Read Books Online and Download eBooks, EPub, PDF, Mobi, Kindle, Text Full Free.
Arm Cloud Aerosol Precipitation Experiment Acapex Science Plan
Download Arm Cloud Aerosol Precipitation Experiment Acapex Science Plan full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Arm Cloud Aerosol Precipitation Experiment Acapex Science Plan ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!
Book Synopsis ARM Cloud Aerosol Precipitation Experiment (ACAPEX) Science Plan by :
Download or read book ARM Cloud Aerosol Precipitation Experiment (ACAPEX) Science Plan written by and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 65 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The western U.S. receives precipitation predominantly during the cold season when storms approach from the Pacific Ocean. The snowpack that accumulates during winter storms provides about 70-90% of water supply for the region. Understanding and modeling the fundamental processes that govern the large precipitation variability and extremes in the western U.S. is a critical test for the ability of climate models to predict the regional water cycle, including floods and droughts. Two elements of significant importance in predicting precipitation variability in the western U.S. are atmospheric rivers and aerosols. Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are narrow bands of enhanced water vapor associated with the warm sector of extratropical cyclones over the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Because of the large lower-tropospheric water vapor content, strong atmospheric winds and neutral moist static stability, some ARs can produce heavy precipitation by orographic enhancement during landfall on the U.S. West Coast. While ARs are responsible for a large fraction of heavy precipitation in that region during winter, much of the rest of the orographic precipitation occurs in post-frontal clouds, which are typically quite shallow, with tops just high enough to pass the mountain barrier. Such clouds are inherently quite susceptible to aerosol effects on both warm rain and ice precipitation-forming processes.
Book Synopsis Science Plan for the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM). by :
Download or read book Science Plan for the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM). written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Science Plan is to articulate the scientific issues driving the ARM Program, and to relate them to DOE's programmatic objectives for ARM, based on the experience and scientific progress gained over the past five years. ARM programmatic objectives are to: (1) Relate observed radiative fluxes and radiances in the atmosphere, spectrally resolved and as a function of position and time, to the temperature and composition of the atmosphere, specifically including water vapor and clouds, and to surface properties, and sample sufficient variety of situations so as to span a wide range of climatologically relevant possibilities; (2) develop and test parameterizations that can be used to accurately predict the radiative properties and to model the radiative interactions involving water vapor and clouds within the atmosphere, with the objective of incorporating these parameterizations into general circulation models. The primary observational methods remote sending and other observations at the surface, particularly remote sensing of clouds, water vapor and aerosols.
Book Synopsis Atmospheric Rivers by : F. Martin Ralph
Download or read book Atmospheric Rivers written by F. Martin Ralph and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-07-10 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is the standard reference based on roughly 20 years of research on atmospheric rivers, emphasizing progress made on key research and applications questions and remaining knowledge gaps. The book presents the history of atmospheric-rivers research, the current state of scientific knowledge, tools, and policy-relevant (science-informed) problems that lend themselves to real-world application of the research—and how the topic fits into larger national and global contexts. This book is written by a global team of authors who have conducted and published the majority of critical research on atmospheric rivers over the past years. The book is intended to benefit practitioners in the fields of meteorology, hydrology and related disciplines, including students as well as senior researchers.
Book Synopsis Model Simulations of Aerosol Effects on Clouds and Precipitation in Comparison with ARM Data by :
Download or read book Model Simulations of Aerosol Effects on Clouds and Precipitation in Comparison with ARM Data written by and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 4 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Observation-based studies have shown that the aerosol cloud lifetime effect or the increase of cloud liquid water path (LWP) with increased aerosol loading may have been overestimated in climate models. Here, we simulate shallow warm clouds on 05/27/2011 at the Southern Great Plains (SGP) measurement site established by Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program using a single column version of a global climate model (Community Atmosphere Model or CAM) and a cloud resolving model (CRM). The LWP simulated by CAM increases substantially with aerosol loading while that in the CRM does not. The increase of LWP in CAM is caused by a large decrease of the autoconversion rate when cloud droplet number increases. In the CRM, the autoconversion rate is also reduced, but this is offset or even outweighed by the increased evaporation of cloud droplets near cloud top, resulting in an overall decrease in LWP. Our results suggest that climate models need to include the dependence of cloud top growth and the evaporation/condensation process on cloud droplet number concentrations.
Book Synopsis Field Measurements for Passive Environmental Remote Sensing by : Nicholas R. Nalli
Download or read book Field Measurements for Passive Environmental Remote Sensing written by Nicholas R. Nalli and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2022-09-27 with total page 454 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Field Measurements for Environmental Remote Sensing: Instrumentation, Intensive Campaigns, and Satellite Applications is an academic synthesis of invaluable in situ measurements and techniques leveraged by the science of environmental remote sensing. Sections cover in situ datasets and observing methods used for satellite remote sending applications and validation, synthesizing the various techniques utilized by well-established application areas under a common paradigm. The book serves as both a textbook for students (upper-level undergraduate to graduate level) and a reference book for practitioners and researchers in the atmospheric, oceanic and remote sensing fields. Presents chapters organized according to subdiscipline, with each written by established experts in their relevant field Includes literature reviews, case studies and applications for each subdivision Features a synthesis of the suite of invaluable in situ measurements and techniques leveraged by the science of environmental remote sensing
Book Synopsis Aerosol-Cloud Interactions from Urban, Regional, to Global Scales by : Yuan Wang
Download or read book Aerosol-Cloud Interactions from Urban, Regional, to Global Scales written by Yuan Wang and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-05-05 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The studies in this dissertation aim at advancing our scientific understandings about physical processes involved in the aerosol-cloud-precipitation interaction and quantitatively assessing the impacts of aerosols on the cloud systems with diverse scales over the globe on the basis of the observational data analysis and various modeling studies. As recognized in the Fifth Assessment Report by the Inter-government Panel on Climate Change, the magnitude of radiative forcing by atmospheric aerosols is highly uncertain, representing the largest uncertainty in projections of future climate by anthropogenic activities. By using a newly implemented cloud microphysical scheme in the cloud-resolving model, the thesis assesses aerosol-cloud interaction for distinct weather systems, ranging from individual cumulus to mesoscale convective systems. This thesis also introduces a novel hierarchical modeling approach that solves a long outstanding mismatch between simulations by regional weather models and global climate models in the climate modeling community. More importantly, the thesis provides key scientific solutions to several challenging questions in climate science, including the global impacts of the Asian pollution. As scientists wrestle with the complexities of climate change in response to varied anthropogenic forcing, perhaps no problem is more challenging than the understanding of the impacts of atmospheric aerosols from air pollution on clouds and the global circulation.
Book Synopsis The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program by : D. D. Turner
Download or read book The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program written by D. D. Turner and published by . This book was released on 2018-03-09 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis A Plan for a Research Program on Aerosol Radiative Forcing and Climate Change by : National Research Council
Download or read book A Plan for a Research Program on Aerosol Radiative Forcing and Climate Change written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1996-04-17 with total page 179 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book recommends the initiation of an "integrated" research program to study the role of aerosols in the predicted global climate change. Current understanding suggest that, even now, aerosols, primarily from anthropogenic sources, may be reducing the rate of warming caused by greenhouse gas emissions. In addition to specific research recommendations, this book forcefully argues for two kinds of research program integration: integration of the individual laboratory, field, and theoretical research activities and an integrated management structure that involves all of the concerned federal agencies.
Book Synopsis Mechanisms for the Influence from Ice Nucleus Aerosols on Clouds and Their Indirect Effects: Clous Modelling by : Deepak Waman
Download or read book Mechanisms for the Influence from Ice Nucleus Aerosols on Clouds and Their Indirect Effects: Clous Modelling written by Deepak Waman and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The role of multiple groups of primary biological aerosol particles (PBAPs) as ice nucleating particles (INPs), and of ice formation processes such as time-dependent freezing of various INPs, and various secondary ice production (SIP) mechanisms in overall ice concentration has been evaluated in a range of cloud systems by simulating them numerically with the state-of-the-art 'Aerosol-Cloud' (AC) model in a 3D mesoscale domain. Also, the mechanisms of aerosol indirect effects (AIEs) arising from anthropogenic INPs, and the responses to these AIEs from time-dependent INP freezing and SIP processes are investigated in the simulated clouds. The cloud systems simulated with AC are: events of summertime deep convection observed over Oklahoma, USA during the Midlatitude Continental Convective Cloud Experiment (MC3E) in 2011 on 1) 11 May, and 2) 20 May, and wintertime 3) orographic clouds observed during the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Cloud Aerosol Precipitation Experiment (ACAPEX) on 07 February 2015 over North California, and 4) supercooled layer clouds observed over Larkhill, UK, during the Aerosol Properties, Processes And Influences on the Earth's climate (APPRAISE) campaign on 18 February 2009. AC uses the dynamical core of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, modified Geophysical Fluid Dynamic Laboratory (GFDL) radiation scheme, and hybrid bin-bulk microphysics scheme. AC is validated adequately with the coincident aircraft, ground-based, and satellite observations for all four cases. AC forms secondary ice through the Hallett-Mossop (HM) process of rime-splintering, and fragmentation during ice-ice collisions, raindrop freezing, and sublimation of dendritic snow and graupel. A measure of SIP is defined using the term 'ice enhancement' (IE) ratio which is the ratio between the number concentration of total ice particles and active INPs at cloud tops. For both cases in MC3E, overall, PBAPs have little effect (+1-6%) on the cloud-liquid (droplet mean sizes, number concentrations, and their water contents) properties, overall ice concentration, and on precipitation. AC predicts the activity of various INPs with an empirical parameterization (EP). The EP is modified to represent the time-dependent approach of INP freezing in light of our published laboratory observations. It is predicted that the time dependence of INP freezing is not the main cause for continuous ice nucleation and precipitation in all simulated cases. Rather, the main mechanism of precipitation formation is the combination of various SIP mechanisms (in convection) and recirculation-reactivation of dust particles (in APPRAISE layer cloud episode). Also, for all cases, the inclusion of time dependence of INP freezing causes little increase (about 10-20%) in the total ice concentration and ice from all SIP. Regarding SIP, in young developing convective clouds of MC3E (11 May), with tops > −15oC, the initial explosive growth is from the fast HM process, creating IE ratios as high as 103. By contrast, in mature convective clouds (tops
Author :National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Publisher :National Academies Press ISBN 13 :0309443458 Total Pages :53 pages Book Rating :4.3/5 (94 download)
Book Synopsis Opportunities to Improve Representation of Clouds and Aerosols in Climate Models with Classified Observing Systems by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Download or read book Opportunities to Improve Representation of Clouds and Aerosols in Climate Models with Classified Observing Systems written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2016-08-31 with total page 53 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the most significant and uncertain aspects of climate change projections is the impact of aerosols on the climate system. Aerosols influence the climate indirectly by interacting with nearby clouds leading to small changes in cloud cover, thickness, and altitude, which significantly affect Earth's radiative balance. Advancements have been made in recent years on understanding the complex processes and atmospheric interactions involved when aerosols interact with surrounding clouds, but further progress has been hindered by limited observations. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine organized a workshop to discuss the usefulness of the classified observing systems in advancing understanding of cloud and aerosol interactions. Because these systems were not developed with weather and climate modeling as a primary mission objective, many participants said it is necessary for scientists to find creative ways to utilize the data. The data from these systems have the potential to be useful in advancing understanding of cloud and aerosol interactions. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.
Book Synopsis Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation Interactions in Moist Orographic Flows by : Andreas Mühlbauer
Download or read book Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation Interactions in Moist Orographic Flows written by Andreas Mühlbauer and published by Sudwestdeutscher Verlag Fur Hochschulschriften AG. This book was released on 2009 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aerosols are ubiquitous in the Earth's atmosphere and influence the climate system through their interactions with clouds and radiation. With their ability to serve as cloud condensation nuclei and ice nuclei aerosols influence microphysical processes in clouds thereby potentially affecting precipitation. In this book the possible effects of aerosols on orographic precipitation are investigated with a numerical model.
Book Synopsis Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation Interactions in the Trade Wind Boundary Layer by : Eunsil Jung
Download or read book Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation Interactions in the Trade Wind Boundary Layer written by Eunsil Jung and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation includes an overview of aerosol, cloud, and precipitation properties associated with shallow marine cumulus clouds observed during the Barbados Aerosol Cloud Experiment (BACEX, March-April 2010) and a discussion of their interactions. The principal observing platform for the experiment was the Cooperative Institute for Remotely Piloted Aircraft Studies (CIRPAS) Twin Otter (TO) research aircraft that was equipped with aerosol, cloud, and precipitation probes, standard meteorological instruments, and a up-looking cloud radar. The temporal variations and vertical distributions of aerosols observed on the 15 flights show a wide range of aerosol conditions that include the most intense African dust event observed at the Barbados surface site during all of 2010. An average CCN varied from 50 cm-3 to 800 cm-3 at super-saturation of 0.6 %, for example. The 10-day backward trajectories show that three distinctive air masses (originality of air mass as well as the vertical structure) dominate over the Eastern Caribbean (e.g., typical maritime air mass, Saharan Air Layer (SAL), Middle latitude dry air) with characteristic aerosol vertical structures. Many clouds in various phases of growth during BACEX are sampled. The maximum cloud depth observed is about less than 3 km and in most of the clouds is less than 1 km. Two types of precipitation features were observed for the shallow marine cumulus clouds with different impacts on boundary layer. In one, precipitation shafts are observed to emanate from the cloud base with evaporation in the sub-cloud layer (stabilize the sub-cloud layer). In the other, precipitation shafts emanate mainly near the cloud top on the downshear side of the cloud and evaporate in the cloud layer, leading to destabilizing the cloud layer and providing moisture to the layer. Only 42-44 % of clouds sampled were purely non-precipitating throughout the clouds; the remainder of the clouds showed precipitation somewhere in the cloud, predominantly closer to the cloud top. The relationship between aerosol (Na), cloud droplets (Nd), and precipitation rates (R) is addressed to explore aerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions. A robust increase in Nd with increase in aerosol concentrations is documented. Further, a strong linear relation between sub-cloud CCN and cloud-base Nd is observed in updrafts. The sensitivity of Nd to changes in vertical velocity perturbations w ́ (i.e., dlnNd /dlnw ́), is greater in the regimes of high aerosol concentrations, suggesting a slight increase in updrafts (or w ́) in polluted conditions can lead to greater increases in Nd. Suppression of precipitation with aerosol is a common feature during BACEX. To quantify this decrease of precipitation toward higher aerosol concentration, the sensitivity of precipitation to changes in aerosol (i.e., precipitation susceptibility S0 ) is examined. S0 exhibits three regimes and peaks at intermediate range of cloud thickness. Further, the removal of Nd , due to the rain (wet scavenging), makes susceptibility stronger overall. In addition to the aerosol feeding clouds from the sub-cloud layer, small cumuli can alter the aerosol properties of their immediate environment through cloud and precipitation processes. In the warm cumuli studied, the depletion of aerosols near cloud field (so-called cloud halos/shell regimes) are notable, and the reduction of aerosols is more significant in precipitating clouds compared with non-and/or light-precipitating clouds. The modification of boundary layer aerosol by cloud processes is also explored. The comparisons of the thermodynamic structures observed over Africa with those at Barbados indicate that layers below the SAL are moistened by surface fluxes and convective processes as the air masses are advected across the Atlantic over 7-10 days.
Book Synopsis Cloud and Aerosol Characterization for the ARM Central Facility by :
Download or read book Cloud and Aerosol Characterization for the ARM Central Facility written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 13 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In support of the initial phase of the Instrument Development Program (IDP) of the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program, the authors have researched the means by which multiple remote sensing techniques could be best applied to characterizing the cloudy atmosphere. This research has directly supported the short-term goal of aiding in the selection of the most appropriate instrumentation for ARM Clouds and Radiation Testbed (CART) sites, but also has more long-term consequences for the application of remote sensing for measuring cloud properties of crucial concern to general circulation and climate models. To accomplish the goals they have (1) developed a mobile, state-of-the-art, scanning polarization diversity lidar (PDL) to test a variety of techniques for cloud remote sensing, including simultaneous dual-wavelength and dual-polarization, and high-speed variable field-of-view operations; (2) successfully participated in field projects using the PDL along with other remote sensors and instrumented aircraft to obtain detailed datasets for the testing of instrument techniques; (3) in collaboration with researchers at the NOAA Wave Propagation Laboratory, used numerical cloud modeling and empirical studies to develop and refine remote sensing approaches for cloud property retrieval.
Book Synopsis Determining Best Estimates and Uncertainties in Cloud Microphysical Parameters from ARM Field Data by :
Download or read book Determining Best Estimates and Uncertainties in Cloud Microphysical Parameters from ARM Field Data written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 33 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We proposed to analyze in-situ cloud data collected during ARM/ASR field campaigns to create databases of cloud microphysical properties and their uncertainties as needed for the development of improved cloud parameterizations for models and remote sensing retrievals, and for evaluation of model simulations and retrievals. In particular, we proposed to analyze data collected over the Southern Great Plains (SGP) during the Mid-latitude Continental Convective Clouds Experiment (MC3E), the Storm Peak Laboratory Cloud Property Validation Experiment (STORMVEX), the Small Particles in Cirrus (SPARTICUS) Experiment and the Routine AAF Clouds with Low Optical Water Depths (CLOWD) Optical Radiative Observations (RACORO) field campaign, over the North Slope of Alaska during the Indirect and Semi-Direct Aerosol Campaign (ISDAC) and the Mixed-Phase Arctic Cloud Experiment (M-PACE), and over the Tropical Western Pacific (TWP) during The Tropical Warm Pool International Cloud Experiment (TWP-ICE), to meet the following 3 objectives; derive statistical databases of single ice particle properties (aspect ratio AR, dominant habit, mass, projected area) and distributions of ice crystals (size distributions SDs, mass-dimension m-D, area-dimension A-D relations, mass-weighted fall speeds, single-scattering properties, total concentrations N, ice mass contents IWC), complete with uncertainty estimates; assess processes by which aerosols modulate cloud properties in arctic stratus and mid-latitude cumuli, and quantify aerosol's influence in context of varying meteorological and surface conditions; and determine how ice cloud microphysical, single-scattering and fall-out properties and contributions of small ice crystals to such properties vary according to location, environment, surface, meteorological and aerosol conditions, and develop parameterizations of such effects. In this report we describe the accomplishments that we made on all 3 research objectives.
Book Synopsis Impact of Aerosols on Convective Clouds and Precipitation by : Wei-Kuo Tao
Download or read book Impact of Aerosols on Convective Clouds and Precipitation written by Wei-Kuo Tao and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aerosols are a critical factor in the atmospheric hydrological cycle and radiation budget. As a major agent for clouds to form and a significant attenuator of solar radiation, aerosols affect climate in several ways. Current research suggests that aerosol effects on clouds could further extend to precipitation, both through the formation of cloud particles and by exerting persistent radiative forcing on the climate system that disturbs dynamics. However, the various mechanisms behind these effects, in particular, the ones connected to precipitation, are not yet well understood. The atmospheric and climate communities have long been working to gain a better grasp of these critical effects and hence to reduce the significant uncertainties in climate prediction resulting from such a lack of adequate knowledge. Here we review past efforts and summarize our current understanding of the effect of aerosols on convective precipitation processes from theoretical analysis of microphysics, observational evidence, and a range of numerical model simulations. In addition, the discrepancies between results simulated by models, as well as those between simulations and observations, are presented. Specifically, this paper addresses the following topics: (1) fundamental theories of aerosol effects on microphysics and precipitation processes, (2) observational evidence of the effect of aerosols on precipitation processes, (3) signatures of the aerosol impact on precipitation from large-scale analyses, (4) results from cloud-resolving model simulations, and (5) results from large-scale numerical model simulations. Finally, several future research directions for gaining a better understanding of aerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions are suggested.
Book Synopsis Modeling Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation Interactions in Mountainous Regions by : Ana Barros
Download or read book Modeling Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation Interactions in Mountainous Regions written by Ana Barros and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In mountainous regions, the nonlinear thermodynamics of orographic land-atmosphere interactions (LATMI) in organizing and maintaining moisture convergence patterns on the one hand, and aerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions (ACPI) in modulating the vertical structure of precipitation and space-time variability of surface precipitation on the other, are difficult to separate unambiguously because the physiochemical characteristics of aerosols themselves exhibit large sub-regional scale variability. In this chapter, ACPI in the Central Himalayas are examined in detail using aerosol observations during JAMEX09 (Joint Aerosol Monsoon Campaign 2009) to specify CCN activation properties for simulations of a premonsoon convective storm using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) version 3.8.1. The focus is on contrasting AIE during episodes of remote pollution run-up from the Indo-Gangetic Plains and when only local aerosols are present in Central Nepal. This study suggests strong coupling between the vertical structure of convection in complex terrain that governs the time-scales and spatial organization of cloud development, CCN activation rates, and cold microphysics (e.g. graupel production is favored by slower activation spectra) that result in large shifts in the spatial distribution of precipitation, precipitation intensity and storm arrival time.
Book Synopsis The ARM Program in the Tropical Western Pacific by :
Download or read book The ARM Program in the Tropical Western Pacific written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 13 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program was created in 1989 as part of the US Global Change Research Program to improve the treatment of atmospheric radiative and cloud processes in computer models used to predict climate change. The overall goal of the ARM program is to develop and test parameterizations of important atmospheric processes, particularly cloud and radiative processes, for use in atmospheric models. This goal is being achieved through a combination of field measurements and modeling studies. Three primary locales were chosen for extensive field measurement facilities. These are the Southern Great Plains of the United States, the Tropical Western Pacific, and the North Slope of Alaska and Adjacent Arctic Ocean. This paper describes the ARM program in the Tropical Western Pacific locale.
