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Download or read book Enciclopedia da natureza written by and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Carlos Marichal
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1139467018
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (394 download)
Download or read book Bankruptcy of Empire written by Carlos Marichal and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2007-11-19 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book incorporates the rich literature on the history of the fiscal organization and financial dynamics of the Spanish empire within the broader historical debates on rival European imperial states from 1760 to 1810. The focus is on colonial Mexico because it served as a fiscal and financial submetropolis that ensured the capacity of the imperial state to defend itself in a time of successive international conflicts. Throughout the reign Charles IV, the finances of the Spanish state began to sink. This collapse was caused by the enormous expense of waging successive wars in the Americas and Europe. In each war, colonial Mexico was a most important source of resources for the Crown, but these demands gradually outstripped the tax base of the viceroyalty despite the extraordinary silver boom of the late eighteenth century. The bankruptcy of the Spanish monarchy and its empire was the inevitable consequence.
Author : Federation of Chambers of Commerce of the British Empire
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (113 download)
Download or read book Bankruptcy Law in the British Empire written by Federation of Chambers of Commerce of the British Empire and published by . This book was released on 1932 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Yegor Gaidar
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 0815731159
Total Pages : 354 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (157 download)
Download or read book Collapse of an Empire written by Yegor Gaidar and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2010-01-01 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "My goal is to show the reader that the Soviet political and economic system was unstable by its very nature. It was just a question of when and how it would collapse...." —From the Introduction to Collapse of an Empire The Soviet Union was an empire in many senses of the word—a vast mix of far-flung regions and accidental citizens by way of conquest or annexation. Typical of such empires, it was built on shaky foundations. That instability made its demise inevitable, asserts Yegor Gaidar, former prime minister of Russia and architect of the "shock therapy" economic reforms of the 1990s. Yet a growing desire to return to the glory days of empire is pushing today's Russia backward into many of the same traps that made the Soviet Union untenable. In this important new book, Gaidar clearly illustrates why Russian nostalgia for empire is dangerous and ill-fated: "Dreams of returning to another era are illusory. Attempts to do so will lead to defeat." Gaidar uses world history, the Soviet experience, and economic analysis to demonstrate why swimming against this tide of history would be a huge mistake. The USSR sowed the seeds of its own economic destruction, and Gaidar worries that Russia is repeating some of those mistakes. Once again, for example, the nation is putting too many eggs into one basket, leaving the nation vulnerable to fluctuations in the energy market. The Soviets had used revenues from energy sales to prop up struggling sectors such as agriculture, which was so thoroughly ravaged by hyperindustrialization that the Soviet Union became a net importer of food. When oil prices dropped in the 1980s, that revenue stream diminished, and dependent sectors suffered heavily. Although strategies requiring austerity or sacrifice can be politically difficult, Russia needs to prepare for such downturns and restrain spending during prosperous times. Collapse of an Empire shows why it is imperative to fix the roof before it starts to rain, and why so
Author : Sergei Antonov
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 0674972619
Total Pages : 351 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (749 download)
Download or read book Bankrupts and Usurers of Imperial Russia written by Sergei Antonov and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2016-10-10 with total page 351 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As readers of classic Russian literature know, the nineteenth century was a time of pervasive financial anxiety. With incomes erratic and banks inadequate, Russians of all social castes were deeply enmeshed in networks of credit and debt. The necessity of borrowing and lending shaped perceptions of material and moral worth, as well as notions of social respectability and personal responsibility. Credit and debt were defining features of imperial Russia’s culture of property ownership. Sergei Antonov recreates this vanished world of borrowers, bankrupts, lenders, and loan sharks in imperial Russia from the reign of Nicholas I to the period of great social and political reforms of the 1860s. Poring over a trove of previously unexamined records, Antonov gleans insights into the experiences of ordinary Russians, rich and poor, and shows how Russia’s informal but sprawling credit system helped cement connections among property owners across socioeconomic lines. Individuals of varying rank and wealth commonly borrowed from one another. Without a firm legal basis for formalizing debt relationships, obtaining a loan often hinged on subjective perceptions of trustworthiness and reputation. Even after joint-stock banks appeared in Russia in the 1860s, credit continued to operate through vast networks linked by word of mouth, as well as ties of kinship and community. Disputes over debt were common, and Bankrupts and Usurers of Imperial Russia offers close readings of legal cases to argue that Russian courts—usually thought to be underdeveloped in this era—provided an effective forum for defining and protecting private property interests.
Author : Federation of Chambers of Commerce of the British Empire (ENGLAND)
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 264 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (559 download)
Download or read book Bankruptcy Law in the British Empire. Report of a special committee of the Federation of Chambers of Commerce of the British Empire, adopted by the Council on October 13th, 1932, etc written by Federation of Chambers of Commerce of the British Empire (ENGLAND) and published by . This book was released on 1932 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Federation of Chambers of Commerce of the British Empire (London)
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (122 download)
Download or read book Bankruptcy Law in the British Empire. Report of a Special Committee of the Federation of Chambers of Commerce of the British Empire ... 1932, Containing a Digest of the Existing Law in the Dominions, India, the Crown Colonies, Protectorates, and Mandated Territories written by Federation of Chambers of Commerce of the British Empire (London) and published by . This book was released on 1932 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : C. Julian Jubenville
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 94 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (243 download)
Download or read book Imperialism and Bankruptcy in the Ottoman Empire and Egypt written by C. Julian Jubenville and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 94 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : David A. Skeel Jr.
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 1400828503
Total Pages : 296 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (8 download)
Download or read book Debt's Dominion written by David A. Skeel Jr. and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2014-04-24 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bankruptcy in America, in stark contrast to its status in most other countries, typically signifies not a debtor's last gasp but an opportunity to catch one's breath and recoup. Why has the nation's legal system evolved to allow both corporate and individual debtors greater control over their fate than imaginable elsewhere? Masterfully probing the political dynamics behind this question, David Skeel here provides the first complete account of the remarkable journey American bankruptcy law has taken from its beginnings in 1800, when Congress lifted the country's first bankruptcy code right out of English law, to the present day. Skeel shows that the confluence of three forces that emerged over many years--an organized creditor lobby, pro-debtor ideological currents, and an increasingly powerful bankruptcy bar--explains the distinctive contours of American bankruptcy law. Their interplay, he argues in clear, inviting prose, has seen efforts to legislate bankruptcy become a compelling battle royale between bankers and lawyers--one in which the bankers recently seem to have gained the upper hand. Skeel demonstrates, for example, that a fiercely divided bankruptcy commission and the 1994 Republican takeover of Congress have yielded the recent, ideologically charged battles over consumer bankruptcy. The uniqueness of American bankruptcy has often been noted, but it has never been explained. As different as twenty-first century America is from the horse-and-buggy era origins of our bankruptcy laws, Skeel shows that the same political factors continue to shape our unique response to financial distress.
Author : Patrick Radden Keefe
Publisher : Anchor
ISBN 13 : 038554569X
Total Pages : 574 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (855 download)
Download or read book Empire of Pain written by Patrick Radden Keefe and published by Anchor. This book was released on 2021-04-13 with total page 574 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER • A NEW YORK TIMES NOTABLE BOOK OF THE YEAR • A grand, devastating portrait of three generations of the Sackler family, famed for their philanthropy, whose fortune was built by Valium and whose reputation was destroyed by OxyContin. From the prize-winning and bestselling author of Say Nothing. "A real-life version of the HBO series Succession with a lethal sting in its tail…a masterful work of narrative reportage.” – Laura Miller, Slate The history of the Sackler dynasty is rife with drama—baroque personal lives; bitter disputes over estates; fistfights in boardrooms; glittering art collections; Machiavellian courtroom maneuvers; and the calculated use of money to burnish reputations and crush the less powerful. The Sackler name has adorned the walls of many storied institutions—Harvard, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Oxford, the Louvre. They are one of the richest families in the world, but the source of the family fortune was vague—until it emerged that the Sacklers were responsible for making and marketing a blockbuster painkiller that was the catalyst for the opioid crisis. Empire of Pain is the saga of three generations of a single family and the mark they would leave on the world, a tale that moves from the bustling streets of early twentieth-century Brooklyn to the seaside palaces of Greenwich, Connecticut, and Cap d’Antibes to the corridors of power in Washington, D.C. It follows the family’s early success with Valium to the much more potent OxyContin, marketed with a ruthless technique of co-opting doctors, influencing the FDA, downplaying the drug’s addictiveness. Empire of Pain chronicles the multiple investigations of the Sacklers and their company, and the scorched-earth legal tactics that the family has used to evade accountability. A masterpiece of narrative reporting, Empire of Pain is a ferociously compelling portrait of America’s second Gilded Age, a study of impunity among the super-elite and a relentless investigation of the naked greed that built one of the world’s great fortunes.
Author : Chris Hedges
Publisher : Knopf Canada
ISBN 13 : 0307398587
Total Pages : 242 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (73 download)
Download or read book Empire of Illusion written by Chris Hedges and published by Knopf Canada. This book was released on 2009-07-28 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pulitzer prize–winner Chris Hedges charts the dramatic and disturbing rise of a post-literate society that craves fantasy, ecstasy and illusion. Chris Hedges argues that we now live in two societies: One, the minority, functions in a print-based, literate world, that can cope with complexity and can separate illusion from truth. The other, a growing majority, is retreating from a reality-based world into one of false certainty and magic. In this “other society,” serious film and theatre, as well as newspapers and books, are being pushed to the margins. In the tradition of Christopher Lasch’s The Culture of Narcissism and Neil Postman’s Amusing Ourselves to Death, Hedges navigates this culture — attending WWF contests as well as Ivy League graduation ceremonies — exposing an age of terrifying decline and heightened self-delusion.
Author : Leopold Stennett Amery
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 4 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (1 download)
Download or read book Drifting to Bankruptcy ... Presidential Address ... at the Annual General Meeting of Empire Industries Association and British Empire League written by Leopold Stennett Amery and published by . This book was released on 1951 with total page 4 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Federation of Commonwealth Chambers of Commerce
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (143 download)
Download or read book Bankruptcy Law in the British Empire written by Federation of Commonwealth Chambers of Commerce and published by . This book was released on 1933 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Peter Crooks
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 131672106X
Total Pages : 497 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (167 download)
Download or read book Empires and Bureaucracy in World History written by Peter Crooks and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2016-08-03 with total page 497 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How did empires rule different peoples across vast expanses of space and time? And how did small numbers of imperial bureaucrats govern large numbers of subordinated peoples? Empires and Bureaucracy in World History seeks answers to these fundamental problems in imperial studies by exploring the power and limits of bureaucracy. The book is pioneering in bringing together historians of antiquity and the Middle Ages with scholars of post-medieval European empires, while a genuinely world-historical perspective is provided by chapters on China, the Incas and the Ottomans. The editors identify a paradox in how bureaucracy operated on the scale of empires and so help explain why some empires endured for centuries while, in the contemporary world, empires fail almost before they begin. By adopting a cross-chronological and world-historical approach, the book challenges the abiding association of bureaucratic rationality with 'modernity' and the so-called 'Rise of the West'.
Author : Thomas Evans
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (16 download)
Download or read book Christian Policy, the Salvation of the Empire. Being a Clear and Concise Examination Into the Causes that Have Produced the Impending, Unavoidable National Bankruptcy written by Thomas Evans and published by . This book was released on 1816 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Federation of Chambers of Commerce of the British Empire
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 264 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (429 download)
Download or read book Bankruptcy Law in the British Empire written by Federation of Chambers of Commerce of the British Empire and published by . This book was released on 1933 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Kwasi Kwarteng
Publisher : PublicAffairs
ISBN 13 : 1610391969
Total Pages : 441 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (13 download)
Download or read book War and Gold written by Kwasi Kwarteng and published by PublicAffairs. This book was released on 2014-05-27 with total page 441 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The world was wild for gold. After discovering the Americas, and under pressure to defend their vast dominion, the Habsburgs of Spain promoted gold and silver exploration in the New World with ruthless urgency. But, the great influx of wealth brought home by plundering conquistadors couldn't compensate for the Spanish government's extraordinary military spending, which would eventually bankrupt the country multiple times over and lead to the demise of the great empire. Gold became synonymous with financial dependability, and following the devastating chaos of World War I, the gold standard came to express the order of the free market system. Warfare in pursuit of wealth required borrowing -- a quickly compulsive dependency for many governments. And when people lost confidence in the promissory notes and paper currencies issued during wartime, governments again turned to gold. In this captivating historical study, Kwarteng exposes a pattern of war-waging and financial debt -- bedmates like April and taxes that go back hundreds of years, from the French Revolution to the emergence of modern-day China. His evidence is as rich and colorful as it is sweeping. And it starts and ends with gold.
