Avibirnavirus: Advances in Research and Application: 2011 Edition

Download Avibirnavirus: Advances in Research and Application: 2011 Edition PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : ScholarlyEditions
ISBN 13 : 1464954992
Total Pages : 23 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (649 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Avibirnavirus: Advances in Research and Application: 2011 Edition by :

Download or read book Avibirnavirus: Advances in Research and Application: 2011 Edition written by and published by ScholarlyEditions. This book was released on 2012-01-09 with total page 23 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Avibirnavirus: Advances in Research and Application: 2011 Edition is a ScholarlyPaper™ that delivers timely, authoritative, and intensively focused information about Avibirnavirus in a compact format. The editors have built Avibirnavirus: Advances in Research and Application: 2011 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Avibirnavirus in this eBook to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Avibirnavirus: Advances in Research and Application: 2011 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.

Avibirnavirus—Advances in Research and Application: 2012 Edition

Download Avibirnavirus—Advances in Research and Application: 2012 Edition PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : ScholarlyEditions
ISBN 13 : 148162427X
Total Pages : 46 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (816 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Avibirnavirus—Advances in Research and Application: 2012 Edition by :

Download or read book Avibirnavirus—Advances in Research and Application: 2012 Edition written by and published by ScholarlyEditions. This book was released on 2012-12-26 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Avibirnavirus—Advances in Research and Application: 2012 Edition is a ScholarlyPaper™ that delivers timely, authoritative, and intensively focused information about Avibirnavirus in a compact format. The editors have built Avibirnavirus—Advances in Research and Application: 2012 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Avibirnavirus in this eBook to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Avibirnavirus—Advances in Research and Application: 2012 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.

Advances in Virion Research and Application: 2011 Edition

Download Advances in Virion Research and Application: 2011 Edition PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : ScholarlyEditions
ISBN 13 : 1464951691
Total Pages : 26 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (649 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Advances in Virion Research and Application: 2011 Edition by :

Download or read book Advances in Virion Research and Application: 2011 Edition written by and published by ScholarlyEditions. This book was released on 2012-01-09 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advances in Virion Research and Application: 2011 Edition is a ScholarlyPaper™ that delivers timely, authoritative, and intensively focused information about Virion in a compact format. The editors have built Advances in Virion Research and Application: 2011 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Virion in this eBook to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Advances in Virion Research and Application: 2011 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.

Aphthovirus: Advances in Research and Application: 2011 Edition

Download Aphthovirus: Advances in Research and Application: 2011 Edition PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : ScholarlyEditions
ISBN 13 : 1464954976
Total Pages : 24 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (649 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Aphthovirus: Advances in Research and Application: 2011 Edition by :

Download or read book Aphthovirus: Advances in Research and Application: 2011 Edition written by and published by ScholarlyEditions. This book was released on 2012-01-09 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aphthovirus: Advances in Research and Application: 2011 Edition is a ScholarlyPaper™ that delivers timely, authoritative, and intensively focused information about Aphthovirus in a compact format. The editors have built Aphthovirus: Advances in Research and Application: 2011 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Aphthovirus in this eBook to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Aphthovirus: Advances in Research and Application: 2011 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.

Aquaculture Virology

Download Aquaculture Virology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128017546
Total Pages : 568 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Aquaculture Virology by : Frederick S. B. Kibenge

Download or read book Aquaculture Virology written by Frederick S. B. Kibenge and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2016-07-11 with total page 568 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To date textbooks on viruses infecting fish, crustaceans and molluscs, the three main aquatic animal farmed groups, have been on the whole “diseases-centric and individual viral diseases selected based on “epizoo-centric approaches with little to no coverage of the basic biology of the viruses, in contrast to textbooks on viruses infecting terrestrial - farmed, pet, and free-range (wild) - animals and humans. Despite considerable advances in animal virology in recent years coupled with an economically important global aquaculture industry, knowledge of viruses of animal aquaculture is still sparse and in some cases outdated although these viruses are closely related to well-known virus families. The last book in fish virology (Fish viruses and fish viral diseases 1988, Wolf, K.) was published in the 1980s. A lot of work has been done on fish viruses and many new aquatic animal viruses continue to be discovered. Aquaculture Virology provides the current state of knowledge of aquatic animal viruses within the current virus classification and taxonomic context thereby allowing the reader to draw on the principles of general virology. This book is a systematic and concise resource useful to anyone involved with or looking to move into aquaculture and fisheries. Clinical veterinarians, aquaculture disease practitioners, biologists, farmers, and all those in industry, government or academia who are interested in aquatic animal virology will find this book extremely useful. Provides unique comprehensive information on animal viruses for aquaculture and fisheries Presents high quality illustrations of viral structure, diagrams of viral disease processes, gross pathology and histopathology lesions, and summary tables to aid in understanding Describes aquatic animal viruses of the three major aquatic animals, fish, crustaceans, and molluscs, within the current virus classification and taxonomic context thereby allowing the reader to draw on the principles of general virology

Prospects of Plant-Based Vaccines in Veterinary Medicine

Download Prospects of Plant-Based Vaccines in Veterinary Medicine PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319901370
Total Pages : 367 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (199 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Prospects of Plant-Based Vaccines in Veterinary Medicine by : Jacqueline MacDonald

Download or read book Prospects of Plant-Based Vaccines in Veterinary Medicine written by Jacqueline MacDonald and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-07-03 with total page 367 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an in-depth explanation of the advantages and current limitations of recombinant plant-made vaccines for use in veterinary medicine, including for livestock, pets, and wild animals. Written by top scientists in the field, it discusses the background to and latest scientific advances in plant-made vaccines for the most commonly targeted veterinary infections. With the recent high-profile research into recombinant plant-made therapeutics for Ebola and Zika viruses, it is likely that the products will be commercialized and widely used in the future. Plant-made therapeutics have a variety of advantages over those made in traditional systems; however, their most fruitful application may be in veterinary medicine, due to less stringent regulations and a greater need for low-cost products.

Environmental Microbiology of Aquatic and Waste Systems

Download Environmental Microbiology of Aquatic and Waste Systems PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9400714602
Total Pages : 311 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (7 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Environmental Microbiology of Aquatic and Waste Systems by : Nduka Okafor

Download or read book Environmental Microbiology of Aquatic and Waste Systems written by Nduka Okafor and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-06-21 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book places the main actors in environmental microbiology, namely the microorganisms, on center stage. Using the modern approach of 16S ribosomal RNA, the book looks at the taxonomy of marine and freshwater bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, viruses, and the smaller aquatic animals such as nematodes and rotifers, as well as at the study of unculturable aquatic microorganisms (metagenomics). The peculiarities of water as an environment for microbial growth, and the influence of aquatic microorganisms on global climate and global recycling of nitrogen and sulphur are also examined. The pollution of water is explored in the context of self-purification of natural waters. Modern municipal water purification and disease transmission through water are discussed. Alternative methods for solid waste disposal are related to the economic capability of a society. Viruses are given special attention. By focusing on the basics, this primer will appeal across a wide range of disciplines.

Zoonotic Viruses of Northern Eurasia

Download Zoonotic Viruses of Northern Eurasia PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128018445
Total Pages : 452 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Zoonotic Viruses of Northern Eurasia by : Dimitry Konstantinovich Lvov

Download or read book Zoonotic Viruses of Northern Eurasia written by Dimitry Konstantinovich Lvov and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2015-05-25 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Zoonotic Viruses of Northern Eurasia: Taxonomy and Ecology provides a review of modern data of the taxonomy, distribution, and ecology of zoonotic viruses in the ecosystems of Northern Eurasia. With climate changes, increasing population density of arthropod vectors and vertebrate hosts, development of unused lands, transferences of viruses by birds, bats, infected humans, and animals, vectors allow virus populations to adapt to the new environment. This leads to the appearance of emerging or re-emerging infections. This book presents data about circulation and evolution of influenza viruses, tick-borne encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, hantaviruses, Sindbis virus, California encephalitis group viruses and other pathogenic viruses as well as of novel viruses classified for the first time using next-generation sequence. Features summarized data about the circulation of approximately 80 viruses isolated in natural foci of Northern Eurasia Provides descriptions of the main ecosystems of Northern Eurasia in the context of the ecology of viruses with environmental factors Delineates the potential impact of climate change for the distribution of viruses Includes virus taxonomy, ecology, distribution and pathogenicity for humans and animals

Avian Immunology

Download Avian Immunology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0123972728
Total Pages : 456 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (239 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Avian Immunology by : Karel A. Schat

Download or read book Avian Immunology written by Karel A. Schat and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The second edition of Avian Immunology provides an up-to-date overview of the current knowledge of avian immunology. From the ontogeny of the avian immune system to practical application in vaccinology, the book encompasses all aspects of innate and adaptive immunity in chickens. In addition, chapters are devoted to the immunology of other commercially important species such as turkeys and ducks, and to ecoimmunology summarizing the knowledge of immune responses in free-living birds often in relation to reproductive success. The book contains a detailed description of the avian innate immune system, encompassing the mucosal, enteric, respiratory and reproductive systems. The diseases and disorders it covers include immunodepressive diseases and immune evasion, autoimmune diseases, and tumors of the immune system. Practical aspects of vaccination are examined as well. Extensive appendices summarize resources for scientists including cell lines, inbred chicken lines, cytokines, chemokines, and monoclonal antibodies. The world-wide importance of poultry protein for the human diet, as well as the threat of avian influenza pandemics like H5N1 and heavy reliance on vaccination to protect commercial flocks makes this book a vital resource. This book provides crucial information not only for poultry health professionals and avian biologists, but also for comparative and veterinary immunologists, graduate students and veterinary students with an interest in avian immunology. With contributions from 33 of the foremost international experts in the field, this book provides the most up-to-date review of avian immunology so far Contains a detailed description of the avian innate immune system reviewing constitutive barriers, chemical and cellular responses; it includes a comprehensive review of avian Toll-like receptors Contains a wide-ranging review of the "ecoimmunology" of free-living avian species, as applied to studies of population dynamics, and reviews methods and resources available for carrying out such research

Recent Advances in Animal Virology

Download Recent Advances in Animal Virology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811390738
Total Pages : 471 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (113 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Recent Advances in Animal Virology by : Yashpal Singh Malik

Download or read book Recent Advances in Animal Virology written by Yashpal Singh Malik and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-11-14 with total page 471 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses the prominence and implication of the viral diseases that are a major threat to animals around the globe. A number of these diseases have also shown links with human populations, which has implications for public health. This book offers detailed and up-to-date information on viral diseases in livestock and poultry that were and/or are still a problem. Including cutting-edge developments, it also highlights several landmark contributions in the field of virology from India. Additionally, the book features tables and figures showing important clinical data and recommendations, with references for further information. It also explores the economic impact of viral diseases for farmers and the livestock industry, providing several examples. Further, it presents the latest information on viral diseases in global context, with a focus on state-of-art, molecular tools for the development of diagnostics, prophylactics and therapeutics. Lastly, the book also describes the challenges posed by the emerging and transboundary viral infections and our preparedness to counter them.

Artificial DNA

Download Artificial DNA PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1420040162
Total Pages : 440 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Artificial DNA by : Yury E. Khudyakov

Download or read book Artificial DNA written by Yury E. Khudyakov and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2002-09-25 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Combining elements of biochemistry, molecular biology, and immunology, artificial DNA can be employed in a number of scientific disciplines. Some of the varied applications include site-specific mutagenesis, hybridization, amplification, protein engineering, anti-sense technology, DNA vaccines, protein vaccines, recombinant antibodies, screening for genetic and pathogenic diseases, development of materials with new biochemical and structural properties, and many more. Artificial DNA: Methods and Applications introduces the concept of artificial DNA that has been rationally designed and explains how it may be exploited in order to develop products that will achieve your intended purpose. The first part of the book covers methods of oligonucleotide synthesis and direct applications of synthetic DNA. The second part describes methods of gene assembly from synthetic oligonucleotides and applications of synthetic genes. The authors also discuss the different trends and future developments within each application area . With state-of-the art research, the contributing authors describe how to engineer proteins using rational and semi-rational design to exhibit the desired traits and detail the various amplification reactions and hybridization techniques for modeling evolution and for use in basic research. The only text devoted to this subject, Artificial DNA offers a comprehensive review that allows you to understand the strategy, design, and applications of synthetic oligonucleotides.

Studies in Viral Ecology, Volume 1

Download Studies in Viral Ecology, Volume 1 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118025652
Total Pages : 389 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (18 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Studies in Viral Ecology, Volume 1 by : Christon J. Hurst

Download or read book Studies in Viral Ecology, Volume 1 written by Christon J. Hurst and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-06-20 with total page 389 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explains the ecology of viruses by examining their interactive dynamics with their hosting species (in this volume, in microbes and plants), including the types of transmission cycles that viruses have evolved encompassing principal and alternate hosts, vehicles, and vectoring species. Examining virology from an organismal biology approach and focusing on the concept that viral infections represent areas of overlap in the ecologies of the involved species, Viral Ecology is essential for students and professionals who either may be non-virologists or virologists whose previous familiarity has been very specialized.

The Nature of Viruses

Download The Nature of Viruses PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470714921
Total Pages : 432 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (77 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Nature of Viruses by : G. E. W. Wolstenholme

Download or read book The Nature of Viruses written by G. E. W. Wolstenholme and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2009-09-18 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Novartis Foundation Series is a popular collection of the proceedings from Novartis Foundation Symposia, in which groups of leading scientists from a range of topics across biology, chemistry and medicine assembled to present papers and discuss results. The Novartis Foundation, originally known as the Ciba Foundation, is well known to scientists and clinicians around the world.

Diseases of Poultry

Download Diseases of Poultry PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119371171
Total Pages : 1488 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (193 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Diseases of Poultry by :

Download or read book Diseases of Poultry written by and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-11-19 with total page 1488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The most complete and definitive reference to all aspects of poultry diseases, Diseases of Poultry, Fourteenth Edition has been fully revised and updated to offer a comprehensive survey of current knowledge. Updates the definitive reference of poultry health and disease Provides more clinically relevant information on management of specific diseases, contributed by clinical poultry veterinarians Offers information on disease control in organic and antibiotic-free production Presents more concise, streamlined chapters for ease of use Incorporates advances in the field, from new diagnostic tools and information to changes brought about by the increasing globalization and the re-emergence of zoonotic pathogens

Molecular Diagnosis of Salmonid Diseases

Download Molecular Diagnosis of Salmonid Diseases PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 940172315X
Total Pages : 351 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (17 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Molecular Diagnosis of Salmonid Diseases by : Carey O. Cunningham

Download or read book Molecular Diagnosis of Salmonid Diseases written by Carey O. Cunningham and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-14 with total page 351 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reviews: Methods and Technology in Fish Biology and Fisheries published by Kluwer Academic Publishers is a book series dedicated to the publication of information on advanced, forward-looking methodologies, technologies, or perspectives in fish and fisheries. This series is especially dedicated to relevant topics addressing global, international concern in fish and fisheries. Humans continue to challenge our environments with new technologies and technological applications. The dynamic creativity of our own species often tends to place the greatest burden on our supporting ecosystems. This is especially true for aquatic networks of creeks, lakes, rivers and ocean environments. We also frequently use our conceptual powers to balance conflicting requirements and demands on nature and continue to develop new approaches and tools to provide sustainable resources as well as conserve what we hold most dear on local and global scales. This book series will provide a window into the developing dynamic among humans, aquatic ecosystems (both freshwater and marine), and the organisms that inhabit aquatic environments. There are many reasons to doubt the increasing social and economic value technology has gained over the last two centuries. Science and technology represent stages in human development. I agree with Ernst Mayer when he said in Toward a New Philosophy of Biology (1988) that "endeavors to solve all scientific problems by pure logic and refined measurements are unproductive, if not totally irrelevant.

Hindu Kush-Himalaya Watersheds Downhill: Landscape Ecology and Conservation Perspectives

Download Hindu Kush-Himalaya Watersheds Downhill: Landscape Ecology and Conservation Perspectives PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030362752
Total Pages : 890 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (33 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Hindu Kush-Himalaya Watersheds Downhill: Landscape Ecology and Conservation Perspectives by : Ganga Ram Regmi

Download or read book Hindu Kush-Himalaya Watersheds Downhill: Landscape Ecology and Conservation Perspectives written by Ganga Ram Regmi and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-05-04 with total page 890 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes the myriad components of the Hindu Kush-Himalaya (HKH) region. The contributors elaborate on challenges, failures, and successes in efforts to conserve the HKH, its indigenous plants and animals, and the watershed that runs from the very roof of the planet via world-rivers to marine estuaries, supporting a human population of some two billion people. Readers will learn how the landforms, animal species and humans of this globally fascinating region are connected, and understand why runoff from snow and ice in the world’s tallest mountains is vital to inhabitants far downstream. The book comprises forty-five chapters organized in five parts. The first section, Landscapes, introduces the mountainous watersheds of the HKH, its weather systems, forests, and the 18 major rivers whose headwaters are here. The second part explores concepts, cultures, and religions, including ethnobiology and indigenous regimes, two thousand years of religious tradition, and the history of scientific and research expeditions. Part Three discusses policy, wildlife conservation management, habitat and biodiversity data, as well as the interaction of animals and humans. The fourth part examines the consequences of development and globalization, from hydrodams, to roads and railroads, to poaching and illegal wildlife trade. This section includes studies of animal species including river dolphins, woodpeckers and hornbills, langurs, snow leopards and more. The concluding section offers perspectives and templates for conservation, sustainability and stability in the HKH, including citizen-science projects and a future challenged by climate change, growing human population, and global conservation decay. A large assemblage of field and landscape photos, combined with eye-witness accounts, presents a 50-year local and wider perspective on the HKH. Also included are advanced digital topics: data sharing, open access, metadata, web portal databases, geographic information systems (GIS) software and machine learning, and data mining concepts all relevant to a modern scientific understanding and sustainable management of the Hindu Kush-Himalaya region. This work is written for scholars, landscape ecologists, naturalists and researchers alike, and it can be especially well-suited for those readers who want to learn in a more holistic fashion about the latest conservation issues.

Molecular Virology

Download Molecular Virology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9783642207174
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (71 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Molecular Virology by : Susanne Modrow

Download or read book Molecular Virology written by Susanne Modrow and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-09-18 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book gives a comprehensive overview on the knowledge of virus infection relevant for humans and animals. For each virus family the molecular details of the virus particle and the viral replication cycle are described. In the case of virus types with relevance for human and/or animal health the data on molecular biology, genetics and virus-cell interaction are combined with those concerning, pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinics, prevention and therapy.