Analyzing Multidimensional Well-Being

Download Analyzing Multidimensional Well-Being PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 111925695X
Total Pages : 336 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (192 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Analyzing Multidimensional Well-Being by : Satya R. Chakravarty

Download or read book Analyzing Multidimensional Well-Being written by Satya R. Chakravarty and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-11-01 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “An indispensable reference for all researchers interested in the measurement of social welfare. . .” —François Bourguignon, Emeritus Professor at Paris School of Economics, Former Chief Economist of the World Bank. “. . .a detailed, insightful, and pedagogical presentation of the theoretical grounds of multidimensional well-being, inequality, and poverty measurement. Any student, researcher, and practitioner interested in the multidimensional approach should begin their journey into such a fascinating theme with this wonderful book.” —François Maniquet, Professor, Catholic University of Louvain, Belgium. A Review of the Multidimensional Approaches to the Measurement of Welfare, Inequality, and Poverty Analyzing Multidimensional Well-Being: A Quantitative Approach offers a comprehensive approach to the measurement of well-being that includes characteristics such as income, health, literacy, and housing. The author presents a systematic comparison of the alternative approaches to the measurement of multidimensional welfare, inequality, poverty, and vulnerability. The text contains real-life applications of some multidimensional aggregations (most of which have been designed by international organizations such as the United Nations Development Program and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) that help to judge the performance of a country in the various dimensions of well-being. The text offers an evaluation of how well a society is doing with respect to achievements of all the individuals in the dimensions considered and clearly investigates how achievements in the dimensions can be evaluated from different perspectives. The author includes a detailed scrutiny of alternative techniques for setting weights to individual dimensional metrics and offers an extensive analysis into both the descriptive and welfare theoretical approaches to the concerned multi-attribute measurement and related issues. This important resource: • Contains a synthesis of multidimensional welfare, inequality, poverty, and vulnerability analysis • Examines aggregations of achievement levels in the concerned dimensions of well-being from various standpoints • Shows how to measure poverty using panel data instead of restricting attention to a single period and when we have imprecise information on dimensional achievements • Argues that multidimensional analysis is intrinsically different from marginal distributions-based analysis Written for students, teachers, researchers, and scholars, Analyzing Multidimensional Well-Being: A Quantitative Approach puts the focus on various approaches to the measurementof the many aspects of well-being and quality of life. Satya R. Chakravarty is a Professor of Economics at the Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India. He is an Editor of Social Choice and Welfare and a member of the Editorial Board of Journal of Economic Inequality.

Analyzing Multidimensional Well-Being

Download Analyzing Multidimensional Well-Being PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119256909
Total Pages : 330 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (192 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Analyzing Multidimensional Well-Being by : Satya R. Chakravarty

Download or read book Analyzing Multidimensional Well-Being written by Satya R. Chakravarty and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-11-20 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “An indispensable reference for all researchers interested in the measurement of social welfare. . .” —François Bourguignon, Emeritus Professor at Paris School of Economics, Former Chief Economist of the World Bank. “. . .a detailed, insightful, and pedagogical presentation of the theoretical grounds of multidimensional well-being, inequality, and poverty measurement. Any student, researcher, and practitioner interested in the multidimensional approach should begin their journey into such a fascinating theme with this wonderful book.” —François Maniquet, Professor, Catholic University of Louvain, Belgium. A Review of the Multidimensional Approaches to the Measurement of Welfare, Inequality, and Poverty Analyzing Multidimensional Well-Being: A Quantitative Approach offers a comprehensive approach to the measurement of well-being that includes characteristics such as income, health, literacy, and housing. The author presents a systematic comparison of the alternative approaches to the measurement of multidimensional welfare, inequality, poverty, and vulnerability. The text contains real-life applications of some multidimensional aggregations (most of which have been designed by international organizations such as the United Nations Development Program and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) that help to judge the performance of a country in the various dimensions of well-being. The text offers an evaluation of how well a society is doing with respect to achievements of all the individuals in the dimensions considered and clearly investigates how achievements in the dimensions can be evaluated from different perspectives. The author includes a detailed scrutiny of alternative techniques for setting weights to individual dimensional metrics and offers an extensive analysis into both the descriptive and welfare theoretical approaches to the concerned multi-attribute measurement and related issues. This important resource: • Contains a synthesis of multidimensional welfare, inequality, poverty, and vulnerability analysis • Examines aggregations of achievement levels in the concerned dimensions of well-being from various standpoints • Shows how to measure poverty using panel data instead of restricting attention to a single period and when we have imprecise information on dimensional achievements • Argues that multidimensional analysis is intrinsically different from marginal distributions-based analysis Written for students, teachers, researchers, and scholars, Analyzing Multidimensional Well-Being: A Quantitative Approach puts the focus on various approaches to the measurementof the many aspects of well-being and quality of life. Satya R. Chakravarty is a Professor of Economics at the Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India. He is an Editor of Social Choice and Welfare and a member of the Editorial Board of Journal of Economic Inequality.

OECD Guidelines on Measuring Subjective Well-being

Download OECD Guidelines on Measuring Subjective Well-being PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : OECD Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9264191658
Total Pages : 290 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (641 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis OECD Guidelines on Measuring Subjective Well-being by : OECD

Download or read book OECD Guidelines on Measuring Subjective Well-being written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2013-03-20 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: These Guidelines represent the first attempt to provide international recommendations on collecting, publishing, and analysing subjective well-being data.

Well-Being as a Multidimensional Concept

Download Well-Being as a Multidimensional Concept PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1498559395
Total Pages : 461 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (985 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Well-Being as a Multidimensional Concept by : Janet M. Page-Reeves

Download or read book Well-Being as a Multidimensional Concept written by Janet M. Page-Reeves and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2019-07-01 with total page 461 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Well-Being as a Multidimensional Concept highlights the ways that culture and community influence concepts of wellness, the experience of well-being, and health outcomes. This book includes both theoretical conceptualizations and practice-based explorations from a multidisciplinary group of contributors, including distinguished, widely celebrated senior experts as well as emerging voices in the fields of health promotion, health research, clinical practice, community engagement, and health system policy. Using a social science approach, the contributors explore the interface among culture, community, and well-being in terms of theory and research frameworks; culture, community, and relationships; food; health systems; and collaboration, policy, messaging, and data. The chapters in this collection provide a broader understanding of well-being and its role as a culturally embedded and multidimensional concept. This collection furthers our ability to apprehend social and cultural constructs and dynamics that influence health and well-being and to better understand factors that contribute to or prevent health disparities.

Analysis of Multidimensional Poverty

Download Analysis of Multidimensional Poverty PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1441908439
Total Pages : 212 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (419 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Analysis of Multidimensional Poverty by : Louis-Marie Asselin

Download or read book Analysis of Multidimensional Poverty written by Louis-Marie Asselin and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-08-29 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Poverty is a paradoxical state. Recognizable in the eld for any sensitive observer who travels in remote rural areas and urban slums and meets marginalized people in a given society, poverty still remains a challenge to conceptual formalization and to measurement that is consistent with such formalization. The analysis of poverty is multidisciplinary. It goes from ethics to economics, from political science to human biology, and any type of measurement rests on mathematics. Moreover, poverty is multifaceted according to the types of deprivation, and it is also gender and age speci c. A vector of variables is required, which raises a substantial problem for individual and group comparisons necessary to equity analysis. Multidimension- ity also complicates the aggregation necessary to perform the ef ciency analysis of policies. In the case of income poverty, these two problems, equity and ef ciency, have bene ted from very signi cant progress in the eld of economics. Similar achievements are still to come in the area of multidimensional poverty. Within this general background, this book has a very modest and narrow-scoped objective. It proposes an operational methodology for measuring multidimensional poverty, independent from the conceptual origin, the size and the qualitative as well as the quantitative nature of the primary indicators used to describe the poverty of an individual, a household or a sociodemographic entity.

Subjective Well-Being

Download Subjective Well-Being PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309294479
Total Pages : 148 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (92 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Subjective Well-Being by : Panel on Measuring Subjective Well-Being in a Policy-Relevant Framework

Download or read book Subjective Well-Being written by Panel on Measuring Subjective Well-Being in a Policy-Relevant Framework and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2014-01-01 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Subjective well-being refers to how people experience and evaluate their lives and specific domains and activities in their lives. This information has already proven valuable to researchers, who have produced insights about the emotional states and experiences of people belonging to different groups, engaged in different activities, at different points in the life course, and involved in different family and community structures. Research has also revealed relationships between people's self-reported, subjectively assessed states and their behavior and decisions. Research on subjective well-being has been ongoing for decades, providing new information about the human condition. During the past decade, interest in the topic among policy makers, national statistical offices, academic researchers, the media, and the public has increased markedly because of its potential for shedding light on the economic, social, and health conditions of populations and for informing policy decisions across these domains. Subjective Well-Being: Measuring Happiness, Suffering, and Other Dimensions of Experience explores the use of this measure in population surveys. This report reviews the current state of research and evaluates methods for the measurement. In this report, a range of potential experienced well-being data applications are cited, from cost-benefit studies of health care delivery to commuting and transportation planning, environmental valuation, and outdoor recreation resource monitoring, and even to assessment of end-of-life treatment options. Subjective Well-Being finds that, whether used to assess the consequence of people's situations and policies that might affect them or to explore determinants of outcomes, contextual and covariate data are needed alongside the subjective well-being measures. This report offers guidance about adopting subjective well-being measures in official government surveys to inform social and economic policies and considers whether research has advanced to a point which warrants the federal government collecting data that allow aspects of the population's subjective well-being to be tracked and associated with changing conditions.

Multidimensional Approach to Quality of Life Issues

Download Multidimensional Approach to Quality of Life Issues PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811369585
Total Pages : 457 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (113 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Multidimensional Approach to Quality of Life Issues by : Braj Raj Kumar Sinha

Download or read book Multidimensional Approach to Quality of Life Issues written by Braj Raj Kumar Sinha and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-08-27 with total page 457 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive volume provides a broad overview of quality of life issues covering a wide geographical region: North America, Europe, parts of Africa, East Asia, and South Asia. Spread over more than 25 chapters, it includes the latest findings from these regions to provide a multidisciplinary account of the major dimensions of quality of life, and therefore has a vast scope. The volume is divided into four thematic parts: theoretical dimension; Demographic dimension; socio-cultural and economic dimensions; and urban and environment related dimensions. Extensive maps, diagrams and tables accompany the discussions and facilitate understanding. This is an indispensable reference and serves the interest of students and scholars of human geography, economics, demography, sociology, anthropology, social work, and philosophy. It is particularly useful for those engaged in further research on quality of life issues.

Measuring The Quality Of Life Across Countries

Download Measuring The Quality Of Life Across Countries PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0429699166
Total Pages : 290 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (296 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Measuring The Quality Of Life Across Countries by : Daniel Slottje

Download or read book Measuring The Quality Of Life Across Countries written by Daniel Slottje and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-04-02 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses the methods used to create quality of the life indexes. It suggests that economic liberty gives a considerably different view of the quality of life and provides a synthesis by combining the life attributes, both physical and environmental into a final set of world rankings.

Research Handbook on Measuring Poverty and Deprivation

Download Research Handbook on Measuring Poverty and Deprivation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1800883455
Total Pages : 777 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (8 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Research Handbook on Measuring Poverty and Deprivation by : Jacques Silber

Download or read book Research Handbook on Measuring Poverty and Deprivation written by Jacques Silber and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2023-03-02 with total page 777 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Encompassing chapters that address both unidimensional and multidimensional poverty, this timely Research Handbook explores all aspects of poverty and deprivation measurement, not only detailing broad issues but also scrutinising specific domains and aspects of poverty, such as health, energy and housing. Its succinct and highly focussed chapters, written by a diverse range of authors, employ a combination of theoretical and empirical methodologies to offer well-rounded explorations of complex topics.

Social Aggregations and Distributional Ethics

Download Social Aggregations and Distributional Ethics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1009276263
Total Pages : 278 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (92 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Social Aggregations and Distributional Ethics by : Satya R. Chakravarty

Download or read book Social Aggregations and Distributional Ethics written by Satya R. Chakravarty and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2023-02-28 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book analyzes the following four distinct, although not dissimilar, areas of social choice theory and welfare economics: nonstrategic choice, Harsanyi's aggregation theorems, distributional ethics and strategic choice. While for aggregation of individual ranking of social states, whether the persons behave strategically or non-strategically, the decision making takes place under complete certainty; in the Harsanyi framework uncertainty has a significant role in the decision making process. Another ingenious characteristic of the book is the discussion of ethical approaches to evaluation of inequality arising from unequal distributions of achievements in the different dimensions of human well-being. Given its wide coverage, combined with newly added materials, end-chapter problems and bibliographical notes, the book will be helpful material for students and researchers interested in this frontline area research. Its lucid exposition, along with non-technical and graphical illustration of the concepts, use of numerical examples, makes the book a useful text.

The Metrics of Happiness

Download The Metrics of Happiness PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031109139
Total Pages : 334 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (311 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Metrics of Happiness by : R. Allan Freeze

Download or read book The Metrics of Happiness written by R. Allan Freeze and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-08-24 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comprehensive treatment of how happiness and wellbeing are measured. It presents an accessible summary of the philosophy, methodology, and applicability of the various measurement techniques that have been generated by the leaders of the happiness movement. It traces the history of development of the core ideas, and clarifies the unexpectedly wide range of techniques that are used. The book provides an unbiased assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of each approach and differentiates the contributions that have been made by psychologists, economists, environmentalists, and health scientists. It examines applications at a personal scale, in the workplace, at a societal scale, and on the world stage. It does so in an easy-to-read anecdotal writing style that will appeal to a wide range of academic and lay readers who enjoy popularized non-fiction that address matters of social concern.

Composite Indices

Download Composite Indices PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781921745201
Total Pages : 30 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (452 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Composite Indices by : James Eric Foster

Download or read book Composite Indices written by James Eric Foster and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper evaluates the robustness of rankings obtained from composite indices that combine information from two or more components via a weighted sum. It examines the empirical prevalence of robust comparisons using the method proposed by Foster, McGillivray and Seth (2010). Indices examined are the Human Development Index, the Index of Economic Freedom and the Environmental Performance Index. Key theoretical results demonstrate links between the prevalence of robust comparisons, Kendall's correlation coefficient, and statistical association across components. Implications for redundancy among index components are also examined.

Digital Human Modeling and Applications in Health, Safety, Ergonomics and Risk Management

Download Digital Human Modeling and Applications in Health, Safety, Ergonomics and Risk Management PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031357485
Total Pages : 630 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (313 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Digital Human Modeling and Applications in Health, Safety, Ergonomics and Risk Management by : Vincent G. Duffy

Download or read book Digital Human Modeling and Applications in Health, Safety, Ergonomics and Risk Management written by Vincent G. Duffy and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-07-10 with total page 630 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 14th Digital Human Modeling & Applications in Health, Safety, Ergonomics & Risk Management (DHM) Conference, held as part of the 25th International Conference, HCI International 2023, which was held virtually in Copenhagen, Denmark in July 2023. The total of 1578 papers and 396 posters included in the HCII 2023 proceedings was carefully reviewed and selected from 7472 submissions. The DHM 2023 method focuses on different areas of application and has produced works focused on human factors and ergonomics based on human models, novel approaches in healthcare and the application of artificial intelligence in medicine. Interesting applications will be shown in many sectors. Work design and productivity, robotics and intelligent systems are among this year's human-machine modeling and results reporting efforts.

Beyond GDP

Download Beyond GDP PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199346917
Total Pages : 336 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (993 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Beyond GDP by : Marc Fleurbaey

Download or read book Beyond GDP written by Marc Fleurbaey and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2013-04-11 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In spite of recurrent criticism and an impressive production of alternative indicators by scholars and NGOs, GDP remains the central indicator of countries' success. This book revisits the foundations of indicators of social welfare, and critically examines the four main alternatives to GDP that have been proposed: composite indicators, subjective well-being indexes, capabilities (the underlying philosophy of the Human Development Index), and equivalent incomes. Its provocative thesis is that the problem with GDP is not that it uses a monetary metric but that it focuses on a narrow set of aspects of individual lives. It is actually possible to build an alternative, more comprehensive, monetary indicator that takes income as its first benchmark and adds or subtracts corrections that represent the benefit or cost of non-market aspects of individual lives. Such a measure can respect the values and preferences of the people and give as much weight as they do to the non-market dimensions. A further provocative idea is that, in contrast, most of the currently available alternative indicators, including subjective well-being indexes, are not as respectful of people's values because, like GDP, they are too narrow and give specific weights to the various dimensions of life in a more uniform way, without taking account of the diversity of views on life in the population. The popular attraction that such alternative indicators derive from being non-monetary is therefore based on equivocation. Moreover, it is argued in this book that "greening" GDP and relative indicators is not the proper way to incorporate sustainability concerns. Sustainability involves predicting possible future paths, therefore different indicators than those assessing the current situation. While various indicators have been popular (adjusted net savings, ecological footprint), none of them involves the necessary forecasting effort that a proper evaluation of possible futures requires.

The Oxford Handbook of Well-Being and Public Policy

Download The Oxford Handbook of Well-Being and Public Policy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199325839
Total Pages : 848 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (993 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Oxford Handbook of Well-Being and Public Policy by : Matthew D. Adler

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Well-Being and Public Policy written by Matthew D. Adler and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2016-04-21 with total page 848 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What are the methodologies for assessing and improving governmental policy in light of well-being? The Oxford Handbook of Well-Being and Public Policy provides a comprehensive, interdisciplinary treatment of this topic. The contributors draw from welfare economics, moral philosophy, and psychology and are leading scholars in these fields. The Handbook includes thirty chapters divided into four Parts. Part I covers the full range of methodologies for evaluating governmental policy and assessing societal condition-including both the leading approaches in current use by policymakers and academics (such as GDP, cost-benefit analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, inequality and poverty metrics, and the concept of the "social welfare function"), and emerging techniques. Part II focuses on the nature of well-being. What, most fundamentally, determines whether an individual life is better or worse for the person living it? Her happiness? Her preference-satisfaction? Her attainment of various "objective goods"? Part III addresses the measurement of well-being and the thorny topic of interpersonal comparisons. How can we construct a meaningful scale of individual welfare, which allows for comparisons of well-being levels and differences, both within one individual's life, and across lives? Finally, Part IV reviews the major challenges to designing governmental policy around individual well-being.

Complexity in Society: From Indicators Construction to their Synthesis

Download Complexity in Society: From Indicators Construction to their Synthesis PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 331960595X
Total Pages : 334 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (196 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Complexity in Society: From Indicators Construction to their Synthesis by : Filomena Maggino

Download or read book Complexity in Society: From Indicators Construction to their Synthesis written by Filomena Maggino and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-07-27 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume discusses the many recent significant developments, and identifies important problems, in the field of social indicators. In the last ten years the methodology of multivariate analysis and synthetic indicators construction significantly developed. In particular, starting from the classical theory of composite indicators many interesting approaches have been developed to overcome the weaknesses of composites. This volume focuses on these recent developments in synthesizing indicators, and more generally, in quantifying complex phenomena.

The Science of Subjective Well-Being

Download The Science of Subjective Well-Being PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Guilford Press
ISBN 13 : 1606230735
Total Pages : 561 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (62 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Science of Subjective Well-Being by : Michael Eid

Download or read book The Science of Subjective Well-Being written by Michael Eid and published by Guilford Press. This book was released on 2008-01-01 with total page 561 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This authoritative volume reviews the breadth of current scientific knowledge on subjective well-being (SWB): its definition, causes and consequences, measurement, and practical applications that may help people become happier. Leading experts explore the connections between SWB and a range of intrapersonal and interpersonal phenomena, including personality, health, relationship satisfaction, wealth, cognitive processes, emotion regulation, religion, family life, school and work experiences, and culture. Interventions and practices that enhance SWB are examined, with attention to both their benefits and limitations. The concluding chapter from Ed Diener dispels common myths in the field and presents a thoughtful agenda for future research.