Autobiography Of Ahmose Pen Ebana

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Autobiography of Ahmose pen-Ebana

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Digital Ink Productions
ISBN 13 : 1989852742
Total Pages : 30 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (898 download)

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Book Synopsis Autobiography of Ahmose pen-Ebana by : Scriptural Research Institute

Download or read book Autobiography of Ahmose pen-Ebana written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Digital Ink Productions. This book was released on 2020 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ahmose pen-Ebana was a major figure in the battles that forged Egypt’s empire during the New Kingdom era, in the late 1500 BC. According to his autobiography, he fought in the Battle of Avaris (circa 1550 BC), when the Theban Dynasty overthrew the Hyksos Dynasty, and then he fought at the Battle of Sharuhen a few years later, in which the last of the Hyksos Dynasty was destroyed. After these battles, the Thebans had gained political control over both Northern Egypt and Canaan, although the level of control exercised in Canaan is unclear. Then he reports fighting in a series of battles in Nubia as the Thebans conquered and enslaved northern Sudan. A canal had been dug through the shallow third cataract during the Middle Kingdom, which the Egyptians re-dug as soon as they took control of the region again during the campaigns of Ahmose I, who campaigned in Nubia between approximately 1540 and 1525 BC. The third cataract appears to also be the farthest south the Egyptians built a fortress during Ahmose pen-Ebana’s lifetime, the fortress at Tombos, which was more likely there to keep the canal clear for trade than to protect Egyptians from the Nubian tribes. Ahmose pen-Ebana then reports campaigns that were likely along the Yellow Nile in Darfur (modern Wadi Howar), and east past the fourth cataract of the Nile, before the Pharaoh Thutmose I declared victory in the south and marched his army as far north as it could go, invading the Mitanni Empire in Syria. His march through Canaan to the Euphrates was described as peaceful, and apparently, the Canaanite princes recognized his authority over the land. This march is believed to have happened in 1503 BC, and was his second peaceful march through Canaan, the first in 1505 BC, shortly after his coronation. Ahmose pen-Ebana does not report being part of that campaign, nor the earlier campaign of Ahmose I into Canaan after conquering Sharuhen, which strongly suggests that he did not take part in these campaigns. His long service in the Egyptian military includes service under three Pharaohs: Ahmose I (circa 1549 to 1524 BC), Amenhotep I (circa 1525 to 1504 BC), and Thutmose I (circa 1506 to 1493 BC), and included many of the most important battles that laid the foundation of the New Kingdom, allowing Egyptologists to understand the order of these battles, as well as the Egyptian view of the battles and their enemies. Ahmose pen-Ebana’s autobiography has survived to the present because it was cut into his tomb walls in El Kab, his hometown. About half of the text carved into the wall was destroyed when Egyptologists broke into the tomb in the 1800s, however, most of his biography seems to have survived. There is some damage to the wall the autobiography was carved on, resulting in short lacunas, however, Egyptologists believe their reconstructions of the missing texts are accurate, given how short the gaps are. In this translation, the Egyptologists’ reconstructions are treated as accurate, and their reconstructions are translated with the rest of the text. This may result in minor translation errors compared to the original text, however, it is better than reading sentences with missing words, especially when the words seem fairly obvious.

Autobiography of Ahmose pen-Nekhbet

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Digital Ink Productions
ISBN 13 : 1989852750
Total Pages : 22 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (898 download)

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Book Synopsis Autobiography of Ahmose pen-Nekhbet by : Scriptural Research Institute

Download or read book Autobiography of Ahmose pen-Nekhbet written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Digital Ink Productions. This book was released on 2020 with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ahmose pen-Nekhbet was a major figure during the early years of the New Kingdom, who, like his contemporary Ahmose pen-Ebana, appears to have been from the city of El Kab, where his tomb was found. His autobiography is much shorter than pen-Ebana’s autobiography, however, is also far more damaged. This translation follows the general reconstruction that most Egyptologists agree on, however, sections of the original text may have been lost entirely before it was rediscovered in the late 1800s. Like pen-Ebana, he served a series of kings, starting with Ahmose I, and continuing through Amenhotep I, Thutmose II, Hatshepsut, and finally Thutmose III, meaning he served for decades longer than Ahmose pen-Ebana. This difference in length of service is likely due to his higher position within Egyptian society, already reportedly the herald of the king at a battle in Djahy, which may have been the Battle of Sharuhen. Ahmose pen-Nekhbet’s autobiography does not mention the Battle of Avaris, which had taken place a few years earlier, implying he became the king’s herald after the Hyksos dynasty lost Avaris. Egyptologists debate what exactly pen-Nekhbet meant by Djahy, and some believe King Ahmose I may have marched his army north from Sharuhen through southern Canaan to restore order in the region, however, there is no corroborating evidence of this known, and there is no reason to assume he wasn’t talking about Sharuhen, as Sharuhen was in Djahy, the ancient Egyptian name for southern Canaan. Ahmose pen-Nekhbet then mentioned serving King Amenhotep I in the campaigns in Kush, where he captured slaves, like Ahmose pen-Ebana. Unlike pen-Ebana, however, pen-Nekhbet only mentioned one campaign in Kush, which implies that he did not partake in most of the campaigns in Nubia unless those stories were lost in the damaged sections. Pen-Nekhbet’s story also includes a reference to a campaign against what appear to be the Berber tribes of the Sahara. He referred to a campaign against the Iamu-Kehek, which includes the name Kehek, a Libyan tribe later mentioned during the reign of Ramesses III, circa 1188 BC. The Thebans are recorded to having occupied the five oases of the western desert during their war against the Hyksos, including the Kharga Oasis, Dakhla Oasis, now dry Farafra depression, Bahariya Oasis, and the Fayyum. This reference to the Iamu-Kehek implies the army of Amenhotep I pushed west through the Sahara desert, likely to Siwa Oasis, where an ancient oracle temple of Amen existed by the 10th century BC.

Memories of the New Kingdom Collection

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Digital Ink Productions
ISBN 13 : 1989852718
Total Pages : 152 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (898 download)

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Book Synopsis Memories of the New Kingdom Collection by : Scriptural Research Institute

Download or read book Memories of the New Kingdom Collection written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Digital Ink Productions. This book was released on 2020-10-03 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The New Kingdom era of Egyptian history emerged from the darkness of the Second Intermediate Period, when the Theban dynasty drove out the Hyksos from Egypt, and went on the conquer Canaan, and Nubia. The Hyksos dynasty appears to have been largely as a result of the Minoan eruption in Greece, which darkened the sky of Egypt and blanketed northern Egypt with up to 2 meters (6 feet) in ash. The Tempest Stele from Karnak described the effects of the storm reaching all the war to southern Egypt during the era of Ahmose I, the Pharaoh that ultimately drove the Hyksos from Egypt. This period of destruction was shortly before Ahmose I launched his successful invasion of Northern Egypt and captured the Hyksos capital of Avaris. The Autobiography of Ahmose Pen-Ebana covers many of the early battles that forged the Egyptian New Kingdom, including the Battle of Avaris, and the subsequent Battle of Sharuhen a few years later, which resulted in Egypt taking control over the entire former Hyksos dominion. Ahmose Pen-Ebana is often described as an Egyptian Admiral, however, his career in the Egyptian navy encompassed decades under the service of a series of Pharaohs, including Ahmose I, Amenhotep I, and Thutmose I, spanning more than 50 years from circa 1550 to the 1490s BC. As he described himself as a youth at the Battle of Avaris, where he served as his father's replacement in the fleet, it is likely that he did not retire until he was over 60. He listed extensive campaigns throughout his life, mostly in northern Sudan along the Nile and Yellow Nile, before the pharaoh turned his attention to the north, and sent them to occupy Syria. The herald Ahmose Pen-Nekhbet's biography covers much of the same era, however, his viewpoint was that of a pharaoh's herald instead of a soldier, therefore, he only mentions the battles that the pharaoh was present at. The first battle that Pen-Nekhbet partook in was the battle in Djahy under Amenhotep I, which may have been the Battle of Sharuhen, or a later battle in southern Canaan. He only reported being present at one battle in Nubia, unlike the extensive campaigns that Pen-Ebana fought in, however, also reported battles against the Libyans of the Saharan oases and a major invasion of Syria. Pen-Nekhbet served much longer than Pen-Ebana, serving the Pharaohs Amenhotep I, Thutmose I, Thutmose II, and Hatshepsut, spanning approximately 70 years between 1540 through the 1470s BC. He reported being an old man during Hatshepsut's lifetime and carrying the infant princess Neferure, which would have been in around 1480 BC.

Autobiography of Thoth the Nobleman

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Scriptural Research Institute
ISBN 13 : 1989852777
Total Pages : 27 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (898 download)

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Book Synopsis Autobiography of Thoth the Nobleman by : Scriptural Research Institute

Download or read book Autobiography of Thoth the Nobleman written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Scriptural Research Institute. This book was released on with total page 27 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thoth the Nobleman was a herald of Queen Hatshepsut and her young son Thutmose III, who seems to have died while she was still ruling Egypt, as his autobiography refers to her as the King of Egypt. After she died, Thutmose III tried to remove all records of her being king, although she was still mentioned in newly written biographies as the 'divine wife' and 'chief royal wife' of Pharaoh Thutmose II. Thoth the Nobleman reports that he was trusted by Queen Hatshepsut more than anyone else, as he kept quiet about what was happening in the palace. This statement may not be entirely true as the architect Senenmut is generally considered to have been her lover. Another theory is that Senenmut may have been a homosexual friend of hers, which would then open the possibility that Thoth the Nobleman was her lover. Graffiti depicting a female or hermaphrodite pharaoh having sex with a man was discovered in an incomplete temple near the Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut, which is generally assumed to have been a representation of Senenmut, however, only the image survives without any writing that identifies the man, who could have been any Egyptian man, including Thoth the Nobleman, or simply intended as a representative figure of a generic male intended to insult the 'king' by depicting 'him' as a female. As this graffiti is depicted close to the massive and iconic Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut, it is clear that at least some of the men in Egypt did not view her as a 'king' even late in her reign, which supports the rebellion of the 'Wicked-Evil Kushite' in the Syrian Rivers province for the first eight years of her reign in the Septuagint's Book of Judges. Thoth the Nobleman described working on many major projects throughout the reign of Queen Hatshepsut, including her Mortuary Temple, the Temples at Karnak, and the mysterious Hahut, a great sanctuary of Amen on his horizon in the west, which may have been an early reference to the Oracle Temple of Amen in the Siwa Oasis. Thoth the Nobleman also reported working on the ceremonial boat of Amen called 'Amen's Mighty of Prow.' Three centuries later, when the High Priest of Amen Her-Heru attempted to replicate this deed, it led to the problematic Voyage of Wenamen.

The Life of Harkhuf

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Digital Ink Productions
ISBN 13 : 1990289339
Total Pages : 49 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis The Life of Harkhuf by : Scriptural Research Institute

Download or read book The Life of Harkhuf written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Digital Ink Productions. This book was released on 1901 with total page 49 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The life of Harkhuf is one of the better-documented lives from the era of the Old Kingdom era of Egyptian history. Harkhuf lived during the reigns of kings Merenre I and Pepi II of the 6ᵗʰ Dynasty, at the same time as the more famous Weni, whom he may have mentioned in his autobiography. Like Weni, he is primarily known from the inscriptions on his tomb, however, unlike Weni, he only seems to have had one tomb. On the front of his tomb were carved two inscriptions, one promising to intercede in the afterlife for those who prayed for him at his tomb, and the other was his autobiography, telling of his three expeditions into Nubia for King Merenre I. This appears to have been the original design of the tomb, as the front of the tomb was completely covered in the two inscriptions, however, like Weni, he later had more to add. Unlike Weni, Harkhuf did not build a second tomb, instead, he had one side of the tomb smoothed off so a letter to him from King Pepi II could be inscribed there, providing more information about the world he lived in. Harkhuf lived during the 6ᵗʰ Dynasty of the Old Kingdom, which would have been at the peak of the Old Kingdom’s international reach, but after the major pyramid-building feats of the 5ᵗʰ Dynasty were completed. Egypt had already built the tallest building in the world around a century before Harkhuf’s expeditions into Nubia, which would continue to be the tallest building in the world for thousands of years, until the completion of the Eiffel Tower in 1889. As Merenre I is only believed to have ruled for around 9 years, Harkhuf and Weni had to be active in Nubia at the same time. Weni’s Autobiography includes two lists of Nubian tribes, first a list of five tribes that fought in Canaan with the Egyptian army, and later a list of four tribes when he went to Nubia to dig five canals to open the region to trade via Egyptian barges. Nubia was the land to the south of Egypt, was Aswan and Elephantine at the First Cataract of the Nile. Elephantine, under its older Egyptian name Abu was mentioned as one of the mines that Weni visited, however, was considered Egyptian during the Old Kingdom, and marked the boundary between the two cultures. As only four of the five Nubian tribes that Weni mentioned are mentioned by Harkhuf, it allows both their routes through Nubia to be compared and tracked, establishing where the Nubian settlements were probably located.

Biography of Ramesses III

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Digital Ink Productions
ISBN 13 : 1989852823
Total Pages : 36 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (898 download)

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Book Synopsis Biography of Ramesses III by : Scriptural Research Institute

Download or read book Biography of Ramesses III written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Digital Ink Productions. This book was released on 2020 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ramesses III was the king of Egypt between circa 1186 and 1155 BC, after inheriting the throne from his father Setnakhte, the founder of the 20th Dynasty. Setnakhte had seized power after the previous Pharaoh Queen Twosret died at the end of the 19th dynasty. It is unclear if he was descended from the royal family, however, he refused to recognize the kingship of either Twosret or her predecessor Siptah, implying he was a descendant of Seti II, the last Pharaoh whose rule he recognized. Seti II had only reigned for about 6 years when he died, while Siptah and Twosret only ruled for a total of 8 years. Before their rule, Egypt had been ripped apart by the civil war between Seti II and Amenmesse, which brought chaos to the land that had not been resolved until Setnakhte's short, three-year reign. The Biography of Ramesses III reports that a Syrian named Arsu seized control of the land, which would have happened sometime during the reigns of Siptah or Twosret, between 1197 and 1189 BC. This Syrian invasion happened shortly after the previous uprising across Canaan in 1206 BC, suggesting that the Egyptians never really managed to regain control over the area. According to the Biography of Ramesses III, Setnakhte reunited the land of Egypt, and then Ramesses III restored the earlier prestige of Egypt, conquering all Egypt's enemies, and reopening trade with Punt. While Setnakhte is considered the founder of the 20th dynasty, Ramesses III is considered the founder of the Ramesside Period, the last great era of Egyptian history, in which the restored Egyptian Empire of Ramesses III slowly lost power over the final century of the New Kingdom era, and finally collapsed. The Biography of Ramesses III claims that he defeated the Palestinians and Tjeker of southern Canaan, Libyans of the Saharan Oases, and the Sardinians and Greeks in their isles. While there is no evidence of the Egyptians invading Greece or Sardinia, Sardinian artifacts including weapons have been found in Crete, the Greek mainland, Cyprus, and Sicily, supporting the reports in the Egyptian records that they were in an alliance at the time. Pylos, in southwestern Peloponnese, was destroyed by someone circa 1180 BC after the land was suddenly attacked by a major force. The records found at the site mention defenses being quickly erected that clearly weren't strong enough to defend the city. In the mid-1100s, many sites across Greece were destroyed, and much of the population of Boeotia, Argolis, and Messenia disappeared, supporting the claims that the Egyptians took many of them as captives after the battles. The Biography of Ramesses III is preserved in the longest known papyrus scroll to survive to the present, the 41 meter-long (134.5 foot-long) Papyrus British Museum EA 9999 scroll. The scroll includes 1500 lines of text, mostly lists of gifts that Ramesses III made to the various temples, however, the so-called 'Historical Section' at the end, includes his biography, which is not of the longer and more elaborate biographies from any dynasty to survive to the present. The biography was written at the beginning of Ramesses IV's rule after Ramesses III died, as reported at the end of the biography.

Septuagint: Isaiah

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Scriptural Research Institute
ISBN 13 : 1989852831
Total Pages : 147 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (898 download)

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Book Synopsis Septuagint: Isaiah by : Scriptural Research Institute

Download or read book Septuagint: Isaiah written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Scriptural Research Institute. This book was released on 1901 with total page 147 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: According to the Book of Isaiah, he lived during the reigns of several Judahite Kings including Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, spanning the late 700s and early 600s BC, working as a prophet for possibly more than 80 years. The Jerusalem and Babylonian Talmuds both report that he was killed by King Manasseh, who ruled between 687 and 643 BC, however, the stories differ somewhat. In the older Jerusalem Talmud Gemara, complied between 350 and 400 AD, reports that Isaiah was killed when a tree he was hiding in was cut down on the orders of King Manasseh, while the later Babylonian Talmud Gemara, complied between 400 and 500 AD, reports that King Manasseh had Isaiah sawed in half, not the tree he was hiding in. In both cases, King Manasseh ordered the execution of Isaiah as a heretic because he had claimed to have seen God, while in the Torah Moses claimed no one could see God and live. This seems inconsistent with the reports in 4th Kingdoms (Masoretic Kings), in which Manasseh was a polytheist, as polytheists could see at least some of their gods, such as the sun, moon, and earth. Therefore, it is more likely that if Manasseh did have Isaiah executed, it was because Isaiah denounced his rule of Judah, as Isaiah’s final chapters are clearly a denouncement of Judah, and could not have taken place before Manasseh’s time. The stories of how Isaiah died in the Torahs were likely copied from the earlier Lives of the Prophets, generally dated to the 1st-century AD, which also was later used by Muslim scholars who recognize Isaiah (أشعياء) as a prophet even though he was not mentioned in the Quran or Hadith. As Manasseh could not have executed Isaiah until after the death of Hezekiah, who Isaiah was closely allied with, Isiah could not have been killed until after 687 BC and must have been killed before 643 BC. It is reported in Rabbinical literature that Isaiah was the maternal grandfather of Manasseh, which, if true, would mean Isaiah was the father of Manasseh’s mother Hephzibah, and thereby father-in-law of King Hezekiah, which would support Isaiah’s claim to have been a major prophet in the time of Hezekiah’s father Ahaz’s reign, between 732 and 716 BC. Therefore his rise to prominence as a prophet must have taken place during the reign of King Jotham, circa 742 and 735 BC, and likely his predecessor king Uzziah between 783 and 742 BC. This indicates that Isaiah was in his 90s or older when Manasseh had him executed, which makes his climbing a tree unlikely and supports the alternate report, that Manasseh had him sawed in half, and not a tree he was hiding in. The book of 4th Kingdoms reports that Manasseh killed supporters of his father Hezekiah’s religious reforms, which would have undoubtedly included Isaiah, and therefore, while the execution of Isaiah is not itself found in the Septuagint or Masoretic Tanakh, it is implied. Archaeological evidence has shown that at the beginning of the era of Isaiah, the Kingdoms of Samaria and Judah went through considerable changes. When Uzziah reigned in Jerusalem, the larger Kingdom of Samaria to the north was the wealthiest and most populous nation in Canaan and had occupied the kingdoms of Aram and Hama to the north, giving the Samarians a dominant position in the region, occupying most of modern northern Israel, the northern Palestinian West Bank, eastern Lebanon, and western Syria. At the time, the coastal cities of Sidon and Tyre continued to be independent, as well as Judah to the south, and Moab, Ammon, and Edom to the southeast. This era of wealth and prosperity was suddenly and dramatically ended by a magnitude 8 earthquake circa 760 BC, which would have caused aftershocks for up to a year. Entire cities were leveled, and the Dead Sea fault Zone was radically altered, causing a drop in the water levels and a general drying of the Arabah region to the south of the Dead Sea.

Septuagint: Baruch

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Scriptural Research Institute
ISBN 13 : 1990289010
Total Pages : 46 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis Septuagint: Baruch by : Scriptural Research Institute

Download or read book Septuagint: Baruch written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Scriptural Research Institute. This book was released on 1901 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Book of Baruch was likely added to the Septuagint sometime before 165 BC, as it does not appear to have been influenced by the Hasmonean redaction found in the Masoretic Texts and the Dead Sea Scrolls. It was ignored entirely by Simon the Zealot, likely because there was no way to get around the fact that Baruch’s God was the Sun. While Baruch agrees with Jeremiah, that child sacrifice was wrong, they do not worship the same god. In his letter to the Moabites, Jeremiah refers to the god Baitylos (Βαιθηλ / בֵּ֥ית אֵ֖ל) as the god that the Israelites had put falsely their faith in, as the Moabites had placed their faith in Chomesh. This letter had to have been written after the destruction of Jerusalem, either in Judah, before the survivors took refuge in Egypt, or in Egypt. Based on the words of Jeremiah, in chapter 31 (Masoretic 48), it appears that Baitylos was the supreme god of the Samaritans before the Assyrians conquered them. However, Baruch, writing five years after the destruction of Jerusalem, praises Baitylos, and describes the Sun, which he then states is their God. This is the old religion that had been banned by Josiah. Baitylos is a variant of the name of the god Bethel, generally used to distinguish him from the town that Jacob named after him. Baitylos was widely worshiped in Canaan during the New Kingdom era, when Egypt ruled the land, and the centuries that followed. Shrines to Baitylos have been found at meteorite impact site across Canaan, Anatolia, and the Aegean, suggesting a widespread cult in the late-Bronze Age. The worship of Baitylos continued throughout the Phoenician territories even after the Romans had conquered them, and was denounced by the Christian theologian Augustine of Hippo in the early-5th century AD.

Septuagint's Ezekiel and the Ba'al Cycle

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Scriptural Research Institute
ISBN 13 : 1990289169
Total Pages : 229 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis Septuagint's Ezekiel and the Ba'al Cycle by : Scriptural Research Institute

Download or read book Septuagint's Ezekiel and the Ba'al Cycle written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Scriptural Research Institute. This book was released on 1901 with total page 229 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the mid-3rd century BC, King Ptolemy II Philadelphus of Egypt ordered a translation of the ancient Hebrew scriptures for the Library of Alexandria, which resulted in the creation of the Septuagint. The Book of Ezekiel is connected to Ezra and his Great Assembly in Jewish tradition, who apparently finished the book. It is one of the most standardized books, where the Greek and Hebrew translations are extremely similar. Both books contain some of the most obscure language, both Greek and Hebrew, containing many Aramaic loanwords. The Aramaic dialect is not consistent, with the early section, chapters 1 through 39, having Amorite and Assyrian loanwords, while the latter section, chapters 40 through 48, appears to have been written in Persian Imperial Aramaic. The early and later sections of Ezekiel also used different titles for God, and appear to have been written at different points in time, centuries apart. The early section is consistent with the historical records and was likely written during the late Assyrian and early Babylonian eras. The latter section appears to have been added during the time of Ezra, as the Persian Empire collapsed before the onslaught of the Macedonians, Greeks, Carthaginians, and Egyptians. The Book of Ezekiel is certainly one of the strangest books to survive from antiquity and has been the source of much speculation throughout centuries, by Jews, Christians, and atheists alike. Ezekiel's opening vision, of the flying machine, was the source of an entire branch of Jewish literature, Merkabah mysticism. The Septuagint uses the strange title Lord Lord through the first 39 chapters, before switching to the more common term Lord God for the later section of the book. This term could only have read Adon Ba'al in the Aramaic texts the Greeks translated Ezekiel from, as both adon and ba'al translate as 'lord.' This meaning that Ezekiel's god was Ba'al, the Canaanite god of thunder, whose holy mountain was Mount Zephon. Ezekiel describes his Lord Lord as being a thunder cloud, and refers to the god as coming from Zephon, which confirms that he did view the god as being Lord Ba'al. The Ba'al Cycle is a collection of stories about Ba'al Hadad, the supreme god of the Canaanite pantheon in the late bronze age. Unfortunately, the Texts that comprise the Ba'al Cycle are damaged, especially in the first section, where Hadad fights Yam to become Ba'al. In the subsequent section where the battle is discussed, Anat's defeat of the seven-headed monster Lotan is mentioned, however, this section is missing from the battle itself. Many tablets are believed to be lost from the epic, nevertheless, it is an important series of texts, as it allows us to see the other great religion of Canaan in the era that the early Israelite (later Samaritan and Jewish) religion was forming.

Ugaritic Texts: Pertaining to Aqhat

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Scriptural Research Institute
ISBN 13 : 1990289193
Total Pages : 54 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis Ugaritic Texts: Pertaining to Aqhat by : Scriptural Research Institute

Download or read book Ugaritic Texts: Pertaining to Aqhat written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Scriptural Research Institute. This book was released on 1901 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pertaining to Aqhat, also called the Danel Epic, or The Tale of Aqhat, is a collection of three tablets recovered from archaeological digs in the 1920s and 1930s at the ruins of Ugarit, a bronze-age city in northwest Syria, at the foot of the mountain Jebel Aqra on the modern Syrian-Turkish border. They date to Late-Bronze Era, specifically estimated to sometime around 1350 BC based on the mention of The Legend of King Keret on the colophon of the Tablet containing section 1. They tell part of the story of an ancient Canaanite king or judge named Danel, and his son Aqhat. The Ugaritic Danel is accepted as being the Danel that the anent Israelite prophet Ezekiel mentioned along with Noah and Job, suggesting all three have roots in the ancient religions of Canaan. Only part of the story of Danel and Aqhat has been found, on three tablets, all of which are broken, leaving a fragmentary story which is, unfortunately, is missing its ending. Danel is spelled as Dnỉl in Ugaritic, which is similar to the later Aramaic spelling of Dny'l, and essentially identical to the Hebrew name of Dn'l. The Greeks translated both the name of the ancient saga that Ezekiel mentioned, and the later Israelite prophet from after the time of Ezekiel as Daniêl at the Library of Alexandria, which has resulted in the Ugaritic king's name being rendered as Daniel in some translations. The three sections of text that survive on the tablets are all damaged, and were originally published in the order they were translated, but not the order that the story takes place in. As the texts are about Danel, the translations were named after him, resulting in the names 1 Danel, 2 Danel, and 3 Danel. However, while Danel may have been the protagonist, the original name of the story in the texts was Pertaining to Aqhat in Ugaritic, as the story was about Aqhat. This has resulted in the texts also being dubbed 1 Aqhat, 2 Aqhat, and 3 Aqhat, however, they were still not in the correct order, and so the revised translation in Hittite Myths and Instructions (1950) reordered them as Aqhat A (2 Danel/Aqhat), Aqhat B (3 Danel/Aqhat), and Aqhat C (1 Danel/Aqhat). This order has generally been followed ever since, and is the order followed here, however, the three sections of the texts are simply called sections 1, 2, and 3.

Septuagint: Malachi

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Scriptural Research Institute
ISBN 13 : 1989852637
Total Pages : 36 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (898 download)

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Book Synopsis Septuagint: Malachi by : Scriptural Research Institute

Download or read book Septuagint: Malachi written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Scriptural Research Institute. This book was released on 2020-09-02 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Book of Malachi is the most curious and debated of the Books of the Twelve minor prophets, as the name Malachi (מלאכי) simply means 'angelic' in Hebrew, and the Greek translation used the word angel (ἀγγέλου) in the Septuagint. Most Jewish and Christian denominations do treat the word as the name of a prophet, however, the prophet Malachi was never mentioned by any other prophet or Ezra the scribe, and therefore some denominations consider the Book of Malachi to be an anonymous work, with the word Malachi simply referring to the angel of the lord. Early Jewish records from the late Persian era indicate that the Jews at the time considered the book of Malachi to have been written by Ezra the scribe, however, by the Greek era, the book was no longer attributed to Ezra. The date the book was written is also a matter of debate, as the book does not include any of the usual references to the political situation. Malachi does include two references that can be used to date the work, however, are generally ignored by scholars as they both date the book to the early 800s BC. The clearest reference was the prediction in chapter 4: "Look, I will send to you Elijah the Tishbite..." Elijah the Tishbite was the prophet Elijah from 3rd and 4th Kingdoms (Masoretic Kings), and 2nd Paralipomenon (Masoretic Diḇrê Hayyāmîm) whose live is dated to between 900 and 849 BC. The second reference is the general description of the state of Edom, which is described as having been defeated by the Judaeans. This matches the political reality of Elijah's time, when Edom was subject to the Kingdom of Judah, between 930 and 870 BC. Edom was a kingdom southeast of Judah from at least the 1200s BC until 125 BC when the Hasmonean dynasty conquered the kingdom. Edom was recorded as being a dependency of the Kingdom of Judah between 930 and 870 BC, but then rebelled against Judah, and does not appear to have been conquered outright by the Judeans again until the Hasmonean dynasty. These two references indicate the Book of Malachi was written between circa 880 and 870 BC, at the same time as the Book of Shadrach, which is embedded within the Book of Zachariah.

Septuagint: Ezekiel

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Scriptural Research Institute
ISBN 13 : 1990289150
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis Septuagint: Ezekiel by : Scriptural Research Institute

Download or read book Septuagint: Ezekiel written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Scriptural Research Institute. This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Book of Ezekiel is certainly one of the strangest books to survive from antiquity and has been the source of much speculation throughout centuries, by Jews, Christians, and atheists alike. Ezekiel's opening vision, of the flying machine, was the source of an entire branch of Jewish literature, Merkabah mysticism. Merkabah, which translates as 'chariot,' developed during the Second Temple era, and had a major impact on early Christian literature, although was ultimately abandoned by both Jews and Christians. The Christians abandoned the 'cloud literature' during the creation of orthodoxy, and the Talmud includes many interdictions concerning Merkabah speculation. Merkabah, and the Heikhalot literature that developed from it, ultimately fell out of favor in the 11th century AD. The Book of Ezekiel recounts a series of visions that Ezekiel had over the course of his life, in the late-600s and early-500s BC. Most of Ezekiel's prophecies were set during the rise of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, and his view of who the Israelites were, is fundamentally different than the view generally expressed. According to Ezekiel, the Israelites were Canaanites, the descendants of Amorites and Minoans (or Hittites in an alternate interpretation). This is clearly not the view that was popular in Judah, either when it was independent, or later under Babylonian or Persian rule. Several contradictions exist between the writings of Ezekiel and the Torah, which suggests that the Torah was not fully composed at the time, or if it was composed, not in circulation where Ezekiel lived. It is also a fact that Ezekiel did not mention Moses or Aaron, yet did refer to the Israelites leaving Egypt, which Moses and Aaron were central to. He mentioned Job and Noah, as well as the ancient Canaanite hero Danel, and Abraham, but under his older name Abram, suggesting that he had not read Genesis, in which Abram's name was changed to Abraham. The description of Ezekiel's thunder god, or his flying chariot, or his flying wheels, depending on the interpreter, is by far the strangest part of the book. It contains many references to electricity, which were generally omitted from early translations due to the belief that electricity was magical nonsense. The rediscovery of electricity in the early-modern era was largely based on the Classical Greek records of their experiments with amber, which is where William Gilbert derived the English term electricity from, êlectrou, meaning amber. The earliest surviving record of experimentation with electrostatic fields was by Thales of Miletus, who lived between approximately 624 and 548 BC, which is the same time as the life of Ezekiel, circa 630 to 545 BC. Ezekiel mentions the Greek city of Miletus in his books but does not mention visiting the place, nevertheless, there is no reason to assume Thales's experiments into static charges were the first, or unique at the time.

Septuagint: Lamentations

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Scriptural Research Institute
ISBN 13 : 1989604005
Total Pages : 49 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (896 download)

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Book Synopsis Septuagint: Lamentations by : Scriptural Research Institute

Download or read book Septuagint: Lamentations written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Scriptural Research Institute. This book was released on 1901 with total page 49 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Septuagint's version of the book of Lamentations, is virtually identical to the Masoretic book of Eykhoh, which translates as 'How?' This was a question many were no doubt asking in the aftermath of the destruction of Jerusalem, a city that had stood since before the Amarna Letters were written, generally dated to the 1300s BC. The Greek name of the book, Thrênoe, translates as 'laments' or 'wailings,' and is the source of the common English name Lamentations. To date, fragments of Eykhoh / Lamentations have been found in three of the Qumran caves, all dating to the Herodian Dynasty, circa 37 BC to 6 AD, and all in the Assyrian (Hebrew) script, as one would expect from the period. The texts that survive, generally match the texts found in the Masoretic Texts, with minor spelling variations, however, do have a significant number of deviations where the terms 'adonoi (אֲדֹנָ֖י) and dvn (אדוני), and the name Yahweh (יְהוָ֥ה) and Yhwh (יהוה) are concerned. These two sets of terms are synonymous, with 'adonoi (אֲדֹנָ֖י) and dvn (אדוני) being two ways of spelling the Aramaic and Hebrew term 'my lord,' and Yahweh (יְהוָ֥ה) and Yhwh (יהוה) both being the Hebrew spelling of the name of the Jewish god, however, these terms are not used in the Masoretic Texts and the Dead Sea Scrolls in the same places. Meaning, where the Masoretic Texts reads reads 'adonoi,' the Dead Sea Scrolls may read 'dvn' or 'Yhwh,' and in places where the Masoretic Texts reads 'Yahweh,' the Dead Sea Scrolls may again read either 'dvn' or 'Yhwh.' This is most evident in Dead Sea Scroll 4QLama, in which a large amount of the text of chapters 1 and 2 survive, as these terms are more common in those chapters. As all of the fragments of Eykhoh / Lamentations found among the Dead Sea Scrolls date to the Herodian Dynasty, it seems clear that at that time, Yahweh was considered 'Lord' among Jews, however, there is no evidence of the name being in the text that the Greeks translated a couple of centuries earlier at the Library of Alexandria. The Septuagint does include the name Yahweh, as Iaw (Ἰαω), derived from the Aramaic Yhw, in some early fragments, however, there is no evidence that it was used in the text that the Greeks translated Lamentations from.

Ugaritic Texts: Pertaining to Keret

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Scriptural Research Institute
ISBN 13 : 1990289266
Total Pages : 49 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis Ugaritic Texts: Pertaining to Keret by : Scriptural Research Institute

Download or read book Ugaritic Texts: Pertaining to Keret written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Scriptural Research Institute. This book was released on 1901 with total page 49 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pertaining to Keret, also called the Legend of Keret, or the Epic of Keret is a collection of three tablets recovered from archaeological digs in the 1920s and 1930s at the ruins of Ugarit, a bronze-age city in northwest Syria, at the foot of the mountain Jebel Aqra on the modern Syrian-Turkish border. They date to Late-Bronze Era, specifically estimated to sometime around 1350 BC based on the name of the scribe Elimelek, who also transcribed the Ba‘al Cycle for King Niqmaddu of Ugarit. The story itself is set much earlier, and in a land far to the east of Ugarit, likely along the Khabur River in eastern modern Syria, and the Tur Abdin highlands of southeastern modern Turkey. They tell parts of the story of an ancient Hurrian king named Keret, and his wife Hurriya, unfortunately, the tablets are quite damaged, and there were probably once more tablets to the story. The story begins and ends abruptly, suggesting that there was at least one tablet before and after the surviving tablets.Only part of the story of Keret and Hurriya has been found, on three tablets, all of which are broken, leaving a fragmentary story which is, unfortunately, is missing its beginning and ending, and there may have also been another tablet between Tablets 2 and 3. The surviving story begins with King Keret of Beth Khubur having already lost everything other than his throne. In some respects, the story has parallels to the Book of Job, both at the beginning and at the end, with a parallel to Homer’s Illiad in the middle. It begins with his entire family having died, and him being the only surviving son of his mother. Also, his wife and children have died, although the details of how everyone died have not survived. The Bull god El came to Keret in his dreams and told him to march his army to the land of Ủdủm, and attack the towns and villages, capturing the women that worked the fields and as woodcutters. Then to wait seven days until the king of Ủdủm agreed to his terms, and surrendered his eldest daughter to Keret to become his new wife. While it is not entirely clear where the story is set, the names Beth Khubur and Ủdủm suggest the Khabur River tributary of the Euphrates River, in eastern modern Syria. Beth Khubur is a combination of two words, bt, meaning house or temple in Canaanite, and ḫbr, originally the Sumerian word for river, which was adopted by the Akkadians as the name for two major tributaries of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers. The Khabur which was a tributary for the Euphrates has four major sources, three of which are in the Tur Abdin highlands of southeastern Turkey, which is likely what was being referred to as Ủdủm in the story.

Septuagint: 1ˢᵗ Kingdoms

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Digital Ink Products
ISBN 13 : 198960451X
Total Pages : 127 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (896 download)

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Book Synopsis Septuagint: 1ˢᵗ Kingdoms by : Scriptural Research Institute

Download or read book Septuagint: 1ˢᵗ Kingdoms written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Digital Ink Products. This book was released on 2019-12-15 with total page 127 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The four books of the Kingdoms are believed to have been translated into Greek and added to the Septuagint around 200 BC when a large number of refugees fled from the war in Judea and settled in Egypt. The four books of the Kingdoms would later become two books in the Masoretic Texts, the books of Samuel and Kings. Subsequent Latin and English translations of the Masoretic Texts labeled these books as 1ˢᵗ and 2ⁿᵈ Samuel, and 1ˢᵗ and 2ⁿᵈ Kings. The Septuagint's 1ˢᵗ Kingdoms is the book called 1ˢᵗ Samuel in most Catholic and Protestant Bibles, and 1ˢᵗ Kingdoms in Orthodox and Coptic Bibles. This version differs slightly from the later Masoretic book of Samuel, although all three are generally similar. Unlike the Masoretic version, Saul does not repeatedly meet David for the first time, meaning that either the Greeks simplified the Aramaic texts they translated, or the Masoretic version is based on a different version of 1ˢᵗ Kingdoms. While a Greek simplification of the text is the simplest explanation for the less-confusing narrative, it cannot explain why the Masoretic version has Saul meeting David for the first time in three unique stories, or, why the Greek translation has transliterated Hebrew words that are no longer in the Masoretic version. The origin of 1ˢᵗ Kingdoms, along with the other five books of Kingdoms and Paralipomena, is a matter of great debate among scholars. The Bava Basra tractate of the Talmud, reports that the first 25 chapters of Masoretic Samuel, and therefore the first 25 chapters of 1ˢᵗ Kingdoms, was written by the prophet Samuel, and the rest of Masoretic Samuel, which would be chapter 26 through 31 of 1ˢᵗ Kingdoms and the entire book of 2ⁿᵈ Kingdoms was written by the prophets Gad and Nathan. Samuel, Gad, and Nathan are all mentioned in 1ˢᵗ and 2ⁿᵈ Kingdoms, however, most biblical scholars have rejected the idea that they had anything to do with the authorship of these books for the past few hundred years. Almost all scholars in every era have agreed with the idea that the six books were based on the older, now lost, books of the Chronicles of the Kings of Samaria and Judea mentioned in the later books of Kingdoms. These six later books are generally accepted as having been written in the Babylonian or Persian era and then redacted in the Greek era or Hasmonean dynasty, however, the origin of the earlier works is a matter of debate. The language of 1ˢᵗ Kingdoms is archaic, and early sections dealing with Eli and Samuel read like a continuation of Judges, implying the original book of Judges continued until Saul seized power in 1037 BC.

Septuagint: Psalms

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Digital Ink Productions
ISBN 13 : 1989604994
Total Pages : 236 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (896 download)

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Book Synopsis Septuagint: Psalms by : Scriptural Research Institute

Download or read book Septuagint: Psalms written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Digital Ink Productions. This book was released on 2020-02-07 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Psalms are a complex collection of hymns and prayers likely composed over many centuries, and by various authors. The earliest psalms are attributed to King David or are written for King David, including the first 40, which are likely the original group of psalms. Many other psalms are attributed to, or written for Asaph, Solomon, Ethan, Moses, Jeremiah, Haggai, Zachariah, the sons of Korah, or the sons of Jehonadab. Some of the psalms have internal historical references that indicate the likely time-frame they were written in. King David is generally believed to have lived around 1000 BC by those who accept him as a historical figure, and Asaph, Solomon, and Ethan all lived around the same time, so those who accept the psalms as having been written by authors that they are attributed to, would generally place the origin of most of the texts to around 1000 BC. The life of Moses has been dated to anywhere between the 16ᵗʰ and 13ᵗʰ centuries BC, and the original sons of Korah lived at the same time, however, the sons of Korah were also the priests in Solomon's Temple before they were replaced by the Levites. Jehonadab lived during the reign of the Israelite King Jehu, who lived circa 800 BC, while Jeremiah's life is dated to circa 600 BC, and the lives of Haggai and Zachariah are dated to circa 500 BC. The earliest references to the Septuagint's Lord in the Psalms, treat the Lord as the Sun or refer to the Lord as living in the Sun. In the later psalms, the sun was a completely separate object from the Lord, which is consistent with the changing religion of the region recorded in both the Israelite and Judahite books of the Kingdoms and the archaeological record. 4ᵗʰ Kingdoms (Masoretic Kings) describes King Josiah's reforms in circa 625 BC. Shemesh was the Canaanite god of the sun, who was essentially the same as the Greek Helios before Josiah's reforms. Like Helios, Shemesh rode on a chariot pulled by four flying horses. The four horses are a reference to what are commonly called sundogs today, the refracted light that appears 22° to the left and right of the Sun, and in rare cases again at 44° when there are ice crystals in the atmosphere. The Psalms include many references to the Lord shining down from the sky, and the name of the Lord enduring as long as the sun. Psalms 18 claims that the Lord lives in the sun, suggesting he was something other than the sun, even in the early Psalms.

Septuagint: Judges

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Digital Ink Productions
ISBN 13 : 1989852599
Total Pages : 129 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (898 download)

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Book Synopsis Septuagint: Judges by : Scriptural Research Institute

Download or read book Septuagint: Judges written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Digital Ink Productions. This book was released on 2020-08-30 with total page 129 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Book of Judges is very old, and the Song of Deborah may be the oldest surviving piece of Israelite literature. It uses some of the most archaic forms of Hebrew, and was likely composed in Canaanite before Hebrew became a defined dialect as this issue of dialect was part of the division between the Israelites during the battle between the Gileadites, east of the Jordan, and the Ephraimites from west of the Jordan. There is evidence that the book was either assembled or redacted in the Kingdom of Samaria. The region of the book also generally corresponds with the territory of the northern kingdom, both the region that had once been under Egyptian authority west of the Jordan, and the region east of the Jordan which had generally been independent of Egypt. The synchronizations between the Book of Judges and the records of Egypt are far too many to be overlooked or ignored. As almost all denominations of Christians and Jews agree that King Saul established his kingdom in 1037 BC, and the Septuagint's version of Judges includes 460 years of the land being ruled by Judges, or foreign kings, followed by an era of chaos when there was no king, the latest possible date the Exodus could have taken place was the 1500s BC, which supports the idea that the 10 plagues of Egypt were descriptions of the fallout and effects of the Minoan eruption which Egyptologists date to 1550 BC. According to Judges, 42 years later the Israelites invaded Samaria, (northern modern Israel and the Palestinian West Bank) under the leadership of Joshua, which would have been 1508 BC. The plan was already laid out in the Book of Joshua to occupy the entire land of Canaan, yet just three years later, when Joshua was 85 years old, the Israelites stopped their campaign, after having only occupied the cities in Samaria, this would have been in 1505 BC. The reason they stopped their invasion is not given, however, Egyptian records do explain it, as in the same year, 1505 BC, Pharaoh Thutmose I marched his army through Canaan to reconquer it for the Egyptian Empire. It had previously been under the control of the Hyksos Dynasty whose empire collapsed in the aftermath of the Minoan eruption. In 1550 BC, the Hyksos capital fell to the rival southern dynasty of Pharaoh Ahmose I, and the Hyksos retreated to their fortress of Sharuhen, near modern Gaza in the Palestinian Gaza Strip. This suggests the Hyksos maintained control over Canaan until Sharuhen fell to Ahmose I in 1540 BC. Ahmose I led an invasion of southern Canaan a few years later in an attempt to root out any remaining Hyksos. Egyptologists are not sure when this campaign was, placing it sometime between 1537 and 1527 BC. This campaign is not believed to have reached farther north than Byblos, in modern Lebanon, and did not result in any long-term political control over Canaan. Ahmose I's main goal seems to have been to destroy any remaining Hyksos in the region to ensure they did not try to recapture Egypt.