, Restad carries the story through to our own time, unwrapping the messages hidden inside countless movies, books, and television shows, revealing the inescapable presence--and ambiguous meaning--of Christmas in contemporary culture. Filled with colorful detail and shining insight, Christmas in America reveals not only much about the emergence of the holiday, but also what our celebrations tell us about ourselves. From drunken revelry along colonial curbstones to family rituals around the tree, from Thomas Nast drawing the semiofficial portrait of St. Nick to the making of the film Home Alone, Restad's sparkling account offers much to amuse and ponder.
Author : Johann Hoffmann
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (45 download)
Download or read book Encyclopaedia Mundarica written by Johann Hoffmann and published by . This book was released on 1930 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : David Lasagabaster
Publisher : Multilingual Matters
ISBN 13 : 1853599298
Total Pages : 264 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (535 download)
Download or read book Multilingualism in European Bilingual Contexts written by David Lasagabaster and published by Multilingual Matters. This book was released on 2007 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite the spread of multilingualism, the number of research studies in multilingual contexts is scarce. This book deals with this question by examining would-be teachers' language use and attitudes, as their influence on future generations can be enormous. The use of the same questionnaire and the same methodology allows the reader to compare the results obtained in different European bilingual contexts, where the presence of diverse foreign languages leads to a situation in which several languages are in contact.
Author : Bert Weltens
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter
ISBN 13 : 3110857863
Total Pages : 232 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (18 download)
Download or read book Language Attrition in Progress written by Bert Weltens and published by Walter de Gruyter. This book was released on 2012-10-25 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Language acquisition is a human endeavor par excellence. As children, all human beings learn to understand and speak at least one language: their mother tongue. It is a process that seems to take place without any obvious effort. Second language learning, particularly among adults, causes more difficulty. The purpose of this series is to compile a collection of high-quality monographs on language acquisition. The series serves the needs of everyone who wants to know more about the problem of language acquisition in general and/or about language acquisition in specific contexts.
Author : Zhaohong Han
Publisher : Multilingual Matters
ISBN 13 : 184769277X
Total Pages : 231 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (476 download)
Download or read book Linguistic Relativity in SLA written by Zhaohong Han and published by Multilingual Matters. This book was released on 2010 with total page 231 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Crosslinguistic influence is an established area of second language research, and as such, it has been subject to extensive scrutiny. Although the field has come a long way in understanding its general character, many issues still remain a conundrum, for example, why does transfer appear selective, and why does transfer never seem to go away for certain linguistic elements? Unlike most existing studies, which have focused on transfer at the surface form level, the present volume examines the relationship between thought and language, in particular thought as shaped by first language development and use, and its interaction with second language use. The chapters in this collection conceptually explore and empirically investigate the relevance of Slobin's thinking-for-speaking hypothesis to adult second language acquisition, offering compelling and enlightening evidence of the fundamental nature of crosslinguistic influence in adult second language acquisition "This is a landmark publication - the first to concertedly address the implications for SLA of Slobin's thinking-for-speaking hypothesis. Do processes of conceptualisation that L1s predispose speakers to affect their L2 production, and if so in what ways? Can we `re-think' for L2 speaking, and what cognitive abilities enable this? The research issues this book raises are fundamentally important for SLA theory and pedagogy alike." Peter Robinson, Professor of Linguistics and SLA, Aoyama Gakuin University, Tokyo, Japan "Language affects how we think. Slobin's (1996) thinking-for-speaking hypothesis concerns the ways that native language directs speakers' attention to pick those characteristics of events that are readily encodable therein. In this impressive collection, Han and Cadierno marshal strong support for effects of native language upon second language use, i.e. for `rethinking-for-speaking'. A must-read for anybody interested in linguistic relativity and transfer in SLA." Nick Ellis, Professor of Psychology, University of Michigan, USA
Author : Florencia Franceschina
Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9789027252982
Total Pages : 328 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (529 download)
Download or read book Fossilized Second Language Grammars written by Florencia Franceschina and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 2005-01-01 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This monograph is a theoretical and empirical investigation into the mechanisms and causes of successful and unsuccessful adult second language acquisition. Couched within a generative framework, the study explores how a learner's first language and the age at which they acquire their second language may contribute to the L2 knowledge that they can ultimately attain. The empirical study focuses on a group of very advanced L2 speakers, and through a series of tests aims to discover what underpins their near mastery of grammatical gender and other grammatical properties. The book explores an account of persistent selective divergence based on the idea that child and adult learners are fundamentally similar, except that in adults the L1 plays the role of a fairly rigid filter of the linguistic input. The impossibility of representing the new target language other than by using the building blocks of the previously established L1 is argued to be the main reason why near but not totally native like language representations are formed and become established in adult L2 learners.
Author : Johann Hoffmann
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 294 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (319 download)
Download or read book Encyclopædia Mundarica written by Johann Hoffmann and published by . This book was released on 1930 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Jasone Cenoz
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1402015437
Total Pages : 211 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)
Download or read book The Multilingual Lexicon written by Jasone Cenoz and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2003-08-31 with total page 211 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume is a response both to the increasing interest in multilingual phenomena and lexical issues in language learning. It is of interest to scholars and graduate students interested in bi- and multilingualism, second and multiple language acquisition, language processing and language learning, mental lexicon, applied linguistics, psycho- and neurolinguistics and language teaching. Recent research on third language acquisition and trilingualism has made clear that most multilingual studies actually deal with vocabulary learning or the lexicon. So far books on the mental lexicon have mainly been concerned with two languages in contact. This book is unique because it explores the multilingual lexicon by providing insights from research studies conducted in psycholinguistics, applied linguistics and neurolinguistics. It goes beyond the use of two languages and thus concentrates on a new and developing area in linguistic research. The different perspectives included in this volume provide a link to the mainstream work on the lexicon and vocabulary acquisition and will stimulate further debate in these areas and in the study of multilingualism.
Author : Barbara F. Freed
Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9027241147
Total Pages : 362 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (272 download)
Download or read book Second Language Acquisition in a Study Abroad Context written by Barbara F. Freed and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 1995-01-01 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Second Language Acquisition in a Study Abroad Context" brings together for the first time a series of studies which explore the relationship between language learning and the study abroad experience. Utilizing different research methodologies (quantitative, qualitative, descriptive), the focus in this collection is on various aspects of second language learning, including the acquisition of sociolinguistic competence, the acquisition of fluency, the use of communicative strategies and the development of oral and written skills. The studies are cross-linguistic and deal with student populations at the secondary and college levels who spent between three months and one year in study abroad or exchange programs in Japan, Russia, Spain, Mexico, France or Canada.
Author : Vivian Cook
Publisher : Multilingual Matters
ISBN 13 : 1847699588
Total Pages : 280 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (476 download)
Download or read book Effects of the Second Language on the First written by Vivian Cook and published by Multilingual Matters. This book was released on 2003-02-14 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book looks at changes in the first language of people who know a second language, thus seeing L2 users as people in their own right differing from the monolingual in both first and second languages. It presents theories and research that investigate the first language of second language users from a variety of perspectives including vocabulary, pragmatics, cognition, and syntax and using a variety of linguistic and psychological models.
Author : Neil Naiman
Publisher : Multilingual Matters
ISBN 13 : 9781853593130
Total Pages : 260 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (931 download)
Download or read book The Good Language Learner written by Neil Naiman and published by Multilingual Matters. This book was released on 1996 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is one of the most influential research studies on Second Language Learning ever undertaken. The Good Language Learner addresses key problems for teachers about the strategies that successful learners use, the attitudes they show to the language they are learning, the nature of their most successful experiences and similar issues. It is based on the direct experience of a wide range of learners. It enables us to recognise the combined roles of fluency activity and natural communication on the one hand, and accuracy activity with formal understanding of the language system and the mistakes that one is liable to make as a learner, on the other hand. Few works of empirical analysis in language teaching have had so much influence, and this edition should be an essential component of any teacher's library in local authority centres, schools, teacher education institutions, and the home library of language teachers.
Author : Rosa Manchón
Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9027213038
Total Pages : 277 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (272 download)
Download or read book Learning-to-write and Writing-to-learn in an Additional Language written by Rosa Manchón and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 2011 with total page 277 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bridges the gap between the fields of second language acquisition (SLA) and second and foreign language (L2) writing. This title intends to advance our understanding of written language learning by collecting theoretical meta-reflections and empirical studies that shed light on two crucial dimensions of the theory and research in the field
Author : Masayoshi Shibatani
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 9780198238713
Total Pages : 368 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (387 download)
Download or read book Grammatical Constructions written by Masayoshi Shibatani and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 1999 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years there has been a resurgence of interest in grammatical constructionsunits of grammar representing formmeaning correspondences. The movement in which Construction Grammar, as developed by Charles Fillmore and Paul Kay, has played a significant role, has arisen in part as aresponse to the Chomskyan modular approach, which treats grammatical constructions as epiphenomenal, dismantling their component features and attributing these to general principles of grammar. This volume is the first collection to focus on grammatical constructions per se, and is dedicated to Charles Fillmore in recognition of his leadership in the field. The papers all reflect or elaborate on his work, which shows how lexicon, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics interact in givingconstructions their individual holistic characters as basic units of grammar. Several approaches to constructions are represented here, dealing with topics that range from idiomatized constructions to traditional forms such as conditionals, relative clauses, and benefactive constructions. A unifying thread is the shared conviction that close examination of the nature ofgrammatical constructions, with particular emphasis on their idiosyncrasies and on the complex interrelationships among their forms, functions, meanings, and uses in ordinary speech and writing, provides a rich foundation upon which to build a theory of cognition, memory, and grammar.
Author : Scott Jarvis
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 220 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)
Download or read book Conceptual Transfer in the Interlingual Lexicon written by Scott Jarvis and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Christopher N. Candlin
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317882741
Total Pages : 345 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (178 download)
Download or read book Writing: Texts, Processes and Practices written by Christopher N. Candlin and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-06-11 with total page 345 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Writing: Texts, Processes and Practices offers an innovative and multidisciplinary approach to writing in a variety of academic and professional settings. The book is composed of a series of original research-based accounts by leading authorities from a range of disciplines. The papers are linked through a unifying perspective which emphasises the role of cultural and institutional practices in the construction and interpretation of written texts. This important new book integrates different approaches to text analysis, different perspectives on writing processes, and the different methodologies used to research written texts. Throughout,an explicit link is made between research and practice illustrated with reference to a number of case studies drawn from professional and classroom contexts. The book will be of considerable interest to those concerned with professional or academic writing and will be of particular value to students and lecturers in applied linguistics, communication studies, discourse analysis, and professional communications training. The contributors to this volume are: Robert J. Barrett Vijay K. Bhatia Christopher N. Candlin Yu-Ying Chang Sandra Gollin Ken Hyland Roz Ivanic Mary R. Lea Ian G. Malcolm John Milton Greg Myers Guenter A. Plum Brian Street John M. Swales Sue Weldon Patricia Wright
Author : Monika S. Schmid
Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9027295271
Total Pages : 390 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (272 download)
Download or read book First Language Attrition written by Monika S. Schmid and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 2004-08-26 with total page 390 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume provides a state-of-the-art treatment of research on language attrition, the non-pathological loss of a language through lack of exposure. It combines a review of past and present research with in-depth treatments of specific theoretical and methodological issues and reports on individual studies. Special prominence is given to the identification of problematic areas in attrition research, with a view to pointing out possible solutions. The book specifically addresses itself to those who wish to acquaint themselves with the research area of language attrition, providing them with both a thorough overview of the field and a basis on which to build their own research. The combination of experience and an innovative outlook present in this collection, however, make it a valuable source for those familiar with attrition as well. Especially useful to both beginners and veterans is the extensive annotated bibliography.
