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Assessing Reservoir Depositional Environments To Develop And Quantify Improvements In Co2 Storage Efficiency A Reservoir Simulation Approach
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Book Synopsis Assessing Reservoir Depositional Environments to Develop and Quantify Improvements in CO2 Storage Efficiency. A Reservoir Simulation Approach by :
Download or read book Assessing Reservoir Depositional Environments to Develop and Quantify Improvements in CO2 Storage Efficiency. A Reservoir Simulation Approach written by and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The storage potential and fluid movement within formations are dependent on the unique hydraulic characteristics of their respective depositional environments. Storage efficiency (E) quantifies the potential for storage in a geologic depositional environment and is used to assess basinal or regional CO2 storage resources. Current estimates of storage resources are calculated using common E ranges by lithology and not by depositional environment. The objectives of this project are to quantify E ranges and identify E enhancement strategies for different depositional environments via reservoir simulation studies. The depositional environments considered include deltaic, shelf clastic, shelf carbonate, fluvial deltaic, strandplain, reef, fluvial and alluvial, and turbidite. Strategies considered for enhancing E include CO2 injection via vertical, horizontal, and deviated wells, selective completions, water production, and multi-well injection. Conceptual geologic and geocellular models of the depositional environments were developed based on data from Illinois Basin oil fields and gas storage sites. The geologic and geocellular models were generalized for use in other US sedimentary basins. An important aspect of this work is the development of conceptual geologic and geocellular models that reflect the uniqueness of each depositional environment. Different injection well completions methods were simulated to investigate methods of enhancing E in the presence of geologic heterogeneity specific to a depositional environment. Modeling scenarios included horizontal wells (length, orientation, and inclination), selective and dynamic completions, water production, and multiwell injection. A Geologic Storage Efficiency Calculator (GSECalc) was developed to calculate E from reservoir simulation output. Estimated E values were normalized to diminish their dependency on fluid relative permeability. Classifying depositional environments according to normalized baseline E ranges ranks fluvial deltaic and turbidite highest and shelf carbonate lowest. The estimated average normalized baseline E of turbidite, and shelf carbonate depositional environments are 42.5% and 13.1%, with corresponding standard deviations of 11.3%, and 3.10%, respectively. Simulations of different plume management techniques suggest that the horizontal well, multi-well injection with brine production from blanket vertical producers are the most efficient E enhancement strategies in seven of eight depositional environments; for the fluvial deltaic depositional environment, vertical well with blanket completions is the most efficient. This study estimates normalized baseline E ranges for eight depositional environments, which can be used to assess the CO2 storage resource of candidate formations. This study also improves the general understanding of depositional environment's influence on E. The lessons learned and results obtained from this study can be extrapolated to formations in other US basins with formations of similar depositional environments, which should be used to further refine regional and national storage resource estimates in future editions of the Carbon Utilization and Storage Atlas of the United States. Further study could consider the economic feasibility of the E enhancement strategies identified here.
Book Synopsis Geologic Carbon Sequestration by : V. Vishal
Download or read book Geologic Carbon Sequestration written by V. Vishal and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-05-11 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This exclusive compilation written by eminent experts from more than ten countries, outlines the processes and methods for geologic sequestration in different sinks. It discusses and highlights the details of individual storage types, including recent advances in the science and technology of carbon storage. The topic is of immense interest to geoscientists, reservoir engineers, environmentalists and researchers from the scientific and industrial communities working on the methodologies for carbon dioxide storage. Increasing concentrations of anthropogenic carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are often held responsible for the rising temperature of the globe. Geologic sequestration prevents atmospheric release of the waste greenhouse gases by storing them underground for geologically significant periods of time. The book addresses the need for an understanding of carbon reservoir characteristics and behavior. Other book volumes on carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) attempt to cover the entire process of CCUS, but the topic of geologic sequestration is not discussed in detail. This book focuses on the recent trends and up-to-date information on different storage rock types, ranging from deep saline aquifers to coal to basaltic formations.
Book Synopsis Reservoir Model Design by : Philip Ringrose
Download or read book Reservoir Model Design written by Philip Ringrose and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-06-09 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book gives practical advice and ready to use tips on the design and construction of subsurface reservoir models. The design elements cover rock architecture, petrophysical property modelling, multi-scale data integration, upscaling and uncertainty analysis. Philip Ringrose and Mark Bentley share their experience, gained from over a hundred reservoir modelling studies in 25 countries covering clastic, carbonate and fractured reservoir types, and for a range of fluid systems – oil, gas and CO2, production and injection, and effects of different mobility ratios. The intimate relationship between geology and fluid flow is explored throughout, showing how the impact of fluid type, displacement mechanism and the subtleties of single- and multi-phase flow combine to influence reservoir model design. The second edition updates the existing sections and adds sections on the following topics: · A new chapter on modelling for CO2 storage · A new chapter on modelling workflows · An extended chapter on fractured reservoir modelling · An extended chapter on multi-scale modelling · An extended chapter on the quantification of uncertainty · A revised section on the future of modelling based on recently published papers by the authors The main audience for this book is the community of applied geoscientists and engineers involved in understanding fluid flow in the subsurface: whether for the extraction of oil or gas or the injection of CO2 or the subsurface storage of energy in general. We will always need to understand how fluids move in the subsurface and we will always require skills to model these quantitatively. The second edition of this reference book therefore aims to highlight the modelling skills developed for the current energy industry which will also be required for the energy transition of the future. The book is aimed at technical-professional practitioners in the energy industry and is also suitable for a range of Master’s level courses in reservoir characterisation, modelling and engineering. • Provides practical advice and guidelines for users of 3D reservoir modelling packages • Gives advice on reservoir model design for the growing world-wide activity in subsurface reservoir modelling • Covers rock modelling, property modelling, upscaling, fluid flow and uncertainty handling • Encompasses clastic, carbonate and fractured reservoirs • Applies to multi-fluid cases and applications: hydrocarbons and CO2, production and storage; rewritten for use in the Energy Transition.
Book Synopsis Understanding the Plume Dynamics and Risk Associated with CO2 Injection in Deep Saline Aquifers by : Abhishek Kumar Gupta
Download or read book Understanding the Plume Dynamics and Risk Associated with CO2 Injection in Deep Saline Aquifers written by Abhishek Kumar Gupta and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 506 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Geological sequestration of CO2 in deep saline reservoirs is one of the ways to reduce its continuous emission into the atmosphere to mitigate the greenhouse effect. The effectiveness of any CO2 sequestration operation depends on pore volume and the sequestration efficiency of the reservoir. Sequestration efficiency is defined here as the maximum storage with minimum risk of leakage to the overlying formations or to the surface. This can be characterized using three risk parameters i) the time the plume takes to reach the top seal; ii) maximum lateral extent of the plume and iii) the percentage of mobile CO2 present at any time. The selection among prospective saline reservoirs can be expedited by developing some semi-analytical correlations for these risk parameters which can be used in place of reservoir simulation study for each and every saline reservoir. Such correlations can reduce the cost and time for commissioning a geological site for CO2 sequestration. To develop such correlations, a database has been created from a large number of compositional reservoir simulations for different elementary reservoir parameters including porosity, permeability, permeability anisotropy, reservoir depth, thickness, dip, perforation interval and constant pressure far boundary condition. This database is used to formulate different correlations that relate the sequestration efficiency to reservoir properties and operating conditions. The various elementary reservoir parameters are grouped together to generate different variants of gravity number used in the correlations. We update a previously reported correlation for time to hit the top seal and develop new correlations for other two parameters using the newly created database. A correlation for percentage of trapped CO2 is also developed using a previously created similar database. We find that normalizing all risk parameters with their respective characteristic values yields reasonable correlations with different variants of gravity number. All correlations confirm the physics behind plume movement in a reservoir. The correlations reproduce almost all simulation results within a factor of two, and this is adequate for rapid ranking or screening of prospective storage reservoirs. CO2 injection in saline reservoirs on the scale of tens of millions of tonnes may result in fracturing, fault activation and leakage of brine along conductive pathways. Critical contour of overpressure (CoP) is a convenient proxy to determine the risk associated with pressure buildup at different location and time in the reservoir. The location of this contour varies depending on the target aquifer properties (porosity, permeability etc.) and the geology (presence and conductivity of faults). The CoP location also depends on relative permeability, and we extend the three-region injection model to derive analytical expressions for a specific CoP as a function of time. We consider two boundary conditions at the aquifer drainage radius, constant pressure or an infinite aquifer. The model provides a quick tool for estimating pressure profiles. Such tools are valuable for screening and ranking sequestration targets. Relative permeability curves measured on samples from seven potential storage formations are used to illustrate the effect on the CoPs. In the case of a constant pressure boundary and constant rate injection scenario, the CoP for small overpressures is time-invariant and independent of relative permeability. Depending on the relative values of overall mobilities of two-phase region and of brine region, the risk due to a critical CoP which lies in the two-phase region can either increase or decrease with time. In contrast, the risk due to a CoP in the drying region always decreases with time. The assumption of constant pressure boundaries is optimistic in the sense that CoPs extend the least distance from the injection well. We extend the analytical model to infinite-acting aquifers to get a more widely applicable estimate of risk. An analytical expression for pressure profile is developed by adapting water influx models from traditional reservoir engineering to the "three-region" saturation distribution. For infinite-acting boundary condition, the CoP trends depend on same factors as in the constant pressure case, and also depend upon the rate of change of aquifer boundary pressure with time. Commercial reservoir simulators are used to verify the analytical model for the constant pressure boundary condition. The CoP trends from the analytical solution and simulation results show a good match. To achieve safe and secure CO2 storage in underground reservoirs several state and national government agencies are working to develop regulatory frameworks to estimate various risks associated with CO2 injection in saline aquifers. Certification Framework (CF), developed by Oldenburg et al (2007) is a similar kind of regulatory approach to certify the safety and effectiveness of geologic carbon sequestration sites. CF is a simple risk assessment approach for evaluating CO2 and brine leakage risk associated only with subsurface processes and excludes compression, transportation, and injection-well leakage risk. Certification framework is applied to several reservoirs in different geologic settings. These include In Salah CO2 storage project Krechba, Algeria, Aquistore CO2 storage project Saskatchewan, Canada and WESTCARB CO2 storage project, Solano County, California. Compositional reservoir simulations in CMG-GEM are performed for CO2 injection in each storage reservoir to predict pressure build up risk and CO2 leakage risk. CO2 leakage risk is also estimated using the catalog of pre-computed reservoir simulation results. Post combustion CO2 capture is required to restrict the continuous increase of carbon content in the atmosphere. Coal fired electricity generating stations are the dominant players contributing to the continuous emissions of CO2 into the atmosphere. U.S. government has planned to install post combustion CO2 capture facility in many coal fired power plants including W.A. Parish electricity generating station in south Texas. Installing a CO2 capture facility in a coal fired power plant increases the capital cost of installation and operating cost to regenerate the turbine solvent (steam or natural gas) to maintain the stripper power requirement. If a coal-fired power plant with CO2 capture is situated over a viable source for geothermal heat, it may be desirable to use this heat source in the stripper. Geothermal brine can be used to replace steam or natural gas which in turn reduces the operating cost of the CO2 capture facility. High temperature brine can be produced from the underground geothermal brine reservoir and can be injected back to the reservoir after the heat from the hot brine is extracted. This will maintain the reservoir pressure and provide a long-term supply of hot brine to the stripper. Simulations were performed to supply CO2 capture facility equivalent to 60 MWe electric unit to capture 90% of the incoming CO2 in WA Parish electricity generating station. A reservoir simulation study in CMG-GEM is performed to evaluate the feasibility to recycle the required geothermal brine for 30 years time. This pilot study is scaled up to 15 times of the original capacity to generate 900 MWe stripping system to capture CO2 at surface.
Author :United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development Publisher : ISBN 13 : Total Pages :1096 pages Book Rating :4.:/5 (319 download)
Book Synopsis Energy and Water Development Appropriations for 2013: Dept. of Energy FY 2013 justifications by : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development
Download or read book Energy and Water Development Appropriations for 2013: Dept. of Energy FY 2013 justifications written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 1096 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Assessing the Effect of Reservoir Heterogeneity on CO2 Plume Migration Using Pressure Transient Analysis by : Aarti Dinesh Punase
Download or read book Assessing the Effect of Reservoir Heterogeneity on CO2 Plume Migration Using Pressure Transient Analysis written by Aarti Dinesh Punase and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ultimate success of carbon capture and storage project will be ensured only when there is a safe and effective permanent storage of CO2 for a significant amount of time without any leakages. Credible monitoring and verification is one of the most important aspects of CO2 sequestration. Accurate reservoir characterization is an important pre-requisite for the design, operation and economic success of processes like CO2 sequestration. The techniques available include geophysical and geochemical monitoring as well as numerical simulations using models replicating the field. In conducting the numerical simulations, it is required to assess the reservoir heterogeneity correctly. Previous work has shown that the injection data from wells can be utilized for developing models during CO2 sequestration to understand the spatial distribution of heterogeneities in the formation. In this research, we first understand and examine the information contained in the injection data for a wide range of reservoir models demonstrating different kinds of heterogeneities and rate fluctuations. We will confirm that the reservoir heterogeneities have an imprint on the injection pressure response and they influence CO2 plume migration significantly. Later we show that the effect of high or low permeability features along with rate fluctuations can provide considerable information about permeability heterogeneity in the reservoir. The applicability of this observation is made using field data from In-Salah gas field from central Algeria. Thus we demonstrate the feasibility of developing an inexpensive method of modeling reservoir heterogeneity by employing readily available measurements of injection pressure and rate to track CO2 migration. Later we describe method to find out what characteristics of the reservoir heterogeneities can be quantified using injection data (pressure and rate). The injection pressure response during CO2 sequestration will depend strongly on reservoir, fluid and well properties. A 3-D analytical model with infinite acting boundary is developed in CMG-GEM. Compositional reservoir simulation results from CMG-GEM simulator will be obtained and combined with pressure transient analysis and optimization algorithm for the prediction of reservoir parameters. In case of multiple injection wells in a heterogeneous formation, the analysis yield spatial variations in reservoir parameter groups like transmissibility (kh), permeability to porosity ratio ([kappa]/[phi]) in different part of the reservoir. These parameter groups can subsequently be used to constrain models of reservoir thickness, permeability and porosity. Thus, we imply that multiple reservoir attributes affect migration of CO2 plume and there is uncertainty associated with the estimation of these attributes. We present an approach to resolve some of that uncertainty using information extracted from injection well response.
Author :National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Publisher :National Academies Press ISBN 13 :0309484529 Total Pages :511 pages Book Rating :4.3/5 (94 download)
Book Synopsis Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Download or read book Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2019-04-08 with total page 511 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To achieve goals for climate and economic growth, "negative emissions technologies" (NETs) that remove and sequester carbon dioxide from the air will need to play a significant role in mitigating climate change. Unlike carbon capture and storage technologies that remove carbon dioxide emissions directly from large point sources such as coal power plants, NETs remove carbon dioxide directly from the atmosphere or enhance natural carbon sinks. Storing the carbon dioxide from NETs has the same impact on the atmosphere and climate as simultaneously preventing an equal amount of carbon dioxide from being emitted. Recent analyses found that deploying NETs may be less expensive and less disruptive than reducing some emissions, such as a substantial portion of agricultural and land-use emissions and some transportation emissions. In 2015, the National Academies published Climate Intervention: Carbon Dioxide Removal and Reliable Sequestration, which described and initially assessed NETs and sequestration technologies. This report acknowledged the relative paucity of research on NETs and recommended development of a research agenda that covers all aspects of NETs from fundamental science to full-scale deployment. To address this need, Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration: A Research Agenda assesses the benefits, risks, and "sustainable scale potential" for NETs and sequestration. This report also defines the essential components of a research and development program, including its estimated costs and potential impact.
Book Synopsis Integrated Reservoir Studies for CO2-Enhanced Oil Recovery and Sequestration by : Shib Sankar Ganguli
Download or read book Integrated Reservoir Studies for CO2-Enhanced Oil Recovery and Sequestration written by Shib Sankar Ganguli and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-03-30 with total page 147 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book addresses the feasibility of CO2-EOR and sequestration in a mature Indian oil field, pursuing for the first time a cross-disciplinary approach that combines the results from reservoir modeling and flow simulation, rock physics modeling, geomechanics, and time-lapse (4D) seismic monitoring study. The key findings presented indicate that the field under study holds great potential for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and subsequent CO2 storage. Experts around the globe argue that storing CO2 by means of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) could support climate change mitigation by reducing the amount of CO2 emissions in the atmosphere by ca. 20%. CO2-EOR and sequestration is a cutting-edge and emerging field of research in India, and there is an urgent need to assess Indian hydrocarbon reservoirs for the feasibility of CO2-EOR and storage. Combining the fundamentals of the technique with concrete examples, the book is essential reading for all researchers, students and oil & gas professionals who want to fully understand CO2-EOR and its geologic sequestration process in mature oil fields.
Book Synopsis A Compositional Reservoir Simulation Study to Evaluate Impacts of Captured CO2 Composition, Miscibility, and Injection Strategy on CO2-EOR and Sequestration in a Carbonate Oil Reservoir by : Abdulhamid Alsousy
Download or read book A Compositional Reservoir Simulation Study to Evaluate Impacts of Captured CO2 Composition, Miscibility, and Injection Strategy on CO2-EOR and Sequestration in a Carbonate Oil Reservoir written by Abdulhamid Alsousy and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the global energy demand rises, concerns regarding the increasing carbon levels deepen. Pushing the international community to pour their time and resources into exploring all avenues that bear potential to aid the decarbonization efforts. The decarbonization efforts attempt to either reduce carbon dioxide emissions or to capture carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. The oil and gas industry’s role falls into the first category. Where captured CO2 is sequestered into geological stable formations as part of carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) or carbon capture and storage (CCS) projects. CCUS and CCS technologies hold the keys to decarbonization, possessing a large capacity capable of storing over 8000 GtCO2, utilizing oil and gas reservoirs, saline aquifers, and coal beds to discard CO2. In addition, the sequestration in geological structures is long-term, with minimal risk of reintroducing the stored gas back to the surface. This work investigates two scenarios, one in which the reservoir undergoes a tertiary production and another where the reservoir has reached the abandonment stage of its life cycle. The analyses are carried out by employing a historically matched numerical model of a real carbonate reservoir to explore CO2 storage implications on the reservoir’s performance (EOR) and the efficiency of the injected gas storage in the subsurface. For a holistic evaluation, the numerical model accounts for relative permeability hysteresis, phase trapping, geochemistry, and thermodynamics. Various analyses are conducted to establish the recommended gas blend injected, the importance of miscibility, and the manner of injection (WAG or gas flood). The results showcased how miscible injection outperforms immiscible in CO2-EOR and sequestration efficiency. Furthermore, gas flood is recommended over WAG, especially when recycling produced gases is possible to store larger volumes of carbon dioxide
Book Synopsis Data-Driven Analytics for the Geological Storage of CO2 by : Shahab Mohaghegh
Download or read book Data-Driven Analytics for the Geological Storage of CO2 written by Shahab Mohaghegh and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-05-20 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Data-driven analytics is enjoying unprecedented popularity among oil and gas professionals. Many reservoir engineering problems associated with geological storage of CO2 require the development of numerical reservoir simulation models. This book is the first to examine the contribution of artificial intelligence and machine learning in data-driven analytics of fluid flow in porous environments, including saline aquifers and depleted gas and oil reservoirs. Drawing from actual case studies, this book demonstrates how smart proxy models can be developed for complex numerical reservoir simulation models. Smart proxy incorporates pattern recognition capabilities of artificial intelligence and machine learning to build smart models that learn the intricacies of physical, mechanical and chemical interactions using precise numerical simulations. This ground breaking technology makes it possible and practical to use high fidelity, complex numerical reservoir simulation models in the design, analysis and optimization of carbon storage in geological formations projects.
Book Synopsis Compositional Reservoir Simulation-based Reactive-transport Formulations, with Application to CO2 Storage in Sandstone and Ultramafic Formations by : Sara Forough Farshidi
Download or read book Compositional Reservoir Simulation-based Reactive-transport Formulations, with Application to CO2 Storage in Sandstone and Ultramafic Formations written by Sara Forough Farshidi and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chemical reactions are important in many simulation applications, including geological carbon storage. The incorporation of chemical reaction treatment in general compositional reservoir simulators is thus necessary to enable this modeling. In this work, we develop robust numerical schemes for modeling CO2 sequestration. All of the methods developed are implemented into Stanford's Automatic Differentiation-based General Purpose Research Simulator (AD-GPRS). We first address a special case of crossing thermodynamic phase boundaries, i.e., aqueous phase disappearance and reappearance in the context of CO2 sequestration. A specialized treatment for handling aqueous-phase components when the aqueous phase disappears (or reappears) is introduced under the natural set of variables. This variable set includes pressure, phase saturations, and phase compositions. We demonstrate the robustness of our fully-implicit natural-variable formulation for carbon storage simulations, even when the aqueous phase disappears in multiple grid blocks. We also propose a novel reactive transport formulation based on overall-composition variables. This formulation effectively treats the aqueous phase disappearance phenomenon, because the overall-composition variables are valid for all fluid-phase combinations. Overall-composition variables, however, suffer from the high cost of thermodynamic calculations in two-phase grid blocks. This motivates the development of a hybrid numerical scheme which takes advantage of the favorable features of both the natural and overall-composition variable formulations. Simulation results for CO2 sequestration scenarios with the three formulations demonstrate the stability of these schemes. A comparison of the numerical performance of these treatments suggests that the use of natural variables in general offers enhanced computational efficiency compared to overall-composition variables. Under the natural-variable formulation, however, one of the special treatments proposed in this work should be considered for grid blocks with single-phase gas. We next investigate the use of ultramafic rocks for geological carbon storage. These rocks are highly reactive and offer considerable CO2 storage capacity. We begin by analyzing a weathering system in this type of rock, where our AD-GPRS implementation is validated against field observations. We then simulate idealized carbon storage projects in an ultramafic reservoir. The general features and patterns of carbonation are identified and discussed. This type of rock offers nearly complete conversion of the injected CO2 to mineral forms in many cases, enhancing storage security. Sensitivity analyses are conducted to examine the impact of various reservoir properties and operation parameters on carbonation efficiency. We demonstrate that well control scenarios can be designed to improve the carbonation process substantially by providing a more effective distribution of the injected CO2 in the formation.
Book Synopsis Reactive Transport Modeling by : Yitian Xiao
Download or read book Reactive Transport Modeling written by Yitian Xiao and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-03-12 with total page 598 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Teaches the application of Reactive Transport Modeling (RTM) for subsurface systems in order to expedite the understanding of the behavior of complex geological systems This book lays out the basic principles and approaches of Reactive Transport Modeling (RTM) for surface and subsurface environments, presenting specific workflows and applications. The techniques discussed are being increasingly commonly used in a wide range of research fields, and the information provided covers fundamental theory, practical issues in running reactive transport models, and how to apply techniques in specific areas. The need for RTM in engineered facilities, such as nuclear waste repositories or CO2 storage sites, is ever increasing, because the prediction of the future evolution of these systems has become a legal obligation. With increasing recognition of the power of these approaches, and their widening adoption, comes responsibility to ensure appropriate application of available tools. This book aims to provide the requisite understanding of key aspects of RTM, and in doing so help identify and thus avoid potential pitfalls. Reactive Transport Modeling covers: the application of RTM for CO2 sequestration and geothermal energy development; reservoir quality prediction; modeling diagenesis; modeling geochemical processes in oil & gas production; modeling gas hydrate production; reactive transport in fractured and porous media; reactive transport studies for nuclear waste disposal; reactive flow modeling in hydrothermal systems; and modeling biogeochemical processes. Key features include: A comprehensive reference for scientists and practitioners entering the area of reactive transport modeling (RTM) Presented by internationally known experts in the field Covers fundamental theory, practical issues in running reactive transport models, and hands-on examples for applying techniques in specific areas Teaches readers to appreciate the power of RTM and to stimulate usage and application Reactive Transport Modeling is written for graduate students and researchers in academia, government laboratories, and industry who are interested in applying reactive transport modeling to the topic of their research. The book will also appeal to geochemists, hydrogeologists, geophysicists, earth scientists, environmental engineers, and environmental chemists.
Book Synopsis Modern Advances in Software and Solution Algorithms for Reservoir Simulation by : Rami Mustafa Younis
Download or read book Modern Advances in Software and Solution Algorithms for Reservoir Simulation written by Rami Mustafa Younis and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As conventional hydrocarbon resources dwindle, and environmentally-driven markets start to form and mature, investments are expected to shift into the development of novel emerging subsurface process technologies. While these processes are characterized by a high commercial potential, they are also typically associated with high technical risk. The time-to-market along comparable development pipelines, such as for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) methods in the Oil and Gas sector, is on the order of tens of years. It is anticipated that in the near future, there will be much value in developing simulation tools that can shorten time-to-market cycles, making investment shifts more attractive. There are two forces however that may debilitate us from delivering simulation as a scientific discovery tool. The first force is the growing nonlinearity of the problem base. The second force is the flip-side of a double edged sword; a rapidly evolving computer architecture scene. The first part of this work concerns the formulation and linearization of nonlinear simultaneous equations; the archetypal inflexible component of all large scale simulators. The proposed solution is an algorithmic framework and library of data-types called the Automatically Differentiable Expression Templates Library (ADETL). The ADETL provides generic representations of variables and discretized expressions on a simulation grid, and the data-types provide algorithms employed behind the scenes to automatically compute the sparse analytical Jacobian. Using the library, large-scale simulators can be developed rapidly by simply writing the residual equations, and without any hand differentiation, hand crafted performance tuning loops, or any other low-level constructs. A key challenge that is addressed is in enabling this level of abstraction and programming ease while making it easy to develop code that runs fast. Faster than any of several existing automatic differentiation packages, faster than any purely Object Oriented implementation, and at least in the order of the execution speed of code delivered by a development team with hand-optimized residuals, analytical derivatives, and Jacobian assembly routines. A second challenge is in providing a generic multi-layered software framework that incorporates plug-in low-level constructs tuned to emerging architectures. The inception of the ADETL spurred an effort to develop the new generation AD-GPRS simulator, which we use to demonstrate the powers of the ADETL. We conclude with a thought towards a future where simulators can write themselves. The second part of this work develops nonlinear methods that can exploit the nature of the underlying physics to deal with the current and upcoming challenges in physical nonlinearity. The Fully Implicit Method offers unconditional stability of the discrete approximations. This stability comes at the expense of transferring the inherent physical stiffness onto the coupled nonlinear residual equations that are solved at each timestep. Current reservoir simulators apply safe-guarded variants of Newton's method that can neither guarantee convergence, nor provide estimates of the relation between convergence rate and timestep size. In practice, timestep chops become necessary, and they are guided heuristically. With growing complexity, convergence difficulties can lead to substantial losses in computational effort and prohibitively small timesteps. We establish an alternate class of nonlinear iteration that converges and that associates a timestep to each iteration. Moreover, the linear solution process within each iteration is performed locally. Several challenging examples are presented, and the results demonstrate the robustness and computational efficiency of the proposed class of methods. We conclude with thoughts to unify timestepping and iterative nonlinear methods.
Book Synopsis CO2 Storage in Deltaic Environments of Deposition by : Emily Christine Beckham
Download or read book CO2 Storage in Deltaic Environments of Deposition written by Emily Christine Beckham and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbon sequestration in geologic reservoirs is a proven method for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Deltaic deposits are attractive candidates for CO2 storage projects due to their prominent role as hydrocarbon reservoirs. This research informs subsurface deltaic reservoir characterization and performance for carbon sequestration through integration of geocellular modeling, outcrop analyses, and seismic mapping of prospective offshore CO2 reservoirs. Results emphasize the importance of recognizing sequence stratigraphic architectures for predicting CO2 migration. Initially, a model of a deltaic system was generated from a prior laboratory flume deposit to better understand fundamental (but generalized) aspects of reservoir and seal performance. This model was scaled and assigned geologic properties, generating a novel and extremely high-resolution geologic model. Physical architectures represented in the geologic model are consistent with global examples of deltaic reservoirs as well as the facies, stratal stacking pattern, and grain size variability in outcrops studied in this research. Twenty CO2 injection simulations were run on the geologic model to understand the relationship between reservoir heterogeneity and fluid migration. Baffles affecting migration are identified as the shale layers between sand clinoforms and regressive surfaces in the highstand-lowstand systems tracts. Primary trapping surfaces influencing CO2 migration are the regressive surfaces in the transgressive systems tract (TST), where migration pathways converge along common surfaces. Thesesequence stratigraphic observations are then applied to reservoir characterization in 3D seismic data from offshore Gulf of Mexico. The regional, sequence stratigraphic surfaces are well represented in sub-surface data. Hydrocarbon production data indicate fluid accumulation in TST stratigraphy, similar to the geologic modeling results, suggesting some predictability of fluid flow in deltaic settings. The novel integration of datatypes produces enhanced understanding of subsurface fluid flow in deltaic environments.
Book Synopsis Reservoir Modelling by : Steve Cannon
Download or read book Reservoir Modelling written by Steve Cannon and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2024-06-17 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The essential resource to an integrated approach to reservoir modelling by highlighting both the input of data and the modelling results Reservoir Modelling offers a comprehensive guide to the procedures and workflow for building a 3-D model. Designed to be practical, the principles outlined can be applied to any modelling project regardless of the software used. The author — a noted practitioner in the field — captures the heterogeneity due to structure, stratigraphy and sedimentology that has an impact on flow in the reservoir. This essential guide follows a general workflow from data QC and project management, structural modelling, facies and property modelling to upscaling and the requirements for dynamic modelling. The author discusses structural elements of a model and reviews both seismic interpretation and depth conversion, which are known to contribute most to volumetric uncertainty and shows how large-scale stratigraphic relationships are integrated into the reservoir framework. The text puts the focus on geostatistical modelling of facies and heterogeneities that constrain the distribution of reservoir properties including porosity, permeability and water saturation. In addition, the author discusses the role of uncertainty analysis in the static model and its impact on volumetric estimation. The text also addresses some typical approaches to modelling specific reservoirs through a mix of case studies and illustrative examples and: Offers a practical guide to the use of data to build a successful reservoir model Draws on the latest advances in 3-D modelling software Reviews facies modelling, the different methods and the need for understanding the geological interpretation of cores and logs Presents information on upscaling both the structure and the properties of a fine-scale geological model for dynamic simulation Stresses the importance of an interdisciplinary team-based approach Written for geophysicists, reservoir geologists and petroleum engineers, Reservoir Modelling offers the essential information needed to understand a reservoir for modelling and contains the multidisciplinary nature of a reservoir modelling project.
Book Synopsis Reservoir Simulation Studies for Coupled CO2 Sequestration and Enhanced Oil Recovery by : Yousef Ghomian
Download or read book Reservoir Simulation Studies for Coupled CO2 Sequestration and Enhanced Oil Recovery written by Yousef Ghomian and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Compositional reservoir simulation studies were performed to investigate the effect of uncertain reservoir parameters, flood design variables, and economic factors on coupled CO2 sequestration and EOR projects. Typical sandstone and carbonate reservoir properties were used to build generic reservoir models. A large number of simulations were needed to quantify the impact of all these factors and their corresponding uncertainties taking into account various combinations of the factors. The design of experiment method along with response surface methodology and Monte-Carlo simulations were utilized to maximize the information gained from each uncertainty analysis. The two objective functions were project profit in the form of $/bbl of oil produced and sequestered amount of CO2 in the reservoir. The optimized values for all objective functions predicted by design of experiment and the response surface method were found to be close to the values obtained by the simulation study, but with only a small fraction of the computational time. After the statistical analysis of the simulation results, the most to least influential factors for maximizing both profit and amount of stored CO2 are the produced gas oil ratio constraint, production and injection well types, and well spacing. For WAG injection scenarios, the Dykstra-Parsons coefficient and combinations of WAG ratio and slug size are important parameters. Also for a CO2 flood, no significant reduction of profit occurred when only the storage of CO2 was maximized. In terms of the economic parameters, it was demonstrated that the oil price dominates the CO2 EOR and storage. This study showed that sandstone reservoirs have higher probability of need for CO2i ncentives. In addition, higher CO2 credit is needed for WAG injection scenarios than continuous CO2 injection. As the second part of this study, scaling groups for miscible CO2 flooding in a three-dimensional oil reservoir were derived using inspectional analysis with special emphasis on the equations related to phase behavior. Some of these scaling groups were used to develop a new MMP correlation. This correlation was compared with published correlations using a wide range of reservoir fluids and found to give more accurate predictions of the MMP.
Book Synopsis Geologic Modeling and Data Assimilation for CO2 Sequestration in Point Bar Reservoirs by : Ismael Dawuda
Download or read book Geologic Modeling and Data Assimilation for CO2 Sequestration in Point Bar Reservoirs written by Ismael Dawuda and published by . This book was released on 2024 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The target reservoirs in many CO2 sequestration projects exhibit point bar geology characterized by the presence of shale drapes that can act as barriers to prevent the leakage of CO2. However, these shale drapes can also act as flow barriers and impede the displacement of CO2 in such reservoirs and restrict the storage volume. Therefore, developing a framework for modeling point bars and their associated heterogeneities is important. Yet, for the point bar model to be geologically realistic and reliable for predicting the displacement of the CO2 plume during sequestration, it should be calibrated by assimilating historical production/injection data to reduce the uncertainties associated with predictions of flow performance. Even so, due to the complex geologic heterogeneity exhibited by point bars, there is likely to be significant residual uncertainty even after assimilating historical flow performance related data. The calibrated models are further refined by assimilating timelapse seismic data in a Bayesian model selection workflow to sub-select the most-probable models that best reflect the reservoir characteristics closely. Given the interlinked nature of these modeling efforts, this dissertation proposes an integrated modeling workflow to accomplish the research objectives. The workflow begins with detailed geometric and geologic modeling of point bar reservoirs, and subsequent calibration of the models by assimilating CO2 injection data and time-lapse seismic information. A stochastic approach that considers the processes leading to the deposition of the point bar is proposed to model the point bar and its associated heterogeneities. The method uses geometric functions to model the areal and vertical dimensions of the point bar reservoir. Preserving the curvilinear continuity of the point bar geometry is very difficult and this has been accomplished by implementing a gridding scheme that accounts for the aerial geometry of the accretion surfaces as well as the sigmoidal geometry of the inclined heterolithic stratifications. Also, the spatial continuity of the unique heterogeneities that characterize point bar reservoirs was honored by incorporating a grid transformation scheme in the geostatistical simulation of the reservoir properties. The residual uncertainty associated with the geological modeling process was represented by generating several realizations of point bar reservoir models. The model calibration workflow seeks to reduce the uncertainty associated with the prediction of reservoir properties over the ensemble of point bar reservoir models. The workflow developed in this research addresses two challenges common to many history matching techniques: (1) failure to account for uncertainties in reservoir geometry despite the influence that the reservoir architecture can have on reservoir response variables, (2) inability to handle the non-Gaussian relationship between the primary state variables and secondary variables for reservoirs with complex heterogeneities (such as point bars) within current ensemble-based schemes. These challenges were addressed in a hierarchical, two-step approach using ensemble-based data assimilation techniques. In step 1, we tackled the first challenge by implementing ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) to update the geometry of the point bar reservoir. For step 2, we used the updated reservoir geometry determined in step 1 to tackle the second problem by implementing a modified Indicator-based Data Assimilation (InDA) to update the permeability distribution in the point bar system. To accommodate the curvilinear geometry of the reservoir implemented while still implementing InDA in a Cartesian framework, we incorporated a grid transformation scheme. This two-step model calibration approach reduces but does not eliminate the uncertainty associated with the models for the point bar reservoir. Further reduction in uncertainty is possible by integrating additional data in the form of time-lapse information. In this research, we implement a Bayesian model selection workflow to further reduce the uncertainty associated with the models for the point bar reservoir. The model selection algorithm is used to create a posterior set of models that reflect the time-lapse seismic information that may be available for the field site. The algorithm proceeds by: (1) computing discrete Fréchet distances to quantify the similarity in post-injection seismic responses obtained from a large prior ensemble of models, (2) combining multidimensional scaling with k-means clustering, to partition the models into subgroups based on their seismic responses, (3) performing Bayesian computations in the reduced model space to select the subgroup of models that yield response closest to the observed seismic information, and (4) iteratively sampling the posterior models, to further refine the selection of the model clusters. The applicability of the entire integrated workflow to a real field scenario is demonstrated, using the CO2 injection and timelapse seismic dataset for the Cranfield reservoir in Mississippi. The final ensemble of selected models can be used to assess the uncertainty in predicting CO2 storage capacity and the future displacement of CO2 plume.
