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Assessment Of Emerging Regional Air Quality Aq And Greenhouse Gas Ghg Impacts And Potential Mitigation Strategies In Us Energy Sectors
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Book Synopsis Assessment of Emerging Regional Air Quality (AQ) and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Impacts and Potential Mitigation Strategies in U.S. Energy Sectors by : Michael Mac Kinnon
Download or read book Assessment of Emerging Regional Air Quality (AQ) and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Impacts and Potential Mitigation Strategies in U.S. Energy Sectors written by Michael Mac Kinnon and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 522 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The current domestic reliance on high-emitting fossil fuels for energy needs is the key driver of U.S. greenhouse gas (GHG) and pollutant emissions driving both climate change and regional air quality (AQ) concerns. Moving forward, emission sources in U.S. energy sectors will be subjected to changes driven by numerous phenomena, including technology evolution, environmental impacts, sustainability goals, and socioeconomic factors. This evolution will directly affect emissions source-related impacts on regional AQ that effective emissions control strategies must account for, including relative source contributions. Though previous studies have evaluated the emissions and AQ impacts of different sectors, technologies and fuels, most previous studies have assessed emissions impacts only without using advanced atmospheric models to accurately account for both spatial and temporal emissions perturbations and atmospheric chemistry and transport. In addition, few previous studies have considered the integration of multiple technologies and fuels in different U.S. regions.. Finally, most studies do not project emissions several decades into the future to assess what sources should be targeted with priority over time. These aspects are critical for understanding how both emissions sources and potential mitigation strategies impact the formation and fate of primary and secondary pollutants, including ground-level ozone and particulate matter concentrations. Therefore, this work utilizes a set of modeling tools to project and then to spatially and temporally resolve emissions as input into a 3-D Eulerian AQ model to assess how sources of emissions contribute to future atmospheric pollutant burdens. Further, analyses of the potential impacts of alternative energy strategies contained in potential mitigation strategies are conducted for priority targets to develop an understanding of how to maximize AQ benefits and avoid unforeseen deleterious tradeoffs between GHG reduction and AQ. Findings include changes in the relative contribution to AQ that elevate the importance of addressing emissions from all sectors and sources including some that may be more difficult to control, including industry, petroleum refineries, and nonlight duty vehicle transportation sources. Additionally, mitigation strategies must consider the full range of life cycle and system effects in order to avoid AQ tradeoffs spatially and temporally..
Book Synopsis Assessing Economic Impacts of Greenhouse Gas Mitigation by : National Research Council
Download or read book Assessing Economic Impacts of Greenhouse Gas Mitigation written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2009-05-28 with total page 55 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many economic models exist to estimate the cost and effectiveness of different policies for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Some approaches incorporate rich technological detail, others emphasize the aggregate behavior of the economy and energy system, and some focus on impacts for specific sectors. Understandably, different approaches may be better positioned to provide particular types of information and may yield differing results, at times rendering decisions on future climate change emissions and research and development (R&D) policy difficult. Reliable estimates of the costs and benefits to the U.S. economy for various emissions reduction and adaptation strategies are critical to federal climate change R&D portfolio planning and investment decisions. At the request of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), the National Academies organized a workshop to consider these issues. The workshop, summarized in this volume, comprised three dimensions: policy, analysis, and economics. Discussions along these dimensions were meant to lead to constructive identification of gaps and opportunities. The workshop focused on (1) policymakers' informational needs; (2) models and other analytic approaches to meet these needs; (3) important economic considerations, including equity and discounting; and (4) opportunities to enhance analytical capabilities and better inform policy.
Book Synopsis Long-term Greenhouse Gas Emissions Mitigation in California and the Associated Regional Air Quality and Public Health Impacts by : Tianyang Wang
Download or read book Long-term Greenhouse Gas Emissions Mitigation in California and the Associated Regional Air Quality and Public Health Impacts written by Tianyang Wang and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 183 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this dissertation we investigate the roadmap for California to achieve deep greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reductions by 2050 and the resulting regional air quality and public health impacts, form the strategy feasibility and selections that achieves different levels of ambitious climate target, to the benefits and trade-offs of different technology pathways with respect to air quality and public health consequences, as well as the relative contributions of emissions from different origins to regional air quality and public health. We first develop a roadmap for California to achieve net-zero GHG emissions in 2050 using detailed modeling of energy system transformation, cross-sectorial connectivity, and technology applicability. GHG mitigation strategies also reduce co-emitted criteria pollutants in California. By utilizing the Weather Research and Forecasting Model with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) and the Environmental Benefit Mapping and Analysis Program (BenMAP), we find that achieving net-zero GHG emissions can reduce 14,066 (95% Confidence Interval: 10,855 - 17,226) air pollution-related mortality in 2050, 35% of which are in disadvantaged communities. The monetized health co-benefit can offset most of the GHG abatement costs (i.e., 26 -116 billion dollars). These co-benefits are mainly contributed by ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration reductions, while ambient ozone (O3) concentration in California is not likely to drop when local emissions reduce. The net-zero target also requires bioenergy with carbon capture and sequestration (BECCS) technology to offset some GHG emissions. BECCS technology, whereas supporting the net-zero target, would emit air pollutants through biomass combustion and reduce health co-benefits by 3 billion dollars, suggesting a potential trade-off between climate benefits and health co-benefits of ambitious climate policies. We then analyze the air quality and health impacts of different GHG mitigation pathways. By adopting an integrated approach that combines energy and emission technology modeling, high-resolution chemical transport simulation, and health impact assessment, we find that achievement of the 80% GHG reduction target would always bring substantial air quality and health co-benefits. But more importantly, the level of co-benefits are highly related to the selected technology pathway largely because of California's relatively clean energy structure. Compared with the business-as-usual levels, a decarbonization pathway that focuses on electrification and clean renewable energy is estimated to reduce concentrations of PM2.5 by 18-37% in four major metropolitan areas of California and subsequently avoid 10,196 (95% CI: 8,169-12,202) premature deaths. In contrast, a pathway focusing more on combustible renewable fuels only results in a quarter of such air quality and health benefits. Similar to what we found before, both GHG mitigation pathways may not reduce ambient O3 concentrations in California. Our findings could also assist the development of optimized technology pathway to simultaneously reduce GHG emissions and improve human health in California. Lastly, we conduct a detailed analysis to understand the relative contributions of local and non-local emission sources to ambient PM2.5 and O3 and evaluate the mortality burden in California associated with these two pollutants. We attribute the ambient PM2.5 and O3 concentrations in California to four emission groups: (1) California in-state anthropogenic emissions; (2) anthropogenic emissions from the western United States, excluding California; (3) natural emissions from the western United States; and (4) all emissions from outside of the western United States. Our health impact analyses find that PM2.5 and O3 are associated with 27,445 [95% Confidence Interval (CI): 19,277 - 35,885] and 13,822 (95% CI: 6,106-23,659) mortalities in California in 2012, respectively. Our estimates of O3-assocoated mortality are much higher than previously reported, mainly because we estimate 6,354 (95% CI 2,224 - 10,268) O3-associated cardiovascular mortality based on new epidemiological evidence. Approximately 67% of PM2.5-associated mortality in California is attributable to PM2.5 from in-state anthropogenic emissions. In contrast, 75% of the ambient O3 in California is contributed by distant emissions outside western United States, leading to 92% of O3-associated mortality, while in-state emissions were found to contribute to a much lesser extent to O3-associated mortality [i.e., 771 (95% CI 389-1,146) in ozone season]. The different patterns of PM2.5 and O3 we found also help explain our previous findings that GHG mitigation efforts in California mainly reduce local PM2.5 pollution.
Book Synopsis Air Quality Impacts of Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Technologies in the Power Generation and Transportation Sectors by : Michael Allen Mac Kinnon
Download or read book Air Quality Impacts of Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Technologies in the Power Generation and Transportation Sectors written by Michael Allen Mac Kinnon and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Future efforts to mitigate the harmful impacts of climate change will include transitions to alternative technologies and fuels targeting reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Currently, economic sectors of greatest concern include transportation and power generation, which combined contribute over half of total U.S. GHG emissions. In addition to GHGs, displacement of conventional energy strategies will impact the emissions of various pollutant species with human health and environmental risks due to common generation processes and sources. In order to fully investigate the air quality (AQ) impacts of deploying various GHG mitigation technologies and fuels in coming decades, spatially and temporally resolved pollutant emissions fields are developed and utilized as input for simulations of atmospheric chemistry and transport via an advanced AQ model. Three areas of the U.S. are chosen for regional analyses in the year 2055. In order to characterize the evolution of regional energy sector emission drivers from current levels, a Base Case is developed that is representative of progression in the absence of aggressive GHG mitigation efforts. To facilitate comparison, alternative scenarios are developed to explore the effects of shifts in technologies, fuels, or behavior with the potential to mitigate GHG emissions. Scenarios are represented by generated spatially and temporally resolved emission fields and evaluated for impacts on primary and secondary air pollutant concentrations. Significant variation in energy profiles, demands, and constraints (e.g., regulatory statutes) between study domains yields significant differences in regional impacts. The magnitude of AQ improvements depends on baseline emission levels and spatial and temporal emission patterns. In addition, the current focus on reducing emissions from the targeted sectors increases the importance of emissions from other areas and sectors.
Book Synopsis Examining Energy-sector Impacts on Ambient Air Pollution in the U.S. and India Using Models and Observations by : Alexandra Karambelas
Download or read book Examining Energy-sector Impacts on Ambient Air Pollution in the U.S. and India Using Models and Observations written by Alexandra Karambelas and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ambient air pollution is a persistent health problem contributing to 3.7 million premature deaths annually. This dissertation uses numerical modeling, ground-based measurements, and satellite observations to assess energy-sector emissions impacts on health- and regulatory-relevant ambient pollution in the U.S. and India. Quantifying changes in U.S. energy sector emissions offer support for new regulatory strategies for improving air quality, and model evaluation provides the foundation for further air quality modeling studies in India. High air pollution days exceeding U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standards are persistent across the eastern U.S. Emissions from on-road and electricity generating sources (EGUs) release gases resulting in ambient O3 and PM2.5. Source-apportionment modeling techniques are used to assess energy-sector contributions on high pollution days. Sensitivity simulations using the EPA's Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) model suggest on-road emissions contribute to higher O3 concentrations (10.69% average, 18.82% polluted), whereas PM2.5 is sensitive to emissions from EGUs (29.08% average, 55.36% polluted). Increased contributions from motor vehicles and EGUs are found to occur coincident with high temperatures and low wind speeds, meteorological factors that tend to increase pollution formation and accumulation. A separate component of this work focuses on air quality in India, and is one of the first applications of CMAQ in the region. Model results validated with satellite observations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) indicate low model biases in the tropospheric column ( -65.8%), and evaluation with surface observations indicate high biases, particularly in urban areas, for gas-phase species (NO2: 31.4%, sulfur dioxide: 26.7%, O3: 19.7%) and low model biases for PM2.5 ( -47.1%), despite the inclusion of a new windblown dust module. Finally, high-resolution emissions from the Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollution Interactions and Synergies (GAINS) model including updated urban and rural population and activity information for northern India indicate detailed spatial allocation information has a strong impact on modeled ambient air quality. Results highlight the importance in relating emissions spatial and temporal distribution to air quality. Similarities and differences pertaining to energy-sector emissions in the U.S. and India suggest the need to further assess health- and policy-relevant air quality concerns unique regionally.
Book Synopsis Air Quality Impacts and Benefits Under U.S. Policy for Air Pollution, Climate Change, and Clean Energy by : Rebecca Kaarina Saari
Download or read book Air Quality Impacts and Benefits Under U.S. Policy for Air Pollution, Climate Change, and Clean Energy written by Rebecca Kaarina Saari and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 94 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Policies that reduce greenhouse gas emissions can also reduce outdoor levels of air pollutants that harm human health by targeting the same emissions sources. However, the design and scale of these policies can affect the distribution and size of air quality impacts, i.e. who gains from pollution reductions and by how much. Traditional air quality impact analysis seeks to address these questions by estimating pollution changes with regional chemical transport models, then applying economic valuations directly to estimates of reduced health risks. In this dissertation, I incorporate and build on this approach by representing the effect of pollution reductions across regions and income groups within a model of the energy system and economy. This new modeling framework represents how climate change and clean energy policy affect pollutant emissions throughout the economy, and how these emissions then affect human health and economic welfare. This methodology allows this thesis to explore the effect of policy design on the distribution of air quality impacts across regions and income groups in three studies. The first study compares air pollutant emissions under state-level carbon emission limits with regional or national implementation, as proposed in the U.S. EPA Clean Power Plan. It finds that the flexible regional and national implementations lower the costs of compliance more than they adversely affect pollutant emissions. The second study compares the costs and air quality co-benefits of two types of national carbon policy: an energy sector policy, and an economy-wide cap-and-trade program. It finds that air quality impacts can completely offset the costs of a cost-effective carbon policy, primarily through gains in the eastern United States. The final study extends the modeling framework to be able to examine the impacts of ozone policy with household income. It finds that inequality in exposure makes ozone reductions relatively more valuable for low income households. As a whole, this work contributes to literature connecting actions to impacts, and identifies an ongoing need to improve our understanding of the connection between economic activity, policy actions, and pollutant emissions.
Book Synopsis Examining Energy-sector Impacts on Ambient Air Pollution in the U.S. and India Using Models and Observations by :
Download or read book Examining Energy-sector Impacts on Ambient Air Pollution in the U.S. and India Using Models and Observations written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ambient air pollution is a persistent health problem contributing to 3.7 million premature deaths annually. This dissertation uses numerical modeling, ground-based measurements, and satellite observations to assess energy-sector emissions impacts on health- and regulatory-relevant ambient pollution in the U.S. and India. Quantifying changes in U.S. energy sector emissions offer support for new regulatory strategies for improving air quality, and model evaluation provides the foundation for further air quality modeling studies in India. High air pollution days exceeding U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standards are persistent across the eastern U.S.. Emissions from on-road and electricity generating sources (EGUs) release gases resulting in ambient O3 and PM2.5. Source-apportionment modeling techniques are used to assess energy-sector contributions on high pollution days. Sensitivity simulations using the EPA’s Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) model suggest on-road emissions contribute to higher O3 concentrations (10.69% average, 18.82% polluted), whereas PM2.5 is sensitive to emissions from EGUs (29.08% average, 55.36% polluted). Increased contributions from motor vehicles and EGUs are found to occur coincident with high temperatures and low wind speeds, meteorological factors that tend to increase pollution formation and accumulation. A separate component of this work focuses on air quality in India, and is one of the first applications of CMAQ in the region. Model results validated with satellite observations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) indicate low model biases in the tropospheric column (-65.8%), and evaluation with surface observations indicate high biases, particularly in urban areas, for gas-phase species (NO2: 31.4%, sulfur dioxide: 26.7%, O3: 19.7%) and low model biases for PM2.5 (-47.1%), despite the inclusion of a new windblown dust module. Finally, high-resolution emissions from the Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollution Interactions and Synergies (GAINS) model including updated urban and rural population and activity information for northern India indicate detailed spatial allocation information has a strong impact on modeled ambient air quality. Results highlight the importance in relating emissions spatial and temporal distribution to air quality. Similarities and differences pertaining to energy-sector emissions in the U.S. and India suggest the need to further assess health- and policy-relevant air quality concerns unique regionally.
Book Synopsis Quantifying Air Quality, Human Health, and Climate Impacts from Energy Systems by : Maninder Pal Singh Thind
Download or read book Quantifying Air Quality, Human Health, and Climate Impacts from Energy Systems written by Maninder Pal Singh Thind and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 159 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Atmospheric emissions from the energy sector contribute to air pollution and climate change. Harmful gases in ambient air degrade air quality; exposure to those gases can lead to health impacts locally and regionally. Greenhouse gases perturb the energy balance of the atmosphere, leading to higher temperatures (global warming) and thus impacting climate at a global scale. Air pollution is linked to exposure disparities among demographic groups (race, income). This dissertation explores air quality, health and climate impacts, and environmental injustice from emissions originating from energy systems. The overarching goals of this research work are to (i) quantify and compare metrics for greenhouse and noxious pollutants to evaluate environmental consequences from interventions, (ii) develop metrics and tools to quantify air quality and human health impacts from point and line sources, (iii) explore distributions of health impacts from air pollution by race, income, and geography, and (iv) demonstrate the use a reduced-complexity air quality model to quantify impacts from multiple energy systems. In this research, I focus on the fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. PM2.5 is the air pollutant that produces the largest monetized human health impacts in the United States (U.S.) and worldwide. PM2.5 can be directly emitted from combustion or other activities (primary PM2.5) or formed from precursors such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), sulfur dioxide (SO2), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), and ammonia (NH3) (secondary PM2.5). Concentrations of PM2.5 species in the atmosphere are controlled by emissions, transport, chemistry, and deposition processes. The health impacts are a function of concentrations and the exposed population. Previous research has demonstrated the importance of fine spatial resolution for identifying and quantifying exposure disparities (environmental justice). I used a novel spatial air quality model called "Intervention Model for Air Pollution (InMAP)," combined with epidemiological research concerning air pollution and human health, to estimate health impacts of PM2.5 at a fine resolution. To understand climate impacts, I focus on carbon dioxide (CO2) which is a major greenhouse gas (81% of the total greenhouse gas emissions) emitted from complete combustion of carbon-containing fuels. This dissertation consists of three original studies focused on two energy sectors in the United States (U.S.): electricity generation and freight transportation. The methods employed in this work are based on two approaches: data-driven regression analysis and mechanistic air quality modeling using InMAP. Chapter 2 presents the data-driven empirical approach. Using linear regression between hourly changes in generation and emissions data, I investigate differences between average emission factors (AEFs) and average marginal emission factors (AMEFs) for CO2, SO2, and NOx at different spatial and temporal scales for a Midwest U.S. power market called the Midcontinent Independent System Operator (MISO). AEFs and AMEFs are two commonly used metrics for estimating emission benefits from energy-efficiency strategies. This is the first study that estimates AEFs and AMEFs for a U.S. Regional Transmission Organization (RTO). I find, for example, that marginal emission factors are generally higher during late night and early morning compared to afternoons. In general, AEFs tend to be larger than AMEFs (typical difference: ~20%), and thus may overestimate emission impacts from interventions in the power sector, relative to using AMEFs. Chapters 3 and 4 present a mechanistic modeling approach for investigating air quality and human health impacts from PM2.5 emissions. Chapter 3 presents a study that estimates exposure to and health impacts of PM2.5 from electricity generation in the U.S., for each of the seven Regional Transmission Organizations (RTOs), for each US state, by income, and by race. This research is the first national-scale investigation of environmental justice aspects of total PM2.5 from electricity generation. I find that average exposures are the highest for blacks, followed by non-Latino whites. Exposures for remaining groups (e.g., Asians, Native Americans, Latinos) are somewhat lower. Levels of disparity differ by state and RTO. Exposures are higher for lower-income than for higher-income, but disparities are larger by race than by income. Geographically, I observe large differences between where electricity is generated and where people experience the resulting PM2.5 health consequences; some states are net exporters of health impacts, other are net importers. Chapter 4 presents a study that investigates environmental health and climate impacts from inter-state road, rail, water, and air freight transportation in the U.S. This is the first detailed study to compare health, environmental justice, and climate impacts of four freight modes, studying each route separately. Average impacts per unit mass shipped are as follows. For all three impacts studied (PM2.5 health effects, racial-ethnic disparities in PM2.5 exposure, CO2 emissions), impacts are greatest for aircraft. Among non-aircraft modes: PM2.5 health effects are largest for rail, intermediate for barge, and lowest for truck; PM2.5 exposure disparities are largest for rail and are lower for truck and barge; climate impacts are largest for truck, intermediate for barge, and lowest for rail. Inter-state freight movement in the U.S. disproportionately impacts white non-Latinos relative to other racial-ethnic groups. This dissertation presents work to investigate air quality, health and climate impacts, and environmental justice-related issues from electricity generation and freight transportation. This work can be extended to other specific sectors of the economy and can be useful to scientists, planners, and policymakers to estimate environmental benefits of energy conservation programs and create policies that address environmental injustice. The metrics developed in this work can be applied by researchers to new electricity and transportation scenarios to understand their impacts and benefits.
Book Synopsis Impact and Sensitivity Analyses of Energy Sector Emissions by : Caroline M. Farkas
Download or read book Impact and Sensitivity Analyses of Energy Sector Emissions written by Caroline M. Farkas and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 199 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One in eight deaths globally is due to air pollution. Exposure to high concentrations of atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has negative health consequences. Air quality models, such as the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model, are employed to evaluate effectiveness of air pollution abatement strategies partly designed to minimize PM2.5 exposure and protect human health. Energy production and consumption is the largest controllable source sector contributing to ambient PM2.5 mass. The highest electricity sector (energy subdivision) emissions occur on hot, stagnant summer days, when energy demand is highest and the atmosphere is most conducive to photochemical production and PM2.5 accumulation. Electricity generation is positively correlated with peak PM2.5 concentrations. CMAQ consistently underpredicts these peak values. Accurate prediction of peak pollutant concentrations is critical to develop strategies that protect human health. This dissertation works to reduce underprediction of peak PM2.5 concentrations from an energy sector and heat wave event perspective in the Northeast U.S., where PJM Interconnection governs the electricity transmission for 61 million people. Temporal representation of electricity sector emissions is improved in CMAQ during a heat wave, and episodic increases in peak PM2.5 at the surface and aloft are predicted. PJM EGU emissions, especially sulfate, impact not only the PJM region, but also outlying areas. Monitored and controlled peaking units, EGUs used during highest electricity demand, contribute up to 87% of maximum hourly PM2.5 concentrations. Urban areas experience the highest potential exposure (calculated as population-weighted concentrations (PWCs)) from peaking unit emissions, regardless of the location of predicted peak ambient concentrations. Peaking units contribute substantially to exposure potential on the worse air quality days, but are historically exempt from Federal air quality rules. Eight sensitivity experiments indicate CMAQ-predicted PM2.5 PWCs are most sensitive to uncertainty in onroad primary organic carbon emissions, while ambient PM2.5 concentrations are most sensitive to planetary boundary layer height. Model development strategies optimized to protect health may look different than traditional evaluation-focused strategies optimized to match annual averages in measured PM2.5 mass. This dissertation provides issues to consider for prioritizing model development to address peak air quality events that drive non-attainment and threaten human health.
Book Synopsis SDG11, Sustainable Cities and Communities by : Shyama V. Ramani
Download or read book SDG11, Sustainable Cities and Communities written by Shyama V. Ramani and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2022-06-16 with total page 203 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11, providing insights into viable pathways and policy designs for a transition towards sustainable, inclusive and resilient cities. The volume discusses existing scientific literature on SDG 11 and provides conceptual frameworks relating to systemic transitions, sectoral transitions and behavioural transitions for overcoming challenges related to governance and implementation. Through detailed case studies from cities and settlements, in Europe, Middle East and Asia, it showcases the dynamic processes involved in urban transformations. Drawing from these comparative analyses, the book provides robust frameworks and tools for better solutions and viable pathways to achieve SDG targets in diverse urban settings. Rich in empirical data, this book will be useful for scholars and researchers of development studies, environment studies, urban studies, urban sociology, political economy, political studies, public policy and sociology. It will also be useful for policy makers, professionals, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and think tanks working in the area of sustainable development and urban planning.
Book Synopsis Air Quality Guidelines by : World Health Organization
Download or read book Air Quality Guidelines written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2006 with total page 497 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents revised guideline values for the four most common air pollutants - particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide - based on a recent review of the accumulated scientific evidence. The rationale for selection of each guideline value is supported by a synthesis of information emerging from research on the health effects of each pollutant. As a result, these guidelines now also apply globally. They can be read in conjunction with Air quality guidelines for Europe, 2nd edition, which is still the authority on guideline values for all other air pollutants. As well as revised guideline values, this book makes a brief yet comprehensive review of the issues affecting the application of the guidelines in risk assessment and policy development. Further, it summarizes information on: . pollution sources and levels in various parts of the world, . population exposure and characteristics affecting sensitivity to pollution, . methods for quantifying the health burden of air pollution, and . the use of guidelines in developing air quality standards and other policy tools. Finally, the special case of indoor air pollution is explored. Prepared by a large team of renowned international experts who considered conditions in various parts of the globe, these guidelines are applicable throughout the world. They provide reliable guidance for policy-makers everywhere when considering the various options for air quality management.
Book Synopsis Mitigation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Livestock Production by : Pierre J. Gerber
Download or read book Mitigation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Livestock Production written by Pierre J. Gerber and published by Food & Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO). This book was released on 2013 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The current analysis was conducted to evaluate the potential of nutritional, manure and animal husbandry practices for mitigating methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) - i.e. non-carbon dioxide (CO2) - GHG emissions from livestock production. These practices were categorized into enteric CH4, manure management and animal husbandry mitigation practices. Emphasis was placed on enteric CH4 mitigation practices for ruminant animals (only in vivo studies were considered) and manure mitigation practices for both ruminant and monogastric species. Over 900 references were reviewed; simulation and life cycle assessment analyses were generally excluded
Book Synopsis Shock Waves by : Stephane Hallegatte
Download or read book Shock Waves written by Stephane Hallegatte and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2015-11-23 with total page 227 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ending poverty and stabilizing climate change will be two unprecedented global achievements and two major steps toward sustainable development. But the two objectives cannot be considered in isolation: they need to be jointly tackled through an integrated strategy. This report brings together those two objectives and explores how they can more easily be achieved if considered together. It examines the potential impact of climate change and climate policies on poverty reduction. It also provides guidance on how to create a “win-win†? situation so that climate change policies contribute to poverty reduction and poverty-reduction policies contribute to climate change mitigation and resilience building. The key finding of the report is that climate change represents a significant obstacle to the sustained eradication of poverty, but future impacts on poverty are determined by policy choices: rapid, inclusive, and climate-informed development can prevent most short-term impacts whereas immediate pro-poor, emissions-reduction policies can drastically limit long-term ones.
Book Synopsis Post-2020 Climate Action by : Shinichiro Fujimori
Download or read book Post-2020 Climate Action written by Shinichiro Fujimori and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-09-16 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book summarizes assessments of the Paris Agreement to provide an excellent introduction to this research field. The AIM/CGE (Asia-Pacific Integrated Modeling /Computable General Equilibrium) model, which is the core of AIM modeling framework, is used for the assessment. The first part focuses on global issues, presenting both short-term (a few decades) and long-term (century scale) assessments in the context of the Agreement’s ultimate climate goal. It also discusses policy implementation and climate risk. Part 2 is a collection of assessments of individual Asian countries, providing insights into the national situations and detailed analyses. It includes contributions from Asian countries as well as NIES (National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan) members. The main conclusion is that many countries require changes to their energy systems change and societal transformation in order to meet emissions targets. Part 3 describes in detail the AIM/CGE model, which is used to evaluate the climate and energy policies by simulating the future economic and energy and environmental situation in the Asia-Pacific region. This section can be used as a standard text on CGE modelling in climate change mitigation.
Book Synopsis Essentials of Medical Meteorology by : Mladjen Ćurić
Download or read book Essentials of Medical Meteorology written by Mladjen Ćurić and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-11-30 with total page 335 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses the impacts that weather and climate have on human physical health, longevity, and mental wellness, and acts as a guide to the application of meteorological science in health care. It provides a background on biometeorology by covering basic concepts of human anatomy and meteorology, and how modern biometeorological science can be incorporated into medical practice through diagnosis, prevention and treatment of physical and mental diseases. The recommendations, advice and preventive measures addressed in this book aim to help people adapt to different weather phenomena and changes to minimize negative health consequences, which is increasingly relevant as climate change and its effects on human health become more pronounced and studied. The book is intended for environmental epidemiologists, medical students, physicians, health care providers, climate scientists, insurance industries and policy makers, but will also appeal to general enthusiasts of atmospheric, climate and medical sciences.
Author :Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat Publisher : ISBN 13 :9789291691432 Total Pages :151 pages Book Rating :4.6/5 (914 download)
Book Synopsis Climate Change 2014 by : Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat
Download or read book Climate Change 2014 written by Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 151 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Publisher :National Academies Press ISBN 13 :0309484529 Total Pages :511 pages Book Rating :4.3/5 (94 download)
Book Synopsis Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Download or read book Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2019-04-08 with total page 511 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To achieve goals for climate and economic growth, "negative emissions technologies" (NETs) that remove and sequester carbon dioxide from the air will need to play a significant role in mitigating climate change. Unlike carbon capture and storage technologies that remove carbon dioxide emissions directly from large point sources such as coal power plants, NETs remove carbon dioxide directly from the atmosphere or enhance natural carbon sinks. Storing the carbon dioxide from NETs has the same impact on the atmosphere and climate as simultaneously preventing an equal amount of carbon dioxide from being emitted. Recent analyses found that deploying NETs may be less expensive and less disruptive than reducing some emissions, such as a substantial portion of agricultural and land-use emissions and some transportation emissions. In 2015, the National Academies published Climate Intervention: Carbon Dioxide Removal and Reliable Sequestration, which described and initially assessed NETs and sequestration technologies. This report acknowledged the relative paucity of research on NETs and recommended development of a research agenda that covers all aspects of NETs from fundamental science to full-scale deployment. To address this need, Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration: A Research Agenda assesses the benefits, risks, and "sustainable scale potential" for NETs and sequestration. This report also defines the essential components of a research and development program, including its estimated costs and potential impact.
