Assessment Of Factors Affecting Establishment Of Biological Control Agents Of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid On Eastern Hemlock In The Great Smoky Mountains National Park

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Assessment of Factors Affecting Establishment of Biological Control Agents of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid on Eastern Hemlock in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park

Author : Abdul Hakeem
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 121 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (125 download)

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Book Synopsis Assessment of Factors Affecting Establishment of Biological Control Agents of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid on Eastern Hemlock in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park by : Abdul Hakeem

Download or read book Assessment of Factors Affecting Establishment of Biological Control Agents of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid on Eastern Hemlock in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park written by Abdul Hakeem and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 121 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Eastern hemlock in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GRSM) is threatened by hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA), Adelges tsugae Annand (Hemiptera: Adelgidae). To manage this invasive pest in GRSM, ca. 550,000 Sasajiscymnus tsugae (Sasaji and McClure) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and 7,857 Laricobius nigrinus Fender (Coleoptera: Derodontidae) have been released. Limited information is available on their establishment in GRSM. To fill this gap, a study was initiated to assess establishment of these predators and their impact on hemlock health. To determine factors affecting establishment of these predators, 65 release sites were sampled from 2008 to 2012. Several factors were evaluated for their association with establishment and recovery of S. tsugae. Predatory beetle release information, topographic features, and temperature data were obtained from GRSM personnel. These factors were evaluated using stepwise logistic regression and Pearson correlation. High resolution digital imagery was used in conjunction with field-conducted tree-health surveys to test association between S. tsugae and tree health. S. tsugae were recovered from 13 of 65 sites (20%); recovery was significantly associated with older release sites which indicates that S. tsugae may require more time to reach readily detectable levels. Regression analysis indicated that establishment was positively associated with the average maximum temperature seven days following release and elevation. Several significant correlations were found between presence of S. tsugae, and year of release, season of release, and temperature variables. These results indicate that S. tsugae should be monitored for establishment for at least five years following releases to enhance knowledge of establishment. Coexistence of three predatory beetles, S. tsugae, L. nigrinus and L. rubidus, was observed on the same hemlock trees. Significant differences between normalized difference vegetation index values and S. tsugae presence was observed. For understory and overstory hemlock, percent crown transparency, percent live crown, and percent branch dieback was also significant with presence of S. tsugae. Coexistence of S. tsugae and L. nigrinus on eastern hemlock may provide prolonged feeding on HWA. Predictive models would assist land managers in selecting appropriate times and sites for future releases. Application of digital imagery could be used to evaluate other natural enemies in forest landscapes.

Biological Control of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 32 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (319 download)

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Book Synopsis Biological Control of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid by :

Download or read book Biological Control of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Assessment of Eastern Hemlock Vitality in Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Infestations Following Release of Sasajiscymnus Tsugae for Biological Control

Download Assessment of Eastern Hemlock Vitality in Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Infestations Following Release of Sasajiscymnus Tsugae for Biological Control PDF Online Free

Author : Jason York
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 96 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (974 download)

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Book Synopsis Assessment of Eastern Hemlock Vitality in Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Infestations Following Release of Sasajiscymnus Tsugae for Biological Control by : Jason York

Download or read book Assessment of Eastern Hemlock Vitality in Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Infestations Following Release of Sasajiscymnus Tsugae for Biological Control written by Jason York and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The biological control agent Sasajiscymnus tsugae [Coccinellidae: Coleoptera] has been released in the Pisgah National Forest region as a predator of the invasive Hemlock Woolly Adelgid, Adelges tsugae [Homoptera: Adelgidae], since 2005. This study was designed to compare indices of Eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis, vitality between biological control areas and non-beetle release areas. Hemlocks found in 2006 S. tsugae release areas in cove forests had greater percent new growth and longer average length of new growth than hemlocks in non-beetle areas. This suggests that hemlocks in some biological control areas are experiencing less stress from Hemlock Woolly Adelgid infestation than those in non-beetle areas. More data is needed on dispersal, population, and fecundity rates of S. tsugae, as well as hemlock vitality in existing biological control areas before the benefits of this type of management can be accurately measured. Focused management of high quality hemlock stands in high stress years may reduce hemlock mortality rates following Hemlock Woolly Adelgid infestation.

Introduced Biological Control Agents for Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (HWA)

Author : Hugh E. Conway
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 1 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (317 download)

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Book Synopsis Introduced Biological Control Agents for Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (HWA) by : Hugh E. Conway

Download or read book Introduced Biological Control Agents for Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (HWA) written by Hugh E. Conway and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 1 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Eastern Hemlock Forests

Author : Jeffrey S. Ward
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 36 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (117 download)

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Book Synopsis Eastern Hemlock Forests by : Jeffrey S. Ward

Download or read book Eastern Hemlock Forests written by Jeffrey S. Ward and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Biological Control of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid in the Eastern United States

Author : Mark McClure
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 10 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis Biological Control of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid in the Eastern United States by : Mark McClure

Download or read book Biological Control of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid in the Eastern United States written by Mark McClure and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Biological Control of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 22 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (652 download)

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Book Synopsis Biological Control of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid by :

Download or read book Biological Control of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid written by and published by . This book was released on 2004* with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Biological Control of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid in the Eastern United States

Author : Mark S. McClure
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 10 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (48 download)

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Book Synopsis Biological Control of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid in the Eastern United States by : Mark S. McClure

Download or read book Biological Control of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid in the Eastern United States written by Mark S. McClure and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Invasive Species in Forests and Rangelands of the United States

Author : Therese M. Poland
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030453677
Total Pages : 455 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (34 download)

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Book Synopsis Invasive Species in Forests and Rangelands of the United States by : Therese M. Poland

Download or read book Invasive Species in Forests and Rangelands of the United States written by Therese M. Poland and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-02-01 with total page 455 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book describes the serious threat of invasive species to native ecosystems. Invasive species have caused and will continue to cause enormous ecological and economic damage with ever increasing world trade. This multi-disciplinary book, written by over 100 national experts, presents the latest research on a wide range of natural science and social science fields that explore the ecology, impacts, and practical tools for management of invasive species. It covers species of all taxonomic groups from insects and pathogens, to plants, vertebrates, and aquatic organisms that impact a diversity of habitats in forests, rangelands and grasslands of the United States. It is well-illustrated, provides summaries of the most important invasive species and issues impacting all regions of the country, and includes a comprehensive primary reference list for each topic. This scientific synthesis provides the cultural, economic, scientific and social context for addressing environmental challenges posed by invasive species and will be a valuable resource for scholars, policy makers, natural resource managers and practitioners.

Spatial Tools for Managing the Hemlock Woolly Adelgid in the Southern Appalachians

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (656 download)

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Book Synopsis Spatial Tools for Managing the Hemlock Woolly Adelgid in the Southern Appalachians by :

Download or read book Spatial Tools for Managing the Hemlock Woolly Adelgid in the Southern Appalachians written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Native to Asia, the hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae) has recently spread into parts of the southern Appalachian region. This insect pest attacks both native hemlock species (Tsuga canadensis and T. caroliniana), has no natural enemies, and can kill hemlock trees within just a few years. While biological control displays promise for combating the pest, such counter-measures are significantly hampered because neither adelgid nor hemlock distribution patterns have been detailed explicitly. We developed a spatial management system to better target control efforts. The system has two components: (1) a protocol for mapping hemlock stands, and (2) a technique to map areas at risk of imminent hemlock woolly adelgid infestation. To map hemlock stands, we utilized topographically normalized satellite imagery from Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Because hemlocks are difficult to distinguish using just satellite data, we constructed a decision tree classifier that supplemented the imagery with a suite of topographic, environmental, and proximity variables. We then implemented the classifier in a geographic information system and generated hemlock distribution maps. Our final decision tree had 27 terminal nodes and nine variables, with elevation, image band ratios, topographic relative moisture index, and distance to the closest stream among the most important variables. Accuracy assessment--based on field data and aerial photos--of the maps resulting from this tree yielded an overall thematic accuracy of 90% for one study area and 75% accuracy in capturing hemlocks in a second study area. To map areas at risk, we combined known first-year infestation locations from Great Smoky Mountains National Park and the Blue Ridge Parkway with points from uninfested hemlock stands, recording a suite of environmental variables for each point. We applied four different techniques (discriminant analysis, k-nearest neighbor, logistic regression, and decision tree) to gene.

Standardized Sampling for Detection and Monitoring of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid in Eastern Hemlock Forests

Author : Scott Costa
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 20 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (319 download)

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Book Synopsis Standardized Sampling for Detection and Monitoring of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid in Eastern Hemlock Forests by : Scott Costa

Download or read book Standardized Sampling for Detection and Monitoring of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid in Eastern Hemlock Forests written by Scott Costa and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Integrating Chemical and Biological Control of the Hemlock Woolly Adelgid

Author : Albert E. Mayfield (III)
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 34 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (132 download)

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Book Synopsis Integrating Chemical and Biological Control of the Hemlock Woolly Adelgid by : Albert E. Mayfield (III)

Download or read book Integrating Chemical and Biological Control of the Hemlock Woolly Adelgid written by Albert E. Mayfield (III) and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Impacts of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid on Tsuga Canadensis Forest Communities in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA

Author : Kurt J. Krapfl
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 83 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (666 download)

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Book Synopsis Impacts of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid on Tsuga Canadensis Forest Communities in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA by : Kurt J. Krapfl

Download or read book Impacts of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid on Tsuga Canadensis Forest Communities in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA written by Kurt J. Krapfl and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 83 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. (eastern hemlock), a long lived and shade tolerant coniferous tree species native to eastern North America, is currently threatened by the hemlock woolly adelgid ( Adelges tsugae Annand, HWA). This exotic, invasive insect poses a serious threat to T. canadensis stands throughout their native range. The loss of this unique tree species is often coupled with numerous ecological consequences. HWA-induced mortality has exceeded 95% in some forest types, and will likely continue to decimate T. canadensis populations in the coming years. Shortly after HWA was found in Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP), long-term monitoring plots were established across a gradient of T. canadensis associated forest communities to monitor HWA impacts and stand decline. Our objectives were to (1) determine how T. canadensis populations have changed in conjunction with HWA infestation, and (2) document how HWA has affected vegetative community dynamics following five to six years of infestation in GSMNP.

Insect Fauna Associated with Eastern Hemlock, Tsuga Canadensis (L.), in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (552 download)

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Book Synopsis Insect Fauna Associated with Eastern Hemlock, Tsuga Canadensis (L.), in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park by :

Download or read book Insect Fauna Associated with Eastern Hemlock, Tsuga Canadensis (L.), in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Eastern hemlock, Tsuga Canadensis (L.), is an integral part of the forest system in eastern North America. These trees contribute to the biological diversity, environmental health, and economic stability of the regions that they inhabit by producing unique microclimates, cool shady recreational areas, and unmatched beauty. Information regarding the insect fauna associated with eastern hemlock is sparse and scattered with in the literature. Because of this, the insect fauna associated with eastern hemlock was assessed at four sites, representing new and old growth, and nine alternate sites in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSM). Sites were sampled using malaise traps, pitfall traps, beat sheeting, and direct collection. Species diversity was assessed using the Shannon-Weiner diversity indices and species richness estimates were made using the program estimateS. The rich insect fauna of the eastern hemlocks in the GSM yielded 2,516 specimens representing 280 species in 87 families and eight orders. Species richness and abundance was highest and at site 3 (Chimney tops old growth) with 801 specimens and 113 species. Species richness estimators determined that species richness associated with eastern hemlock is between 420 and 550 species. Pests of eastern hemlock including the hemlock looper, Lambdina fiscellaria (Guenẽe), were collected, as well as nine species that are predators of the exotic pest hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsuga (Annand). Data collected in this study offer a listing of insect fauna associated with eastern hemlock in the GSM. These results will assist in the development and management of forest containing and dominated by eastern hemlock. In addition, due to the threat of hemlock woolly adelgid, information collected in this study provides a baseline of the insect fauna associated with eastern hemlock prior to disturbances altering species composition.

Preparing for the Onset of Hemlock Mortality in Great Smoky Mountains National Park

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 107 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (71 download)

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Book Synopsis Preparing for the Onset of Hemlock Mortality in Great Smoky Mountains National Park by :

Download or read book Preparing for the Onset of Hemlock Mortality in Great Smoky Mountains National Park written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 107 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Currently the Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Adelges tsuga) is spreading across forests in eastern North America, causing the decline and mortality of the eastern hemlock and the Carolina hemlock. Investigation into the impact of hemlock mortality on ecosystem processes has only recently begun and is not yet fully understood. The loss of hemlock from riparian forests in Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP) could reasonably be expected to result in significant alterations to stream environments. The goal of this study was to assess the influence of riparian hemlock stands on stream conditions and estimate possible impacts from hemlock loss in GSMNP. I paired hardwood-and hemlock-dominated streams that were similar in topography, geology, land use, and disturbance history using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) analysis and statistical techniques. I then monitored each stream pair for water temperature, nitrate concentrations, pH, and discharge over eleven months. I found that differences between hemlock- and hardwood-dominated streams could not be explained by dominant forest type alone; the presence of hemlock or hardwood riparian forest does not appear to exert a consistently dominant signal on measured conditions of headwater streams in GSMNP. The variability in the results suggests that other landscape variables, such as the influence of understory Rhododendron species, may exert more control on stream conditions than differences between hemlock and hardwood canopies. For example, Rhododendron was found to reduce light levels reaching the forest floor and streambeds in both hemlock- and hardwood- dominated forest stands. Evidence from recent peer-reviewed literature suggests that short-term stream condition impacts from forest disturbances can be severe. However, research also indicates that conditions can return to pre-disturbance levels within five to ten years. In GSMNP, the return to long-term stability of stream conditions after hemlock mortality will depend on the type of replacement species and how quickly the replacement species can establish in disturbed sites. There is evidence that deciduous hardwood species are most likely to replace hemlock. The results of this study suggest that hemlock and hardwood stream conditions are similar in GSMNP. Therefore, if hardwood species are able to replace hemlock in GSMNP and streams are able to recover from short term impacts, the long term impacts from hemlock mortality on stream conditions will be minimal. However, the presence of Rhododendron in riparian hemlock forests in GSMNP may prevent hardwood species from effectively replacing hemlock, which could hinder the return to long-term stability.

Predicting Infestations of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Adelges Tsugae) in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee/North Carolina, USA

Download Predicting Infestations of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Adelges Tsugae) in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee/North Carolina, USA PDF Online Free

Author : Snider Scott F.
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 61 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (592 download)

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Book Synopsis Predicting Infestations of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Adelges Tsugae) in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee/North Carolina, USA by : Snider Scott F.

Download or read book Predicting Infestations of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Adelges Tsugae) in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee/North Carolina, USA written by Snider Scott F. and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 61 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Riparian Ecosystem Response to Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Adelges Tsugae) Induced Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga Canadensis) Mortality in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA

Download Riparian Ecosystem Response to Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Adelges Tsugae) Induced Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga Canadensis) Mortality in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA PDF Online Free

Author : Misty Dawn Huddleston
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 134 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (793 download)

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Book Synopsis Riparian Ecosystem Response to Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Adelges Tsugae) Induced Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga Canadensis) Mortality in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA by : Misty Dawn Huddleston

Download or read book Riparian Ecosystem Response to Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Adelges Tsugae) Induced Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga Canadensis) Mortality in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA written by Misty Dawn Huddleston and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An invasive insect, hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA), has initiated widespread hemlock decline and mortality in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP). Riparian hemlock mortality impacts on vegetative and aquatic systems of first-order, headwater streams were evaluated. Reference sites for this study were representative of the best available conditions within the GSMNP, with initial stages of HWA presence. Impacted sites were defined as areas with over 90 percent hemlock mortality. Impacted streams had decreased canopy coverage and increased light availability. Residual red maple, yellow birch, and sweet birch capitalized on the loss of hemlock, with increases in relative basal area and species importance values. Rosebay rhododendron responded with increased density and height at impacted sites, thereby preventing woody regeneration. Since long-term regeneration and post-mortality canopy recruitment are limited, alterations of vegetative composition and structure in the stream riparian zone are expected. A seasonal assessment (Sept. 2009 -- March 2010) of aquatic impacts revealed increased diurnal variation in stream temperature and exhibited cooler temperatures during the colder months than reference streams. Impacted streams exhibited greater amounts and larger size classes of large woody debris (LWD). Higher concentrations for several nutrients, including silicon, sodium, potassium, magnesium, chlorine, and copper were detected in impacted streams than detected in reference streams. Impacted streams were characterized by higher pH and increased acid neutralization capacity, while reference streams exhibited nitrate concentrations three times higher than impacted stream concentrations. Reference streams were experiencing the initial stage of HWA-induced defoliations, increasing stream nitrate concentrations, while impacted sites had levels suggesting nitrate concentrations have returned to pre-infestation levels. A seasonal assessment of macroinvertebrates found species diversity, abundance, and taxa richness were not affected by hemlock mortality. Impacted streams had a lower density of Chironomidae and Ephemeroptera when compared to reference streams, while Pleuroceridae snails were virtually eliminated at impacted stream sites. Reference streams were dominated by the collector/filter functional feeding group (FFG), while impacted streams were dominated by the scraper FFG. Hemlock mortality induced by the presence of HWA has resulted in short-term impacts to vegetative and aquatic dynamics in stream riparian areas of the Great Smoky Mountain National Park.