Apollos Computers

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The Apollo Guidance Computer

Author : Frank O'Brien
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1441908773
Total Pages : 440 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (419 download)

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Book Synopsis The Apollo Guidance Computer by : Frank O'Brien

Download or read book The Apollo Guidance Computer written by Frank O'Brien and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-06-25 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The technological marvel that facilitated the Apollo missions to the Moon was the on-board computer. In the 1960s most computers filled an entire room, but the spacecraft’s computer was required to be compact and low power. Although people today find it difficult to accept that it was possible to control a spacecraft using such a ‘primitive’ computer, it nevertheless had capabilities that are advanced even by today’s standards. This is the first book to fully describe the Apollo guidance computer’s architecture, instruction format and programs used by the astronauts. As a comprehensive account, it will span the disciplines of computer science, electrical and aerospace engineering. However, it will also be accessible to the ‘space enthusiast’. In short, the intention is for this to be the definitive account of the Apollo guidance computer. Frank O’Brien’s interest in the Apollo program began as a serious amateur historian. About 12 years ago, he began performing research and writing essays for the Apollo Lunar Surface Journal, and the Apollo Flight Journal. Much of this work centered on his primary interests, the Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC) and the Lunar Module. These Journals are generally considered the canonical online reference on the flights to the Moon. He was then asked to assist the curatorial staff in the creation of the Cradle of Aviation Museum, on Long Island, New York, where he helped prepare the Lunar Module simulator, a LM procedure trainer and an Apollo space suit for display. He regularly lectures on the Apollo computer and related topics to diverse groups, from NASA's computer engineering conferences, the IEEE/ACM, computer festivals and university student groups.

Apollo's Computers

Author : Patrick Stakem
Publisher : Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN 13 : 9781986235150
Total Pages : 52 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (351 download)

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Book Synopsis Apollo's Computers by : Patrick Stakem

Download or read book Apollo's Computers written by Patrick Stakem and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-03-05 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Apollo was built in the era of "big iron" computer mainframes. The concept of an onboard computer for space missions was radically new. There was only one place in the world that could design the Apollo Guidance Computers, and that was MIT. It took most of the U.S.'s production of integrated circuits, another radical idea replacing individual vacuum tubes, to build the AGC's. It took 2,000 person-years of independent code review and validation to ensure that they would operate properly. Besides the technical challenges, the Apollo missions were a matter of National Prestige. In the Space Race between the United States and the Soviet Union, President Kennedy said we were going to the Moon and return safely before the end of the (1960's) decade, so we did. The flight computers for the Saturn launch vehicle were an evolution of earlier missile guidance efforts. The massive Saturn-V first stage was built from clustered Jupiter rockets. The earlier and smaller Saturn-I was built of clustered Redstone rockets, which were themselves a derivative of the early German V-2 rockets by the Von Braun Team. The Saturn's upper stages were all new technology, using liquid hydrogen and oxygen. The vehicle had to achieve and maintain a precise trajectory from its launch site in Florida, to lunar orbit, to the lunar surface and back, and then return to Earth. All this took unprecedented computing power. This book is a brief synopsis of the architecture and applications of the Apollo computers. There is a lot of archived material on the topic, and the list of references in this book is a good starting point. The amazing thing is, the first computer on another world was designed and built before computers were commodity items. It worked as planned. Although your phone has more computing power than the entire Saturn vehicle, you shouldn't trust it to get you to the moon and back.

Digital Apollo

Author : David A. Mindell
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262266687
Total Pages : 377 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (622 download)

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Book Synopsis Digital Apollo by : David A. Mindell

Download or read book Digital Apollo written by David A. Mindell and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2011-09-30 with total page 377 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The incredible story of how human pilots and automated systems worked together to achieve the ultimate achievement in flight—the lunar landings of NASA’s Apollo program As Apollo 11’s Lunar Module descended toward the moon under automatic control, a program alarm in the guidance computer’s software nearly caused a mission abort. Neil Armstrong responded by switching off the automatic mode and taking direct control. He stopped monitoring the computer and began flying the spacecraft, relying on skill to land it and earning praise for a triumph of human over machine. In Digital Apollo, engineer-historian David Mindell takes this famous moment as a starting point for an exploration of the relationship between humans and computers in the Apollo program. In each of the six Apollo landings, the astronaut in command seized control from the computer and landed with his hand on the stick. Mindell recounts the story of astronauts’ desire to control their spacecraft in parallel with the history of the Apollo Guidance Computer. From the early days of aviation through the birth of spaceflight, test pilots and astronauts sought to be more than “spam in a can” despite the automatic controls, digital computers, and software developed by engineers. Digital Apollo examines the design and execution of each of the six Apollo moon landings, drawing on transcripts and data telemetry from the flights, astronaut interviews, and NASA’s extensive archives. Mindell’s exploration of how human pilots and automated systems worked together to achieve the ultimate in flight—a lunar landing—traces and reframes the debate over the future of humans and automation in space. The results have implications for any venture in which human roles seem threatened by automated systems, whether it is the work at our desktops or the future of exploration.

Journey to the Moon

Author : Eldon C. Hall
Publisher : AIAA
ISBN 13 : 9781563471858
Total Pages : 260 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (718 download)

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Book Synopsis Journey to the Moon by : Eldon C. Hall

Download or read book Journey to the Moon written by Eldon C. Hall and published by AIAA. This book was released on 1996 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: evolution of the Apollo Guidance Computer, Mr. Hall contends that the development of the Apollo computer supported and motivated the semiconductor industry during a time when integrated circuits were just emerging. This was the period just before the electronics revolution that gave birth to modern computers. In addition, the book recalls the history of computer technology, both hardware and software, and the applications of digital computing to missile guidance systems and manned spacecraft. The book also offers graphics and photos drawn from the Draper Laboratories archives that illustrate the technology and related events during the Apollo project. Written for experts as well as lay persons, Journey to the Moon is the first book of its kind and a must for anyone interested in the history of science and the relevance of computer technology to space exploration.

Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology

Author : Allen Kent
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9780824722685
Total Pages : 434 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (226 download)

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Book Synopsis Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology by : Allen Kent

Download or read book Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology written by Allen Kent and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1987-08-03 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This comprehensive reference work provides immediate, fingertip access to state-of-the-art technology in nearly 700 self-contained articles written by over 900 international authorities. Each article in the Encyclopedia features current developments and trends in computers, software, vendors, and applications...extensive bibliographies of leading figures in the field, such as Samuel Alexander, John von Neumann, and Norbert Wiener...and in-depth analysis of future directions."

Apollo's Fire

Author : Jay Inslee
Publisher : Island Press
ISBN 13 : 1597266493
Total Pages : 411 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (972 download)

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Book Synopsis Apollo's Fire by : Jay Inslee

Download or read book Apollo's Fire written by Jay Inslee and published by Island Press. This book was released on 2009-08-13 with total page 411 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book the authors make the case for renewable energy and renewable energy policy. Each chapter begins with an inspiring story by someone working in renewable energy or a related field.

Apollo's Arrow

Author : Warren Weisman
Publisher : Sporeprint Inc.
ISBN 13 : 0977133605
Total Pages : 309 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (771 download)

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Book Synopsis Apollo's Arrow by : Warren Weisman

Download or read book Apollo's Arrow written by Warren Weisman and published by Sporeprint Inc.. This book was released on 2005-09 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Weisman's epic novel explains the modern crime of serial killing from its prehistoric origin. Described as the most important book of our time, nothing else comes close.

One Giant Leap

Author : Charles Fishman
Publisher : Simon & Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1501106309
Total Pages : 512 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis One Giant Leap by : Charles Fishman

Download or read book One Giant Leap written by Charles Fishman and published by Simon & Schuster. This book was released on 2020-09-22 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The New York Times bestselling, “meticulously researched and absorbingly written” (The Washington Post) story of the trailblazers and the ordinary Americans on the front lines of the epic Apollo 11 moon mission. President John F. Kennedy astonished the world on May 25, 1961, when he announced to Congress that the United States should land a man on the Moon by 1970. No group was more surprised than the scientists and engineers at NASA, who suddenly had less than a decade to invent space travel. When Kennedy announced that goal, no one knew how to navigate to the Moon. No one knew how to build a rocket big enough to reach the Moon, or how to build a computer small enough (and powerful enough) to fly a spaceship there. No one knew what the surface of the Moon was like, or what astronauts could eat as they flew there. On the day of Kennedy’s historic speech, America had a total of fifteen minutes of spaceflight experience—with just five of those minutes outside the atmosphere. Russian dogs had more time in space than US astronauts. Over the next decade, more than 400,000 scientists, engineers, and factory workers would send twenty-four astronauts to the Moon. Each hour of space flight would require one million hours of work back on Earth to get America to the Moon on July 20, 1969. “A veteran space reporter with a vibrant touch—nearly every sentence has a fact, an insight, a colorful quote or part of a piquant anecdote” (The Wall Street Journal) and in One Giant Leap, Fishman has written the sweeping, definitive behind-the-scenes account of the furious race to complete one of mankind’s greatest achievements. It’s a story filled with surprises—from the item the astronauts almost forgot to take with them (the American flag), to the extraordinary impact Apollo would have back on Earth, and on the way we live today. From the research labs of MIT, where the eccentric and legendary pioneer Charles Draper created the tools to fly the Apollo spaceships, to the factories where dozens of women sewed spacesuits, parachutes, and even computer hardware by hand, Fishman captures the exceptional feats of these ordinary Americans. “It’s been 50 years since Neil Armstrong took that one small step. Fishman explains in dazzling form just how unbelievable it actually was” (Newsweek).

Apollo's Legacy

Author : Roger D. Launius
Publisher : Smithsonian Institution
ISBN 13 : 1588346528
Total Pages : 264 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (883 download)

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Book Synopsis Apollo's Legacy by : Roger D. Launius

Download or read book Apollo's Legacy written by Roger D. Launius and published by Smithsonian Institution. This book was released on 2019-05-14 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An all-encompassing look at the history and enduring impact of the Apollo space program In Apollo's Legacy, space historian Roger D. Launius explores the many-faceted stories told about the meaning of the Apollo program and how it forever altered American society. The Apollo missions marked the first time human beings left Earth's orbit and visited another world, and thus they loom large in our collective memory. Many have detailed the exciting events of the Apollo program, but Launius offers unique insight into its legacy as seen through multiple perspectives. He surveys a wide range of viewpoints and narratives, both positive and negative, surrounding the program. These include the argument that Apollo epitomizes American technological--and political--progress; technological and scientific advances garnered from the program; critiques from both sides of the political spectrum about the program's expenses; and even conspiracy theories and denials of the program's very existence. Throughout the book, Launius weaves in stories from important moments in Apollo's history to draw readers into his analysis. Apollo's Legacy is a must-read for space buffs interested in new angles on a beloved cultural moment and those seeking a historic perspective on the Apollo program.

Chariots for Apollo

Author : Charles R. Pellegrino
Publisher : Harper Perennial
ISBN 13 : 9780380802616
Total Pages : 356 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (26 download)

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Book Synopsis Chariots for Apollo by : Charles R. Pellegrino

Download or read book Chariots for Apollo written by Charles R. Pellegrino and published by Harper Perennial. This book was released on 1999 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The fascinating and true story of one of America's greatest scientific achievements: the race to put a man on the Moon and bring him home safely.

Computers Take Flight: A History of NASA's Pioneering Digital Fly-By-Wire Project

Author : James E. Tomayko
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 210 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (317 download)

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Book Synopsis Computers Take Flight: A History of NASA's Pioneering Digital Fly-By-Wire Project by : James E. Tomayko

Download or read book Computers Take Flight: A History of NASA's Pioneering Digital Fly-By-Wire Project written by James E. Tomayko and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Sunburst and Luminary

Author : Don Eyles
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780986385933
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (859 download)

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Book Synopsis Sunburst and Luminary by : Don Eyles

Download or read book Sunburst and Luminary written by Don Eyles and published by . This book was released on 2019-09 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1966 the author, newly graduated from college, went to work for the MIT laboratory where the Apollo guidance system was designed. His assignment was to program the complex lunar landing phase in the Lunar Module's onboard computer. As Apollo 11 approaches, the author flies lunar landings in simulators and meets the astronauts who will fly the LM for real. He explains the computer alarms that almost prevented Neil Armstrong from landing and describes a narrow escape from another dangerous problem. On Apollo 14 he devises a workaround when a faulty pushbutton threatens Alan Shepard's mission, earning a NASA award, a story in Rolling Stone, and a few lines in the history books. This memoir is a new kind of book about Apollo. It tells a story never told before by an insider -- the development of the onboard software for the Apollo spacecraft. It makes a vertical connection between technical details and historic events, but by broadening the story using his own experiences as he grows into adulthood in the 1960s the author draws a parallel between that era of successful space exploration, and the exploration, inner and outer, that was taking place in the culture.

Journey to the Moon

Author : Albert C. Piccirillo
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (15 download)

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Book Synopsis Journey to the Moon by : Albert C. Piccirillo

Download or read book Journey to the Moon written by Albert C. Piccirillo and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Apollo Chronicles

Author : Brandon R. Brown
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190681357
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (96 download)

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Book Synopsis The Apollo Chronicles by : Brandon R. Brown

Download or read book The Apollo Chronicles written by Brandon R. Brown and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2019-05-08 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The moon landing of 1969 stands as an iconic moment for both the United States and humankind. The familiar story focuses on the journey of the brave astronauts, who brought home Moon rocks and startling photographs. But Apollo's full account includes the earthbound engineers, mounds of their crumpled paper, and smoldering metal shards of exploded engines. How exactly did the nation, step by difficult step, take men to the Moon and back? In The Apollo Chronicles, fifty years after the moon landing, author Brandon R. Brown, himself the son of an Apollo engineer, revisits the men and women who toiled behind the lights. He relays the defining twentieth-century project from its roots, bringing the engineers' work and personalities to bright life on the page. Set against the backdrop of a turbulent American decade, the narrative whisks audiences through tense deadlines and technical miracles, from President John F. Kennedy's 1961 challenge to NASA's 1969 lunar triumph, as engineers confronted wave after wave of previously unthinkable challenges. Brown immerses readers in key physical hurdles--from building the world's most powerful rockets to keeping humans alive in the hostile void of space--using language free of acronyms and technical jargon. The book also pulls back from the detailed tasks and asks larger questions. What did we learn about the Moon? And what can this uniquely innovative project teach us today?

How Apollo Flew to the Moon

Author : W. David Woods
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1441971793
Total Pages : 582 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (419 download)

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Book Synopsis How Apollo Flew to the Moon by : W. David Woods

Download or read book How Apollo Flew to the Moon written by W. David Woods and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-08-08 with total page 582 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stung by the pioneering space successes of the Soviet Union - in particular, Gagarin being the first man in space, the United States gathered the best of its engineers and set itself the goal of reaching the Moon within a decade. In an expanding 2nd edition of How Apollo Flew to the Moon, David Woods tells the exciting story of how the resulting Apollo flights were conducted by following a virtual flight to the Moon and its exploration of the surface. From launch to splashdown, he hitches a ride in the incredible spaceships that took men to another world, exploring each step of the journey and detailing the enormous range of disciplines, techniques, and procedures the Apollo crews had to master. While describing the tremendous technological accomplishment involved, he adds the human dimension by calling on the testimony of the people who were there at the time. He provides a wealth of fascinating and accessible material: the role of the powerful Saturn V, the reasoning behind trajectories, the day-to-day concerns of human and spacecraft health between two worlds, the exploration of the lunar surface and the sheer daring involved in traveling to the Moon and the mid-twentieth century. Given the tremendous success of the original edition of How Apollo Flew to the Moon, the second edition will have a new chapter on surface activities, inspired by reader's comment on Amazon.com. There will also be additional detail in the existing chapters to incorporate all the feedback from the original edition, and will include larger illustrations.

Apollo in Perspective

Author : Jonathan Allday
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1351086642
Total Pages : 403 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (51 download)

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Book Synopsis Apollo in Perspective by : Jonathan Allday

Download or read book Apollo in Perspective written by Jonathan Allday and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-02-06 with total page 403 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Apollo in Perspective: Spaceflight Then and Now takes a retrospective look at the Apollo space program and the technology that was used to land a man on the Moon. Using simple illustrations and school-level mathematics, Jonathan Allday explains the basic physics and technology of spaceflight and conveys the huge technological strides that were made and the dedication of the people working on the program. Physics topics covered include the laws of motion, rocketry, how to maneuver in orbit, and more. Informal and engaging, the book also discusses the designs of the Apollo Command, Service and Lunar modules and how these changed as the plans for the manned mission evolved. Guidance systems, computers, and engines all had to be developed for the first time. With Apollo as background, the book proceeds to look at the space shuttle, the technology being developed for its replacement, the International Space Station, and the possibilities for a manned Mars mission. The book concludes with an exploration of the far future, including Mars colonies and journeys to other stars.

Chariots for Apollo

Author : Courtney G. Brooks
Publisher : Courier Corporation
ISBN 13 : 0486140938
Total Pages : 578 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (861 download)

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Book Synopsis Chariots for Apollo by : Courtney G. Brooks

Download or read book Chariots for Apollo written by Courtney G. Brooks and published by Courier Corporation. This book was released on 2012-05-14 with total page 578 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This illustrated history by a trio of experts is the definitive reference on the Apollo spacecraft and lunar modules. It traces the vehicles' design, development, and operation in space. More than 100 photographs and illustrations.