Attempts To Correct The Us Embargo Against Cuba

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Attempts to Correct the US Embargo Against Cuba

Author : Caroline Mutuku
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3668750750
Total Pages : 7 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (687 download)

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Book Synopsis Attempts to Correct the US Embargo Against Cuba by : Caroline Mutuku

Download or read book Attempts to Correct the US Embargo Against Cuba written by Caroline Mutuku and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2018-07-13 with total page 7 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Essay from the year 2018 in the subject Economics - Foreign Trade Theory, Trade Policy, grade: 1, , language: English, abstract: For half a century now, Cuba has been facing an economic, financial, and commercial embargo imposed by the United States. When Cuba nationalized foreign property and businesses (nationalization of American-owned oil refineries in Cuba) in the 1960s, the Unites States government imposed an economic sanction against Cuba by stopping sugar cane imports from the country. Moreover, the scope of the sanction has widened over the years comprising of economic, financial, and commercial sanctions. In 1960, the US came up with a policy to isolate the island nation through a number of economic and financial sanctions such as the trade embargo and financial transactions, freezing of Cuba government assets in the US, and prohibition of financial transactions with Cuba. International forums including the UN General Assembly and the International Community have continuously condemned the ongoing embargo against Cuba because it violates international law such as the human rights. The various US administrations have made attempts to correct the Cuba embargo, for instance the Clinton Administration (1998), to enhance direct flights to Cuba, streamlining of commercial sale of medicine, equipment, and medical supplies to Cuba and resumption of cash remittances by the US nationals in order to support their relatives in Cuba. In 1999, the Bush administration further implemented policies intended to help Cuba people. An example is the broadening of cash remittances to ensure that all the US residents can send cash to Cuba and loosening travel bans for a number of traveler categories such as sports activities, religious, and professional researchers. The Bush administration, on the other hand, also tightened the sanctions by isolating Cuba through a number of economic sanctions.

Economic Sanctions as an Instrument of U.S. Foreign Policy

Author : Helen Osieja
Publisher : Universal-Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1581123140
Total Pages : 132 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (811 download)

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Book Synopsis Economic Sanctions as an Instrument of U.S. Foreign Policy by : Helen Osieja

Download or read book Economic Sanctions as an Instrument of U.S. Foreign Policy written by Helen Osieja and published by Universal-Publishers. This book was released on 2006 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Economic sanctions have been used as an instrument of American foreign policy ever since the Taft administration adopted the Dollar Diplomacy. This dissertation analyzes the trade Embargo the United States imposed upon Cuba after the Revolution from different perspectives: from the political, considering the main guidelines of American foreign policy toward Latin America, especially during the Cold War, and from the juridical, considering different perspectives of customary international law. Since the embargo was imposed only after American property had been expropriated without compensation, the dissertation analyzes the legality of expropriation, seen from the perspective of both capital-importing and capital-exporting countries, and the legality of economic sanctions as a legitimate peaceful reprisal. Due to the fact that the American embargo against Cuba is quasi-total, that is, consists of a number of different economic sanctions, it is the aim of this dissertation to analyze each of these, and finally, to assess the effectiveness of economic sanctions as an instrument of foreign policy. Many books and articles have been written about this very controversial embargo, almost as old as the Cuban Revolution itself. For the Cubans, it constitutes and "economic blockade", and a violation of Cuba's right to free trade; for the Americans, it is a reprisal for the confiscation of American property. Nonetheless, since the embargo, as stated above, is not a sanction itself but a number of different economic sanctions, it is the aim of this dissertation to analyze each of the sanctions that comprise the embargo and its legality, according to customary international law. Another aim of this dissertation is to prove why the American embargo against Cuba has only enhanced Castro's power and further centralized it. A brief chapter about the economic sanctions the United States imposed upon Chile under President Salvador Allende and the fall of his regime serves to compare the two cases with some similarities where sanctions were applied- in the first without success and in the second with success. Finally, the dissertation aims to prove that a lifting of the American embargo against Cuba is highly unlikely unless there is a change of regime in that nation of the Caribbean.

United States Economic Measures Against Cuba

Author : Michael Krinsky
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 410 pages
Book Rating : 4.A/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis United States Economic Measures Against Cuba by : Michael Krinsky

Download or read book United States Economic Measures Against Cuba written by Michael Krinsky and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Back Channel to Cuba

Author : William M. LeoGrande
Publisher : UNC Press Books
ISBN 13 : 1469626616
Total Pages : 585 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (696 download)

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Book Synopsis Back Channel to Cuba by : William M. LeoGrande

Download or read book Back Channel to Cuba written by William M. LeoGrande and published by UNC Press Books. This book was released on 2015-09-14 with total page 585 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: History is being made in U.S.-Cuban relations. Now in paperback and updated to tell the real story behind the stunning December 17, 2014, announcement by President Obama and President Castro of their move to restore full diplomatic relations, this powerful book is essential to understanding ongoing efforts toward normalization in a new era of engagement. Challenging the conventional wisdom of perpetual conflict and aggression between the United States and Cuba since 1959, Back Channel to Cuba chronicles a surprising, untold history of bilateral efforts toward rapprochement and reconciliation. William M. LeoGrande and Peter Kornbluh here present a remarkably new and relevant account, describing how, despite the intense political clamor surrounding efforts to improve relations with Havana, negotiations have been conducted by every presidential administration since Eisenhower's through secret, back-channel diplomacy. From John F. Kennedy's offering of an olive branch to Fidel Castro after the missile crisis, to Henry Kissinger's top secret quest for normalization, to Barack Obama's promise of a new approach, LeoGrande and Kornbluh uncovered hundreds of formerly secret U.S. documents and conducted interviews with dozens of negotiators, intermediaries, and policy makers, including Fidel Castro and Jimmy Carter. They reveal a fifty-year record of dialogue and negotiations, both open and furtive, that provides the historical foundation for the dramatic breakthrough in U.S.-Cuba ties.

Cuba

Author : Peter Schwab
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780333772331
Total Pages : 226 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (723 download)

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Book Synopsis Cuba by : Peter Schwab

Download or read book Cuba written by Peter Schwab and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This text details and analyzes the effects of the US embargo on Cuban society and the response of Cuba and its population to overcoming its consequences whilst raising the question of how extensively the implementation of the embargo violates the human rights of Cuba and its citizens. The political dynamic among Cuba, Europe and the United States is observed within the context of the embargo cum blockade along with the political outcome each struggled to reach. Cuba and the Eastern Caribbean serves as a case study of how the US attempted to isolate Cuba using military and economic means, and how Fidel Castro responded. Who won and who lost is an important consideration more decisive is the nature of the struggle.

Anatomy of a Failed Embargo

Author : Donna Rich Kaplowitz
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781685851699
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (516 download)

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Book Synopsis Anatomy of a Failed Embargo by : Donna Rich Kaplowitz

Download or read book Anatomy of a Failed Embargo written by Donna Rich Kaplowitz and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Among the most comprehensive and longest-lasting embargoes in the history of U.S. foreign policy, the embargo against Cuba reflects the intricacies of the modern world: struggles for independence, relationships among national, regional, and global sources of power, and both North-South and East-West conflicts. Kaplowitz provides the most comprehensive historical analysis to date of the U.S. embargo and also explains why it has failed to achieve its major objectives--most notably the ouster of Fidel Castro--despite its longevity and exhaustive scope. Donna Rich Kaplowitz is adjunct professor of political science at Michigan State University and president of Cuba Research Associates. In 1988-1992, she served as deputy director of the Cuban Studies Program at Johns Hopkins University's School of Advanced International Studies, where she was also founder and executive editor of CubaINFO. Her publications include The Cuba Reader and Cuba's Ties to a Changing World.

Cuba (Winner of the Pulitzer Prize)

Author : Ada Ferrer
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1501154567
Total Pages : 576 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis Cuba (Winner of the Pulitzer Prize) by : Ada Ferrer

Download or read book Cuba (Winner of the Pulitzer Prize) written by Ada Ferrer and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2022-06-28 with total page 576 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1961, at the height of the Cold War, the United States severed diplomatic relations with Cuba, where a momentous revolution had taken power three years earlier. For more than half a century, the stand-off continued--through the tenure of ten American presidents and the fifty-year rule of Fidel Castro. His death in 2016, and the retirement of his brother and successor Raúl Castro in 2021, have spurred questions about the country's future. Meanwhile, politics in Washington--Barack Obama's opening to the island, Donald Trump's reversal of that policy, and the election of Joe Biden--have made the relationship between the two nations a subject of debate once more. Now, award-winning historian Ada Ferrer delivers an ambitious chronicle written for an era that demands a new reckoning with the island's past. Spanning more than five centuries, Cuba: An American History reveals the evolution of the modern nation, with its dramatic record of conquest and colonization, of slavery and freedom, of independence and revolutions made and unmade. Along the way, Ferrer explores the influence of the United States on Cuba and the many ways the island has been a recurring presence in US affairs. This is a story that will give Americans unexpected insights into the history of their own nation and, in so doing, help them imagine a new relationship with Cuba. Filled with rousing stories and characters, and drawing on more than thirty years of research in Cuba, Spain, and the United States--as well as the author's own extensive travel to the island over the same period--this is a stunning and monumental account like no other. --

The Economic War Against Cuba

Author : Salim Lamrani
Publisher : NYU Press
ISBN 13 : 1583673423
Total Pages : 143 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (836 download)

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Book Synopsis The Economic War Against Cuba by : Salim Lamrani

Download or read book The Economic War Against Cuba written by Salim Lamrani and published by NYU Press. This book was released on 2013-03-01 with total page 143 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is impossible to fully understand Cuba today without also understanding the economic sanctions levied against it by the United States. For over fifty years, these sanctions have been upheld by every presidential administration, and at times intensified by individual presidents and acts of Congress. They are a key part of the U.S. government’s ongoing campaign to undermine the Cuban Revolution, and stand in egregious violation of international law. Most importantly, the sanctions are cruelly designed for their harmful impact on the Cuban people. In this concise and sober account, Salim Lamrani explains everything you need to know about U.S. economic sanctions against Cuba: their origins, their provisions, how they contravene international law, and how they affect the lives of Cubans. He examines the U.S. government’s own official documents to expose what is hiding in plain sight: an indefensible, vicious, and wasteful blockade that has been roundly condemned by citizens around the world.

The Cuban Embargo under International Law

Author : Nigel D. White
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134451172
Total Pages : 208 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (344 download)

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Book Synopsis The Cuban Embargo under International Law by : Nigel D. White

Download or read book The Cuban Embargo under International Law written by Nigel D. White and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-10-24 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The United States embargo against Cuba was imposed over fifty years ago initially as a response to the new revolutionary government's seizure of US properties, which was viewed by the US as a violation of international law. However, while sanctions can be legitimate means of enforcing established norms, the Cuban embargo itself appears to be the wrongful act, and its persistence calls into question the importance and function of international law. This book examines the history, legality and effects of US sanctions against Cuba and argues that the embargo has largely become a matter of politics and ideology; subjecting Cuba to apparently illegitimate coercion that has resulted in a prolonged global toleration of what appears to be a serious violation of international law. The book demonstrates how the Cuban embargo undermines the use of sanctions world-wide, and asks whether the refusal of world governments to address the illegality of the embargo reduces international law to tokenism where concepts of sovereign equality and non-intervention are no longer a priority. Despite the weaknesses of international law, Nigel D. White argues that in certain political conditions it will be possible to end the embargo as part of a bilateral agreement to restore normal relations between the US and Cuba and, furthermore, that such an agreement, if it is to succeed, will have to be shaped by the broad parameters of law and justice. As a fierce re-evaluation of international law through the story of a country under siege, this book will be of great interest and use to researchers and students of public international law, international relations, and US and Latin American politics.

Helms-Burton

Author : Ricardo Alarcón
Publisher : Editorial Jose Marti
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 100 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (43 download)

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Book Synopsis Helms-Burton by : Ricardo Alarcón

Download or read book Helms-Burton written by Ricardo Alarcón and published by Editorial Jose Marti. This book was released on 1997 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Cuba: What Everyone Needs to Know

Author : Julia E Sweig
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 019974081X
Total Pages : 305 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (997 download)

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Book Synopsis Cuba: What Everyone Needs to Know by : Julia E Sweig

Download or read book Cuba: What Everyone Needs to Know written by Julia E Sweig and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2009-06-06 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ever since Fidel Castro assumed power in Cuba in 1959, Americans have obsessed about the nation ninety miles south of the Florida Keys. America's fixation on the tropical socialist republic has only grown over the years, fueled in part by successive waves of Cuban immigration and Castro's larger-than-life persona. Cubans are now a major ethnic group in Florida, and the exile community is so powerful that every American president has kowtowed to it. But what do most Americans really know about Cuba itself? In Cuba: What Everyone Needs to Know, Julia Sweig, one of America's leading experts on Cuba and Latin America, presents a concise and remarkably accessible portrait of the small island nation's unique place on the world stage over the past fifty years. Yet it is authoritative as well. Following a scene-setting introduction that describes the dynamics unleashed since summer 2006 when Fidel Castro transferred provisional power to his brother Raul, the book looks backward toward Cuba's history since the Spanish American War before shifting to more recent times. Focusing equally on Cuba's role in world affairs and its own social and political transformations, Sweig divides the book chronologically into the pre-Fidel era, the period between the 1959 revolution and the fall of the Soviet Union, the post-Cold War era, and-finally-the looming post-Fidel era. Informative, pithy, and lucidly written, it will serve as the best compact reference on Cuba's internal politics, its often fraught relationship with the United States, and its shifting relationship with the global community.

Economic Sanctions

Author : United States. Government Accountability Office
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 90 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (187 download)

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Book Synopsis Economic Sanctions by : United States. Government Accountability Office

Download or read book Economic Sanctions written by United States. Government Accountability Office and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 90 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 48-year U.S. embargo on Cuba aims to deny resources to the Castro regime by prohibiting most trade, travel, and financial transactions with Cuba. The departments of Commerce, Homeland Security (DHS), Justice, and the Treasury are responsible for enforcing the embargo as well as protecting homeland and national security. Since 2001, U.S. agencies have changed the embargo's rules in response to new laws and policies. GAO was asked to examine (1) the rule changes in 2001-2005 and their impact on U.S. exports, travel, cash transfers, and gifts to Cuba; (2) U.S. agencies' embargo-related activities and workloads; and (3) factors affecting the embargo's enforcement. GAO analyzed laws, regulations, and agency data, interviewed agency officials, and observed agency activities at Port Everglades and Miami International Airport, Florida. The loosening of embargo rules on some exports led to increased agricultural shipments to Cuba, but the impact of tighter restrictions on travel, cash transfers, and gifts is unknown. In 2001, responding to a new law, Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) and Commerce's Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) loosened embargo restrictions on some trade with Cuba. U.S. exports to Cuba--mostly agricultural products--rose from about $6 million to about $350 million from 2000 to 2006. In 2004, responding to new administration policy, OFAC tightened rules on travel to Cuba, for example, by requiring that all family travelers obtain specific Treasury licenses and reducing the permitted frequency of family visits from once a year to once every 3 years, and it also tightened rules for sending cash transfers and gift parcels. Because reliable data are not available, the impact of these tighter restrictions on travel, cash transfers, and gifts cannot be determined. U.S. agencies enforce the Cuba embargo primarily by licensing and inspecting exports and travelers and by investigating and penalizing or prosecuting embargo violations. BIS processed twice as many exports license applications for Cuba in 2006 than in 2001, and OFAC issued about 40 percent more Cuba travel licenses in 2006 than in 2003. Reflecting the administration's embargo-tightening policy, DHS's Customs and Border Protection (CBP) inspects all exports to Cuba at Port Everglades and, since 2004, has increased intensive, "secondary" inspections of passengers arriving from Cuba at the Miami airport; in 2007, CBP conducted these inspections for 20 percent of arrivals from Cuba versus an average of 3 percent of other international arrivals. CBP data and interviews with agency officials suggest that the secondary inspections of Cuba arrivals at the airport may strain CBP's ability to carry out its mission of keeping terrorists, criminals, and other inadmissible aliens from entering the country. Moreover, recent GAO reports have found weaknesses in CBP's inspections capacity at key U.S. ports of entry nationwide. After 2001, OFAC opened more investigations and imposed more penalties for embargo violations, such as buying Cuban cigars, than for violations of other sanctions, such as those on Iran. In contrast, BIS, DHS's Immigration and Customs Enforcement, and Justice have primarily investigated, penalized, or prosecuted export violations and crimes that present a greater threat to homeland and national security or public safety. U.S. officials and others told GAO that several factors hinder enforcement of the Cuba embargo, sometimes acting in concert. (1) Lack of cooperation from foreign countries has undercut the embargo's effectiveness and hampered inspections and investigations. (2) Divided U.S. public opinion, particularly regarding the new travel and cash transfer restrictions, has contributed to widespread, small-scale embargo violations and the selling of fraudulent religious and other travel licenses, among other problems. (3) Some embargo violations are difficult to detect or control, such as fraudulent licenses and on-line money transfers via third countries. (4) The embargo's complexity and changing rules may have led to unintended violations by some individuals and companies.

Cuban Exiles on the Trade Embargo

Author : Edward J. González
Publisher : McFarland
ISBN 13 : 9780786480708
Total Pages : 196 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (87 download)

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Book Synopsis Cuban Exiles on the Trade Embargo by : Edward J. González

Download or read book Cuban Exiles on the Trade Embargo written by Edward J. González and published by McFarland. This book was released on 2015-01-28 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First implemented in 1962, the American embargo against Cuba is one of the most enduring anti-trade measures in human history, having outlived most of the original government and military leaders responsible for its creation. But has it benefited the United States as intended, by weakening Fidel Castro’s grip on his country? Or has it, instead, strengthened his position? This unique work draws upon interviews with Cuban exiles to provide broad-ranging insights on the embargo’s effects on the Cuban people, and an evaluation of its diminishing role as an effective political tool.

Cuba After the Cold War

Author : Carmelo Mesa-Lago
Publisher : University of Pittsburgh Pre
ISBN 13 : 0822974568
Total Pages : 401 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (229 download)

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Book Synopsis Cuba After the Cold War by : Carmelo Mesa-Lago

Download or read book Cuba After the Cold War written by Carmelo Mesa-Lago and published by University of Pittsburgh Pre. This book was released on 1993-08-15 with total page 401 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ten original essays by an international team of scholars specializing in Cuba, the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and Latin America focus on the fall of communism in Europe and the transition to a market economy. Major themes of this study are the impact of the USSR's collapse on Cuba, how the historic events in Europe have affected the Central and South American Left, their implications to Cuba, Cuba's policies for confronting the crisis, and potential scenarios for the political and economic transformation of Cuba.

Healing the Masses

Author : Julie M. Feinsilver
Publisher : Univ of California Press
ISBN 13 : 0520913957
Total Pages : 327 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (29 download)

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Book Synopsis Healing the Masses by : Julie M. Feinsilver

Download or read book Healing the Masses written by Julie M. Feinsilver and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2023-04-28 with total page 327 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How has Cuba, a small, developing country, achieved its stunning medical breakthroughs? Hampered by scarce resources and a long-standing U.S. embargo, Cuba nevertheless has managed to provide universal access to health care, comprehensive health education, and advanced technology, even amid desperate economic conditions. Moreover, Cuba has sent disaster relief, donations of medical supplies and technology, and cadres of volunteer doctors throughout the world, emerging, in Castro's phrase, as a "world medical power." In her significant and timely study, Julie Feinsilver explores the Cuban medical phenomenon, examining how a governmental obsession with health has reaped medical and political benefits at home and abroad. As a result of Cuba's forward strides in health care, infant mortality rates are low even by First World standards. Cuba has successfully dealt with the AIDS epidemic in a manner that has aroused controversy and that some claim has infringed on individual liberties—issues that Feinsilver succinctly evaluates. Feinsilver's research and travel in Cuba over many years give her a unique perspective on the challenges Cuba faces in this time of unprecedented economic and political uncertainty. Her book is a must-read for everyone concerned with health policy, international relations, and Third World societies.

U.S.-Cuban Relations in the 21st Century

Author : Bernard Aronson
Publisher : Council on Foreign Relations Press
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 104 pages
Book Rating : 4.A/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis U.S.-Cuban Relations in the 21st Century by : Bernard Aronson

Download or read book U.S.-Cuban Relations in the 21st Century written by Bernard Aronson and published by Council on Foreign Relations Press. This book was released on 2001 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Independent Task Force Report represents a significant step forward in deepening a bipartisan consensus for a new American policy toward Cuba. The report seeks to stimulate a discussion among those interested in crafting a creative and dynamic policy toward Cuba.

The Johnson Administration's Cuba Policy

Author : Håkan Karlsson
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000282155
Total Pages : 202 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis The Johnson Administration's Cuba Policy by : Håkan Karlsson

Download or read book The Johnson Administration's Cuba Policy written by Håkan Karlsson and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-11-30 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the reader with a detailed analysis of the U.S. policy toward Cuba that was designed and adopted by the Lyndon B. Johnson administration. Based in governmental and other sources from both the U.S. and Cuba, the book analyzes the changes in the U.S. policy and its political and practical effects. Cuba still had to face a combination of "dirty war" and "passive containment," but during the course of the 1960s, the influence of the "dirty war" policy was weakened due to the failure of the tactics to overthrow the Cuban Revolution by violent means. Instead, the policy was directed towards "passive containment," characterized by its focus on an intensification of the economic blockade, the promotion of diplomatic isolation, and propaganda campaigns and psychological warfare. The book is unique since it is written from a Cuban perspective and it complements and enriches the knowledge of the U.S.-Cuban relationship during the 1960s, and the policy adopted by the Johnson administration.