Autism Spectrum Disorder, Developmental Disabilities, and the Criminal Justice System

Download Autism Spectrum Disorder, Developmental Disabilities, and the Criminal Justice System PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Jessica Kingsley Publishers
ISBN 13 : 178775362X
Total Pages : 242 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (877 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Autism Spectrum Disorder, Developmental Disabilities, and the Criminal Justice System by : Nick Dubin

Download or read book Autism Spectrum Disorder, Developmental Disabilities, and the Criminal Justice System written by Nick Dubin and published by Jessica Kingsley Publishers. This book was released on 2021-07-21 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For autistic people who find themselves facing a criminal charge, understanding how the features of autism may have contributed to their behaviour can be vital context for their defence. In this insightful book, Nick Dubin explores how and why autistic people get caught up in the criminal justice system. He delves into what steps can be taken to prevent autistic people committing crimes and what should be done to ensure their fair and appropriate treatment if they are charged with a crime. It covers everything from prevention to the aftermath of sentencing, including available counselling and therapy. Nick's personal experience and meticulous research shows that criminal justice can be an oppressive system that misunderstands and stigmatizes autistic people, especially low-risk individuals and those with less criminal responsibility.

Caught in the Web of the Criminal Justice System

Download Caught in the Web of the Criminal Justice System PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Jessica Kingsley Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1784502987
Total Pages : 354 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (845 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Caught in the Web of the Criminal Justice System by : Lawrence A. Dubin, J.D.

Download or read book Caught in the Web of the Criminal Justice System written by Lawrence A. Dubin, J.D. and published by Jessica Kingsley Publishers. This book was released on 2017-06-21 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Increasing numbers of people with autism and other developmental disabilities are being convicted of sex offences, resulting in draconian and public punishment. Yet even when evidence shows that people with these conditions often pose little threat to society, or lack a core understanding as to why their actions break the law, the "sex offender legal regime" doesn't allow any room to take the disability into account. This ground-breaking book offers a multi-disciplinary examination of how unjust sex offense laws trap vulnerable groups such as those with developmental disabilities. Drawing on research, empirical evidence and including case studies, experts from the fields of law, ethics, psychology and sociology explore what steps should be taken in order to ensure that laws are just and take into consideration factors such as the vulnerability of the perpetrators. Investigating the consequences caused by public hysteria over sex offenses, this book highlights the judicial failure to protect defendants with developmental disabilities in the context of the unjust and hyper-punishment of all those charged with sex offenses. Proposing a new way forward based on research and evidence-based sentencing for sex offenses, and elimination of the sex offender registry, this book offers an informed and compassionate view that is essential for all professionals working in this field.

The Wiley Handbook on Offenders with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

Download The Wiley Handbook on Offenders with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118753100
Total Pages : 520 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (187 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Wiley Handbook on Offenders with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities by : William R. Lindsay

Download or read book The Wiley Handbook on Offenders with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities written by William R. Lindsay and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-11-05 with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The essential resource to the most recent research and practice on offenders with intellectual and developmental disabilities The Wiley Handbook on Offenders with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities is a comprehensive compendium to the research and evidence supporting clinical work with people with intellectual and developmental disabilities who offend or are at risk of offending. With contributions from an international panel of experts, the text reviews the most recent developments in the assessment, treatment and management of various types of offenders with intellectual disabilities including violent offenders, sexual offenders and firesetters. The text also explores the developments in research on risk assessment and management of people with intellectual disabilities who offend or are at risk of offending. In addition, the handbook also contains information on developments in research into the epidemiology of offending in this population, pathways into services and the trajectories of the criminal careers of those who will later go on to offend. This important resource: Includes contributions from expert international researchers and practitioners in the field Describes a range of theoretical, conceptual and ethical assessments as well as treatment and service development issues that are relevant practitioners in clinical practice Presents the ethical-legal considerations that offer a conceptual framework for the handbook Sets out a variety of the most current evidence-based interventions Written for psychologists, psychiatrists, nurses and other mental health professionals, and those in education and training, The Wiley Handbook on Offenders with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities offers a much-needed resource on the latest developments in the field.

Autism Spectrum Disorder in the Criminal Justice System

Download Autism Spectrum Disorder in the Criminal Justice System PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000569802
Total Pages : 216 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (5 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Autism Spectrum Disorder in the Criminal Justice System by : Dr Clare S. Allely

Download or read book Autism Spectrum Disorder in the Criminal Justice System written by Dr Clare S. Allely and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2022-04-11 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the criminal justice system. Rather than being the perpetrators of offending behaviour, individuals with ASD are more likely to be the victims of crime. However, there is nevertheless a small subset of individuals with ASD who do offend, and this book provides an in-depth understanding of how certain features of ASD may provide the context of vulnerability to engaging in a number of types of offending behaviours. Chapters focus on arson or fire-setting; cybercrime (e.g., hacking); online sexual offending such as the viewing of indecent child imagery; offline sexual offending; violent crime; stalking; terroristic behaviour (including radicalisation and extremism); bestiality or zoophilia; and also extreme violence such as mass shooting and serial homicide. This book also outlines the ways in which a defendant with ASD may present in court and how they may exhibit behaviour which could be misinterpreted and perceived negatively, leading to an unfair trial. Lastly, it discusses the need to identify the impact that ASD can have on the capacity to form the requisite criminal intent and offers appropriate court adaptions to support individuals with ASD during court proceedings. This book is ideal for criminal defence lawyers and practitioners in psychology, psychiatry, and social work as well as policy makers and reformers.

Handbook of Autism Spectrum Disorder and the Law

Download Handbook of Autism Spectrum Disorder and the Law PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030709132
Total Pages : 563 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (37 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Handbook of Autism Spectrum Disorder and the Law by : Fred R. Volkmar

Download or read book Handbook of Autism Spectrum Disorder and the Law written by Fred R. Volkmar and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-09-22 with total page 563 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book addresses an important and relatively neglected topic in the scientific literature: individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) who have dealings with the legal system. It examines issues and implications for autistic people, who have a significant risk for engagement with the legal system in some capacity (e.g., witness/bystander, victim, or perpetrator). Key areas of coverage include: Autistic people as victims and perpetrators of criminal activities, including violence, stalking, sexual exploitation, and cybercrime. Risks for unlawful behavior in individuals with autism and Asperger's. Legal assessment issues, such as witness protection and postconviction diagnoses. Legal outcomes for autistic people, including case law, prevention, service provisions in correctional settings, and rights and support systems. The Handbook of Autism Spectrum Disorder and the Law is an essential, comprehensive resource that explores the risk for unlawful behaviors affecting autistitc people as victims and perpetrators, as well as related issues of assessment and treatment, and outcome. It is a must-have reference for researchers, clinicians/practitioners, and graduate students in psychology, psychiatry, social work, and law, as well as professionals in such related fields, as criminology/criminal justice and the legal system.

Autism Spectrum Disorder, Developmental Disabilities and the Criminal Justice System

Download Autism Spectrum Disorder, Developmental Disabilities and the Criminal Justice System PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781787753617
Total Pages : 224 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (536 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Autism Spectrum Disorder, Developmental Disabilities and the Criminal Justice System by : Nick Dubin

Download or read book Autism Spectrum Disorder, Developmental Disabilities and the Criminal Justice System written by Nick Dubin and published by . This book was released on 2021-07-21 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Exploring how and why autistic people can get caught up in the criminal justice system, and what steps can be taken to help prevent autistic people committing crimes, This book discusses how to ensure fair treatment from judges, law enforcement officials and lawyers during the judicial process. Recommended for anyone working in the criminal justice system to arm themselves with the knowledge they will need to avoid further systemic tragedies.

The Autism Spectrum, Sexuality and the Law

Download The Autism Spectrum, Sexuality and the Law PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Jessica Kingsley Publishers
ISBN 13 : 0857006797
Total Pages : 226 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (57 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Autism Spectrum, Sexuality and the Law by : Nick Dubin

Download or read book The Autism Spectrum, Sexuality and the Law written by Nick Dubin and published by Jessica Kingsley Publishers. This book was released on 2014-07-21 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Based on Nick Dubin's own experience, and drawing on the extensive knowledge of Dr Tony Attwood and Dr Isabelle Hénault, this important book addresses the issues surrounding the autism spectrum, sexuality and the law. The complex world of sex and appropriate sexual behaviour can be extremely challenging for people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and, without guidance, many find themselves in vulnerable situations. This book examines how the ASD profile typically affects sexuality and how sexual development differs between the general population and those with ASD. It explains the legalities of sexual behaviour, how laws differ from country to country, and the possibility for adjustment of existing laws as they are applied to the ASD population. With advice on how to help people with autism spectrum disorder gain a better understanding of sexuality and a comprehensive list of resources, the book highlights the need for a more informed societal approach to the psychosexual development of people with ASD. A ground-breaking and honest account, this book will be an invaluable addition to the shelves of parents of children with ASD, mental health and legal professionals, teachers, carers and other professionals working with individuals on the spectrum.

Handbook of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

Download Handbook of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0387329315
Total Pages : 722 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (873 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Handbook of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities by : John W. Jacobson

Download or read book Handbook of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities written by John W. Jacobson and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-03-15 with total page 722 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides easy-to-access, reliable, up-to-date information on the numerous advances in research, assessment, treatment, and service delivery for clinicians, academics, administrators and other mental health professionals. It examines issues surrounding intellectual and developmental disabilities in a real-world sociopolitical framework. In addition, the book summarizes the major domains and emerging subspecialties of this vast area into one useful reference and so offers a wide range of assessment and diagnostic tools and tactics, including cognitive and adaptive behavior assessments.

The Wiley Handbook of What Works in Violence Risk Management

Download The Wiley Handbook of What Works in Violence Risk Management PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119315719
Total Pages : 608 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (193 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Wiley Handbook of What Works in Violence Risk Management by : J. Stephen Wormith

Download or read book The Wiley Handbook of What Works in Violence Risk Management written by J. Stephen Wormith and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-02-10 with total page 608 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive guide to the theory, research and practice of violence risk management The Wiley Handbook of What Works in Violence Risk Management: Theory, Research and Practice offers a comprehensive guide to the theory, research and practice of violence risk management. With contributions from a panel of noted international experts, the book explores the most recent advances to the theoretical understanding, assessment and management of violent behavior. Designed to be an accessible resource, the highly readable chapters address common issues associated with violent behavior such as alcohol misuse and the less common issues for example offenders with intellectual disabilities. Written for both those new to the field and professionals with years of experience, the book offers a wide-ranging review of who commit acts of violence, their prevalence in society and the most recent explanations for their behavior. The contributors explore various assessment approaches and highlight specialized risk assessment instruments. The Handbook provides the latest evidence on effective treatment and risk management and includes a number of well-established and effective treatment interventions for violent offenders. This important book: Contains an authoritative and comprehensive guide to the topic Includes contributions from an international panel of experts Offers information on violence risk formulation Reveals the most recent techniques in violence risk assessment Explains what works in violence intervention Reviews specialty clinical assessments Written for clinicians and other professionals in the field of violence prevention and assessment, The Wiley Handbook of What Works in Violence Risk Management is unique in its approach because it offers a comprehensive review of the topic rather than like other books on the market that take a narrower view.

The Oxford Handbook of Developmental Psychology and the Law

Download The Oxford Handbook of Developmental Psychology and the Law PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0197549519
Total Pages : 721 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (975 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Oxford Handbook of Developmental Psychology and the Law by : Allison D. Redlich

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Developmental Psychology and the Law written by Allison D. Redlich and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2023-12-22 with total page 721 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "In the Oxford Handbook of Developmental Psychology and the Law, eminent scholars from varied disciplines detail how developmental science and the law shape one another across the lifespan. The chapters address fundamental questions about how human development influences laws and practices in the legal system and how the law and its practices influence development. The chapters, as well, reveal how the potential for, and consequences of, victimization and perpetration-whether they be criminal or civil acts-are impacted by and impact development. The diversity of topics, range of influences across the lifespan, and complexities of developmental and legal influences are on display throughout the volume. In Section I, which spanned Infancy and Childhood to Adolescence, authors covered such topics as prenatal and infant abuse; the development of antisocial behavior in children and adolescents; questioning of minor victims, witnesses, and suspects; treatment of youth in juvenile, criminal, and specialty courts but also in immigration, custody, and adoption hearings, and finally in schools and prisons. In Section II, which spanned Adulthood to Aging, authors addressed some of the same topics, but here from the perspective of younger and older adults. These include antisocial behavior in adults, the experiences of elder adults as victim/witnesses, and experiences in prison, especially among parents and the elderly. Other topics were covered as well, including persons with developmental disabilities involvement in the courts, reentry transitions after incarceration, and reproductive and end-of-life legal rights. Across this comprehensive volume, authors demonstrate the immense value of research for policy and practice and viewing legal involvement through the lens of lifespan development"--

The Oxford Handbook of Autism and Co-Occurring Psychiatric Conditions

Download The Oxford Handbook of Autism and Co-Occurring Psychiatric Conditions PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 0190910763
Total Pages : 470 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (99 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Oxford Handbook of Autism and Co-Occurring Psychiatric Conditions by : Susan W. White

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Autism and Co-Occurring Psychiatric Conditions written by Susan W. White and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 470 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Oxford Handbook of Autism and Co-Occurring Psychiatric Conditions is the first sole-source volume that synthesizes a vast amount of literature on all aspects of psychiatric comorbidity in autism.

Asperger Syndrome and Anxiety

Download Asperger Syndrome and Anxiety PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Jessica Kingsley Publishers
ISBN 13 : 184310895X
Total Pages : 226 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (431 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Asperger Syndrome and Anxiety by : Nick Dubin

Download or read book Asperger Syndrome and Anxiety written by Nick Dubin and published by Jessica Kingsley Publishers. This book was released on 2009 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many people have feelings of stress and anxiety in their everyday lives. For people with Aspergers Syndrome this stress can be difficult to manage.This book is specifically written for adults with Aspergers Syndrome offers practical advice on how to better manage the stress in their lives.

A Comprehensive Book on Autism Spectrum Disorders

Download A Comprehensive Book on Autism Spectrum Disorders PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 9533074949
Total Pages : 491 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (33 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Comprehensive Book on Autism Spectrum Disorders by : Mohammad-Reza Mohammadi

Download or read book A Comprehensive Book on Autism Spectrum Disorders written by Mohammad-Reza Mohammadi and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2011-09-15 with total page 491 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aim of the book is to serve for clinical, practical, basic and scholarly practices. In twentyfive chapters it covers the most important topics related to Autism Spectrum Disorders in the efficient way and aims to be useful for health professionals in training or clinicians seeking an update. Different people with autism can have very different symptoms. Autism is considered to be a "spectrum" disorder, a group of disorders with similar features. Some people may experience merely mild disturbances, while the others have very serious symptoms. This book is aimed to be used as a textbook for child and adolescent psychiatry fellowship training and will serve as a reference for practicing psychologists, child and adolescent psychiatrists, general psychiatrists, pediatricians, child neurologists, nurses, social workers and family physicians. A free access to the full-text electronic version of the book via Intech reading platform at http://www.intechweb.org is a great bonus.

Working with Autistic People in the Criminal Justice and Forensic Mental Health Systems

Download Working with Autistic People in the Criminal Justice and Forensic Mental Health Systems PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000582205
Total Pages : 187 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (5 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Working with Autistic People in the Criminal Justice and Forensic Mental Health Systems by : Nichola Tyler

Download or read book Working with Autistic People in the Criminal Justice and Forensic Mental Health Systems written by Nichola Tyler and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2022-05-18 with total page 187 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Working with Autistic People in the Criminal Justice and Forensic Mental Health Systems: A Handbook for Practitioners is the first book to focus specifically on best practice for working with autistic people in criminal justice and forensic mental health settings. Integrating current theory, research, and clinical practice, this book provides a practical guide for multidisciplinary practitioners working with autistic people who have offended, at all stages in their pathway, regardless of the nature of offending. The book draws together contributions from leading scholarly and clinical experts in the field of autism and forensic issues as well as the views of autistic people under the care of forensic services. Each chapter focuses on understanding the impact of autism throughout the criminal justice and forensic mental health system pathways, including how these systems are experienced by autistic people and their families and carers. Case studies and practical approaches are provided to demonstrate the application of best practice to working with autistic people in secure settings. This book appeals to a wide audience within the fields of psychology, psychiatry, nursing, occupational therapy, speech and language therapy, as well as criminal justice staff (e.g., prison and probation), and will be the first of its kind to amalgamate theory, research, and practice in the area of autism and offending.

Autism and Criminal Justice

Download Autism and Criminal Justice PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000901653
Total Pages : 142 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (9 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Autism and Criminal Justice by : Tom Smith

Download or read book Autism and Criminal Justice written by Tom Smith and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-04-20 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection presents a summary of current knowledge regarding autistic suspects, defendants and offenders in the criminal justice system of England and Wales. The volume examines the interaction between each stage of the criminal justice process and autistic individuals accused or convicted of crime, considering the problems, strengths and possibilities for improving the system to better accommodate the needs of this vulnerable category of neurodiverse individuals. By explicating the core issues in this important but disparate area of study in a single place, the collection facilitates understanding of and engagement with knowledge for a wider audience of relevant stakeholders, including criminal justice practitioners, policy makers, academics and clinicians. It also incorporates key recommendations for improvement, thereby clarifying the urgent need for substantive change in policies and practices. The ultimate goal is to both improve the treatment and experience of autistic people subjected to criminal justice processes; and produce fairer, more appropriate systemic outcomes. While focused on the criminal justice system of England and Wales, the work will be valuable for researchers and policy makers working in similar systems, as well as those interested in neurodiversity more generally.

Asperger's Syndrome

Download Asperger's Syndrome PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Jessica Kingsley Publishers
ISBN 13 : 9781853025778
Total Pages : 226 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (257 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Asperger's Syndrome by : Tony Attwood

Download or read book Asperger's Syndrome written by Tony Attwood and published by Jessica Kingsley Publishers. This book was released on 1998 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tony Attwood's guide will assist parents and professionals with the identification, treatment and care of both children and adults with Asperger's Syndrome. The book provides a description and analysis of the unusual characteristics of the syndrome and practical strategies to reduce those that are most conspicuous or debilitating. Beginning with a chapter on diagnosis, including an assessment test, the book covers all aspects of the syndrome from language to social behaviour and motor clumsiness, concluding with a chapter based on the questions most frequently asked by those who come into contact with individuals with this syndrome. Covering the available literature in full, this guide brings together the most relevant and useful information on Asperger's Syndrome, incorporating case studies from the author's own practical experience as a Clinical Psychologist, with examples of, and numerous quotations from people with Asperger's Syndrome.

Handbook of Quality of Life for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Download Handbook of Quality of Life for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030985075
Total Pages : 477 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (39 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Handbook of Quality of Life for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder by : Justin B. Leaf

Download or read book Handbook of Quality of Life for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder written by Justin B. Leaf and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-06-01 with total page 477 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook offers a comprehensive examination of wide-ranging issues relevant to adults diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. Coverage includes a detailed review of such issues as psychiatric comorbidity, family relationships, education, living in different settings (e.g., group homes, community), meaningful and effective interventions, functional goals (e.g., social, language, vocational, and adaptive behaviors), and curriculum. In addition the book provides unique perspectives of parents as well as individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder who have reached adulthood. Key areas of coverage include: Transitioning adults diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder from educational settings to vocational settings. Strategies that can help create independence for adults diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. Effective approaches to address issues relating to sexuality for adults diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. The effectiveness of early intensive behavioral intervention to help adults diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. Handbook of Quality of Life for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder is an essential reference for researchers, professors, and graduate students as well as clinicians, therapists, and related professionals in clinical child and school psychology, social work, behavioral therapy and related disciplines, including clinical medicine, clinical nursing, counseling, speech and language pathology, and special education.