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Poisoned

Author : Jeff Benedict
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1982190175
Total Pages : 336 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (821 download)

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Book Synopsis Poisoned by : Jeff Benedict

Download or read book Poisoned written by Jeff Benedict and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2023-01-10 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: NOW A NETFLIX DOCUMENTARY From Jeff Benedict, the #1 New York Times bestselling author of Tiger Woods and The Dynasty, Poisoned chronicles the events surrounding the worst food-poisoning epidemic in US history: the deadly Jack in the Box E. coli infections in 1993. On December 24, 1992, six-year-old Lauren Rudolph was hospitalized with excruciating stomach pain. Less than a week later she was dead. Doctors were baffled: How could a healthy child become so sick so quickly? After a frenzied investigation, public-health officials announced that the cause was E. coli O157:H7, and the source was hamburger meat served at a Jack in the Box restaurant. During this unprecedented crisis, four children died and over seven hundred others became gravely ill. In Poisoned, award-winning investigative journalist and #1 New York Times bestselling author Jeff Benedict delivers a jarringly candid narrative of the fast-moving disaster, drawing on access to confidential documents and exclusive interviews with the real-life characters at the center of the drama—the families whose children were infected, the Jack in the Box executives forced to answer for the tragedy, the physicians and scientists who identified E. coli as the culprit, and the legal teams on both sides of the historic lawsuits that ensued. Fast Food Nation meets A Civil Action in this riveting account of how we learned the hard way to truly watch what we eat.

Forging a Poison Prevention and Control System

Author : Institute of Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309091942
Total Pages : 369 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Forging a Poison Prevention and Control System by : Institute of Medicine

Download or read book Forging a Poison Prevention and Control System written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2004-09-16 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Poisoning is a far more serious health problem in the U.S. than has generally been recognized. It is estimated that more than 4 million poisoning episodes occur annually, with approximately 300,000 cases leading to hospitalization. The field of poison prevention provides some of the most celebrated examples of successful public health interventions, yet surprisingly the current poison control "system" is little more than a loose network of poison control centers, poorly integrated into the larger spheres of public health. To increase their effectiveness, efforts to reduce poisoning need to be linked to a national agenda for public health promotion and injury prevention. Forging a Poison Prevention and Control System recommends a future poison control system with a strong public health infrastructure, a national system of regional poison control centers, federal funding to support core poison control activities, and a national poison information system to track major poisoning epidemics and possible acts of bioterrorism. This framework provides a complete "system" that could offer the best poison prevention and patient care services to meet the needs of the nation in the 21st century.

World Report on Child Injury Prevention

Author : M. M. Peden
Publisher : World Health Organization
ISBN 13 : 9241563575
Total Pages : 233 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (415 download)

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Book Synopsis World Report on Child Injury Prevention by : M. M. Peden

Download or read book World Report on Child Injury Prevention written by M. M. Peden and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2008 with total page 233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Child injuries are largely absent from child survival initiatives presently on the global agenda. Through this report, the World Health Organization, the United Nations Children's Fund and many partners have set out to elevate child injury to a priority for the global public health and development communities. It should be seen as a complement to the UN Secretary-General's study on violence against children released in late 2006 (that report addressed violence-related or intentional injuries). Both reports suggest that child injury and violence prevention programs need to be integrated into child survival and other broad strategies focused on improving the lives of children. Evidence demonstrates the dramatic successes in child injury prevention in countries which have made a concerted effort. These results make a case for increasing investments in human resources and institutional capacities. Implementing proven interventions could save more than a thousand children's lives a day.--p. vii.

Healing with Poisons

Author : Yan Liu
Publisher : University of Washington Press
ISBN 13 : 0295749016
Total Pages : 278 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (957 download)

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Book Synopsis Healing with Poisons by : Yan Liu

Download or read book Healing with Poisons written by Yan Liu and published by University of Washington Press. This book was released on 2021-06-22 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Open access edition: DOI 10.6069/9780295749013 At first glance, medicine and poison might seem to be opposites. But in China’s formative era of pharmacy (200–800 CE), poisons were strategically employed as healing agents to cure everything from abdominal pain to epidemic disease. Healing with Poisons explores the ways physicians, religious figures, court officials, and laypersons used toxic substances to both relieve acute illnesses and enhance life. It illustrates how the Chinese concept of du—a word carrying a core meaning of “potency”—led practitioners to devise a variety of methods to transform dangerous poisons into effective medicines. Recounting scandals and controversies involving poisons from the Era of Division to the Tang, historian Yan Liu considers how the concept of du was central to how the people of medieval China perceived both their bodies and the body politic. He also examines the wide range of toxic minerals, plants, and animal products used in classical Chinese pharmacy, including everything from the herb aconite to the popular recreational drug Five-Stone Powder. By recovering alternative modes of understanding wellness and the body’s interaction with foreign substances, this study cautions against arbitrary classifications and exemplifies the importance of paying attention to the technical, political, and cultural conditions in which substances become truly meaningful. Healing with Poisons is freely available in an open access edition thanks to TOME (Toward an Open Monograph Ecosystem) and the generous support of the University of Buffalo.

Poisoned

Author : Alan Bell
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1510702652
Total Pages : 292 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis Poisoned by : Alan Bell

Download or read book Poisoned written by Alan Bell and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2017-04-04 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: After years of prosecuting hard-core criminals, rising legal star Alan Bell took a private sector job in South Florida’s newest skyscraper. Suddenly, he suffered such bizarre medical symptoms, doctors suspected he’d been poisoned by the Mafia. Bell’s rapidly declining health forced him to flee his glamorous Miami life to a sterile “bubble” in the remote Arizona desert. As his career and marriage dissolved, Bell pursued medical treatments in a race against time, hoping to stay alive and raise his young daughter, his one desperate reason to keep going. He eventually discovered he wasn’t poisoned by a criminal, but by his office building. His search for a cure led him to discover the horrifying truth: his tragedy was just the tip of the iceberg. Millions of people fall ill and die each year because of toxic chemical exposures—without knowing they’re at risk. Stunned by what he discovered, Bell chose to fight back, turning his plight into an opportunity. Despite his precarious health, he began collaborating with scientists dedicated to raising awareness about this issue. Soon, he also found himself drawn back into the legal field, teaming up with top lawyers fighting for those who had already fallen ill. Both a riveting medical mystery and a cautionary tale, this book puts a human face on the hidden truths behind toxic dangers assaulting us in our everyday environments—and offers practical ways to protect ourselves and our children.

The Poison Squad

Author : Deborah Blum
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 0525560289
Total Pages : 370 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (255 download)

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Book Synopsis The Poison Squad by : Deborah Blum

Download or read book The Poison Squad written by Deborah Blum and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2018-09-25 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A New York Times Notable Book The inspiration for PBS's AMERICAN EXPERIENCE film The Poison Squad. From Pulitzer Prize winner and New York Times-bestselling author Deborah Blum, the dramatic true story of how food was made safe in the United States and the heroes, led by the inimitable Dr. Harvey Washington Wiley, who fought for change By the end of nineteenth century, food was dangerous. Lethal, even. "Milk" might contain formaldehyde, most often used to embalm corpses. Decaying meat was preserved with both salicylic acid, a pharmaceutical chemical, and borax, a compound first identified as a cleaning product. This was not by accident; food manufacturers had rushed to embrace the rise of industrial chemistry, and were knowingly selling harmful products. Unchecked by government regulation, basic safety, or even labelling requirements, they put profit before the health of their customers. By some estimates, in New York City alone, thousands of children were killed by "embalmed milk" every year. Citizens--activists, journalists, scientists, and women's groups--began agitating for change. But even as protective measures were enacted in Europe, American corporations blocked even modest regulations. Then, in 1883, Dr. Harvey Washington Wiley, a chemistry professor from Purdue University, was named chief chemist of the agriculture department, and the agency began methodically investigating food and drink fraud, even conducting shocking human tests on groups of young men who came to be known as, "The Poison Squad." Over the next thirty years, a titanic struggle took place, with the courageous and fascinating Dr. Wiley campaigning indefatigably for food safety and consumer protection. Together with a gallant cast, including the muckraking reporter Upton Sinclair, whose fiction revealed the horrific truth about the Chicago stockyards; Fannie Farmer, then the most famous cookbook author in the country; and Henry J. Heinz, one of the few food producers who actively advocated for pure food, Dr. Wiley changed history. When the landmark 1906 Food and Drug Act was finally passed, it was known across the land, as "Dr. Wiley's Law." Blum brings to life this timeless and hugely satisfying "David and Goliath" tale with righteous verve and style, driving home the moral imperative of confronting corporate greed and government corruption with a bracing clarity, which speaks resoundingly to the enormous social and political challenges we face today.

Poisoned Prose

Author : Ellery Adams
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 1101595647
Total Pages : 306 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (15 download)

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Book Synopsis Poisoned Prose by : Ellery Adams

Download or read book Poisoned Prose written by Ellery Adams and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2013-10-01 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When Olivia Limoges and other Oyster Bay patrons of the arts sponsor a retreat for famous storytellers, one of them is going to have a very unhappy ending… Olivia thought gathering some of the most renowned storytellers in one place would be a nice, simple way for herself and the Bayside Book Writers to appreciate their talents. But things take a dark turn when the most famous storyteller in the nation—the captivating performer Violetta Devereaux—announces onstage that she will meet her end in Oyster Bay. When Violetta is discovered murdered after the show, everyone involved with the retreat becomes a suspect. There are rumors that Violetta, who grew up in extreme poverty in the Appalachian Mountains, possessed an invaluable treasure. Now Chief Rawlings and the Bayside Book Writers must work at a frenzied pace to solve the crime before someone closes the book on them.

A Taste for Poison

Author : Neil Bradbury, Ph.D.
Publisher : St. Martin's Press
ISBN 13 : 1250270766
Total Pages : 234 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (52 download)

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Book Synopsis A Taste for Poison by : Neil Bradbury, Ph.D.

Download or read book A Taste for Poison written by Neil Bradbury, Ph.D. and published by St. Martin's Press. This book was released on 2022-02-01 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “A fascinating tale of poisons and poisonous deeds which both educates and entertains.” --Kathy Reichs A brilliant blend of science and crime, A TASTE FOR POISON reveals how eleven notorious poisons affect the body--through the murders in which they were used. As any reader of murder mysteries can tell you, poison is one of the most enduring—and popular—weapons of choice for a scheming murderer. It can be slipped into a drink, smeared onto the tip of an arrow or the handle of a door, even filtered through the air we breathe. But how exactly do these poisons work to break our bodies down, and what can we learn from the damage they inflict? In a fascinating blend of popular science, medical history, and true crime, Dr. Neil Bradbury explores this most morbidly captivating method of murder from a cellular level. Alongside real-life accounts of murderers and their crimes—some notorious, some forgotten, some still unsolved—are the equally compelling stories of the poisons involved: eleven molecules of death that work their way through the human body and, paradoxically, illuminate the way in which our bodies function. Drawn from historical records and current news headlines, A Taste for Poison weaves together the tales of spurned lovers, shady scientists, medical professionals and political assassins to show how the precise systems of the body can be impaired to lethal effect through the use of poison. From the deadly origins of the gin & tonic cocktail to the arsenic-laced wallpaper in Napoleon’s bedroom, A Taste for Poison leads readers on a riveting tour of the intricate, complex systems that keep us alive—or don’t.

The Arsenic Century

Author : James C. Whorton
Publisher : OUP Oxford
ISBN 13 : 0191623431
Total Pages : 448 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (916 download)

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Book Synopsis The Arsenic Century by : James C. Whorton

Download or read book The Arsenic Century written by James C. Whorton and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2010-01-28 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Arsenic is rightly infamous as the poison of choice for Victorian murderers. Yet the great majority of fatalities from arsenic in the nineteenth century came not from intentional poisoning, but from accident. Kept in many homes for the purpose of poisoning rats, the white powder was easily mistaken for sugar or flour and often incorporated into the family dinner. It was also widely present in green dyes, used to tint everything from candles and candies to curtains, wallpaper, and clothing (it was arsenic in old lace that was the danger). Whether at home amidst arsenical curtains and wallpapers, at work manufacturing these products, or at play swirling about the papered, curtained ballroom in arsenical gowns and gloves, no one was beyond the poison's reach. Drawing on the medical, legal, and popular literature of the time, The Arsenic Century paints a vivid picture of its wide-ranging and insidious presence in Victorian daily life, weaving together the history of its emergence as a nearly inescapable household hazard with the sordid story of its frequent employment as a tool of murder and suicide. And ultimately, as the final chapter suggests, arsenic in Victorian Britain was very much the pilot episode for a series of environmental poisoning dramas that grew ever more common during the twentieth century and still has no end in sight.

Poison Is Not Polite

Author : Robin Stevens
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1481422162
Total Pages : 352 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (814 download)

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Book Synopsis Poison Is Not Polite by : Robin Stevens

Download or read book Poison Is Not Polite written by Robin Stevens and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2017-04-04 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1930s England, schoolgirl detectives Daisy Wells and Hazel Wong are at Daisy's home for the holidays when someone falls seriously, mysteriously ill at a family party, but no one present is what they seem--and everyone has a secret or two--so the Detective Society must do everything they can to reveal the truth ... no matter the consequences.

Exposure

Author : Robert Bilott
Publisher : Atria Books
ISBN 13 : 1501172824
Total Pages : 400 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis Exposure by : Robert Bilott

Download or read book Exposure written by Robert Bilott and published by Atria Books. This book was released on 2020-07-14 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “For Erin Brockovich fans, a David vs. Goliath tale with a twist” (The New York Times Book Review)—the incredible true story of the lawyer who spent two decades building a case against DuPont for its use of the hazardous chemical PFOA, uncovering the worst case of environmental contamination in history—affecting virtually every person on the planet—and the conspiracy that kept it a secret for sixty years. The story that inspired Dark Waters, the major motion picture from Focus Features starring Mark Ruffalo and Anne Hathaway, directed by Todd Haynes. 1998: Rob Bilott is a young lawyer specializing in helping big corporations stay on the right side of environmental laws and regulations. Then he gets a phone call from a West Virginia farmer named Earl Tennant, who is convinced the creek on his property is being poisoned by runoff from a neighboring DuPont landfill, causing his cattle and the surrounding wildlife to die in hideous ways. Earl hasn’t even been able to get a water sample tested by any state or federal regulatory agency or find a local lawyer willing to take the case. As soon as they hear the name DuPont—the area’s largest employer—they shut him down. Once Rob sees the thick, foamy water that bubbles into the creek, the gruesome effects it seems to have on livestock, and the disturbing frequency of cancer and other health problems in the area, he’s persuaded to fight against the type of corporation his firm routinely represents. After intense legal wrangling, Rob ultimately gains access to hundreds of thousands of pages of DuPont documents, some of them fifty years old, that reveal the company has been holding onto decades of studies proving the harmful effects of a chemical called PFOA, used in making Teflon. PFOA is often called a “forever chemical,” because once in the environment, it does not break down or degrade for millions of years, contaminating the planet forever. The case of one farmer soon spawns a class action suit on behalf of seventy thousand residents—and the shocking realization that virtually every person on the planet has been exposed to PFOA and carries the chemical in his or her blood. What emerges is a riveting legal drama “in the grand tradition of Jonathan Harr’s A Civil Action” (Booklist, starred review) about malice and manipulation, the failings of environmental regulation; and one lawyer’s twenty-year struggle to expose the truth about this previously unknown—and still unregulated—chemical that we all have inside us.

The Poisoner's Handbook

Author : Deborah Blum
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 1101524898
Total Pages : 338 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (15 download)

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Book Synopsis The Poisoner's Handbook by : Deborah Blum

Download or read book The Poisoner's Handbook written by Deborah Blum and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2011-01-25 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Equal parts true crime, twentieth-century history, and science thriller, The Poisoner's Handbook is "a vicious, page-turning story that reads more like Raymond Chandler than Madame Curie." —The New York Observer “The Poisoner’s Handbook breathes deadly life into the Roaring Twenties.” —Financial Times “Reads like science fiction, complete with suspense, mystery and foolhardy guys in lab coats tipping test tubes of mysterious chemicals into their own mouths.” —NPR: What We're Reading A fascinating Jazz Age tale of chemistry and detection, poison and murder, The Poisoner's Handbook is a page-turning account of a forgotten era. In early twentieth-century New York, poisons offered an easy path to the perfect crime. Science had no place in the Tammany Hall-controlled coroner's office, and corruption ran rampant. However, with the appointment of chief medical examiner Charles Norris in 1918, the poison game changed forever. Together with toxicologist Alexander Gettler, the duo set the justice system on fire with their trailblazing scientific detective work, triumphing over seemingly unbeatable odds to become the pioneers of forensic chemistry and the gatekeepers of justice. In 2014, PBS's AMERICAN EXPERIENCE released a film based on The Poisoner's Handbook.

Poison Alert!

Author : Gina Bellisario
Publisher : Lerner Digital ™
ISBN 13 : 1512478210
Total Pages : 24 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (124 download)

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Book Synopsis Poison Alert! by : Gina Bellisario

Download or read book Poison Alert! written by Gina Bellisario and published by Lerner Digital ™. This book was released on 2017-08-01 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Audisee® eBooks with Audio combine professional narration and text highlighting for an engaging read aloud experience! Matthew's little brother doesn't know about harmful substances. But Mighty Matthew does! He rescues his brother from household poisons. That means cleaners, medicines, and houseplants. He also points out poisons in the grass and garage. Matthew knows how to stay safe at home!

Cupid's Poisoned Arrow

Author : Marnia Robinson
Publisher : North Atlantic Books
ISBN 13 : 1556438095
Total Pages : 417 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (564 download)

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Book Synopsis Cupid's Poisoned Arrow by : Marnia Robinson

Download or read book Cupid's Poisoned Arrow written by Marnia Robinson and published by North Atlantic Books. This book was released on 2009-06-23 with total page 417 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “If you want to be a better lover and have an amazing relationship (now or in the future), Cupid's Poisoned Arrow is a must-read.” —real reader review Eyes met, sparks flew—all fireworks and passion. In the beginning, it felt like magic…but somewhere along the way, the flame burnt out. That cute quirk you used to love doesn’t seem so cute anymore. The connection and fire that brought you together are lost—and you may feel hurt, unsure, or disconnected. You might be trying in vain to change your partner. You may even resign yourself to a passionless fate. Ancient sages recognized the lull in intimacy, passion, and connection that happens in even the most solid relationships—and hinted at the ways we can overcome it. With an entertaining blend of personal experiences, neuroscientific research, and amorous insights from around the world, Cupid’s Poisoned Arrow shows that we can use lovemaking to balance one another—and let harmony arise naturally. Here, you’ll discover the twenty-one Exchanges, a series of intimacy-building activities that can help you and your partner connect on a deeper level. These exchanges speak directly to the part of your brain that can fall in love—and stay in love—and are based on touch, eye contact, and attentiveness. By focusing on generous pampering rather than self-stimulation, you can create a nourishing cocoon of comfort and safety…and deepen your connection through bonding-based intimacy. Incorporating the principles of yin and yang, the Exchanges offer a balanced approach that emphasizes giving and receiving to spark a fulfilling sexual connection between you and your partner. Discover why real readers are saying “It works!” and “I wish I had read this book 10 years ago.” You’ll never look back.

Poison Most Vial

Author : Benedict Carey
Publisher : Abrams
ISBN 13 : 161312290X
Total Pages : 180 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (131 download)

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Book Synopsis Poison Most Vial by : Benedict Carey

Download or read book Poison Most Vial written by Benedict Carey and published by Abrams. This book was released on 2012-04-01 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Murder in the lab! The famous forensic scientist Dr. Ramachandran is stone-cold dead, and Ruby Rose’s father is the prime suspect. It’s one more reason for Ruby to hate the Gardens, the funky urban neighborhood to which she has been transplanted. Wise but shy, artistic but an outsider, Ruby must marshal everything and everyone she can to help solve the mystery and prove her father didn’t poison his boss. Everyone? The list isn’t too long: there’s T. Rex, Ruby’s big, goofy but goodhearted friend; maybe those other two weird kids from class; and that mysterious old lady in the apartment upstairs, who seems to know a lot about chemistry . . . which could come in very handy. Praise for Poison Most Vial “Carey mixes toxic chemistry and logic problems in his second middle-grade mystery to good, if not great effect. Budding chemists and crime-scene investigators will especially enjoy this science whodunit.” —Kirkus Reviews Awards VOYA Top Shelf for Middle School Readers 2012 list

If You Poison Us

Author : Peter H. Eichstaedt
Publisher : Museum of NM Press/Red Crane Books
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis If You Poison Us by : Peter H. Eichstaedt

Download or read book If You Poison Us written by Peter H. Eichstaedt and published by Museum of NM Press/Red Crane Books. This book was released on 1994 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The untold story of the Native Americans who were the patriotic but unwitting victims of America's quest for nuclear superiority during the Cold War." Stewart L. Udall, former Secretary of the Interior (from the back cover).

The Royal Art of Poison

Author : Eleanor Herman
Publisher : Prelude Books
ISBN 13 : 071565313X
Total Pages : 343 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (156 download)

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Book Synopsis The Royal Art of Poison by : Eleanor Herman

Download or read book The Royal Art of Poison written by Eleanor Herman and published by Prelude Books. This book was released on 2018-11-01 with total page 343 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The story of poison is the story of power... For centuries, royal families have feared the gut-roiling, vomit-inducing agony of a little something added to their food or wine by an enemy. To avoid poison, they depended on tasters, unicorn horns and antidotes tested on condemned prisoners. Servants licked the royal family’s spoons, tried on their underpants and tested their chamber pots. Ironically, royals terrified of poison were unknowingly poisoning themselves daily with their cosmetics, medications and filthy living conditions. Women wore makeup made with lead. Men rubbed feces on their bald spots. Physicians prescribed mercury enemas, arsenic skin cream, drinks of lead filings and potions of human fat and skull, fresh from the executioner. Gazing at gorgeous portraits of centuries past, we don’t see what lies beneath the royal robes and the stench of unwashed bodies; the lice feasting on private parts; and worms nesting in the intestines. The Royal Art of Poison is a hugely entertaining work of popular history that traces the use of poison as a political - and cosmetic - tool in the royal courts of Western Europe from the Middle Ages to the Kremlin today.