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Analysis Of Proposed Tax Incentives For Higher Education
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Author :United States. Congress. Joint Committee on Taxation Publisher :DIANE Publishing Inc. ISBN 13 : Total Pages :62 pages Book Rating :4.:/5 (327 download)
Book Synopsis Analysis of Proposed Tax and Savings Incentives for Higher Education by : United States. Congress. Joint Committee on Taxation
Download or read book Analysis of Proposed Tax and Savings Incentives for Higher Education written by United States. Congress. Joint Committee on Taxation and published by DIANE Publishing Inc.. This book was released on 1997 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Analysis of Proposed Tax Incentives for Higher Education by : United States. Congress. Joint Committee on Taxation
Download or read book Analysis of Proposed Tax Incentives for Higher Education written by United States. Congress. Joint Committee on Taxation and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Analysis of Proposed Tax and Savings Incentives for Higher Education by :
Download or read book Analysis of Proposed Tax and Savings Incentives for Higher Education written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 53 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Higher Education Tax Credits written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Higher Education Tax Credits by : Linda W. Cooke
Download or read book Higher Education Tax Credits written by Linda W. Cooke and published by Nova Novinka. This book was released on 2006 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Education tax credits were introduced as a new subsidy for higher education in 1997 and have cost, on average, $4.6 billion a year in lost tax revenue since their enactment. The introduction of the Hope Credit and the Lifetime Learning Credit marked a dramatic increase in education spending through tax expenditures. Prior to 1997, tax incentives for higher education expenses totalled less than $2 billion in estimated lost revenue. The education tax credit program expanded the number of federal agencies involved in education policy making and increased the complexity and cost of administering the income tax system. This book provides analysis of the education tax credit program in the context of issues facing Congress in regard to higher education. This report begins with a review of the economic rationale for subsidising education, then describes federal subsidies for education in general and the education tax credits in particular. An analysis of the education credits follows and the report concludes with a discussion of education tax credit policy options. The Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 established two permanent federal income tax credits, effective since tax year 1998, for qualified post secondary education expenses -- the Hope Scholarship credit and the Lifetime Learning credit. The Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 created a temporary higher education tax deduction beginning in 2002. The Hope credit was introduced to help ensure that students have access to the first two years of undergraduate education. The Lifetime Learning credit and tuition and fees deduction provide support for students in any year of undergraduate and graduate study; they are unique in that they are available to individuals taking occasional courses. Only one of the three tax benefits may be taken in the same tax year for the same eligible student's qualified expenses. Key features of the credits and deduction dictate who the provisions benefit and the value of assistance they confer. Among these are the non-refundable nature of the credits (i.e., persons must have income tax liabilities and the liabilities must exceed the maximum amount of the credits in order to claim their full value), the deduction's availability whether or not taxpayers take itemised deductions, and the statutory limits on benefit amounts and on taxpayers' income. Accordingly, middle-and upper middle-income individuals are the targeted beneficiaries of these tax incentives. All three benefits apply to the tuition and fees required for enrolment that are not offset by grant aid (e.g. qualified scholarships) and other tax benefits (e.g. Coverdell Education Savings Accounts and Section 529 Plans). The Hope credit has had a maximum value of $1,500 per student since its inception; the Lifetime Learning credit, $2,000 per return since 2003.
Book Synopsis Analysis of Proposed Tax Incentives for Higher Education by : United States. Congress. Joint Committee on Taxation
Download or read book Analysis of Proposed Tax Incentives for Higher Education written by United States. Congress. Joint Committee on Taxation and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Crs Report for Congress by : Congressional Research Service: The Libr
Download or read book Crs Report for Congress written by Congressional Research Service: The Libr and published by BiblioGov. This book was released on 2013-10 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Education tax credits, the Hope Credit and the Lifetime Learning Credit, were introduced as new subsidies for higher education in 1997 and have cost, on average, $4.6 billion a year in lost tax revenue since their enactment. The introduction of the credits marked a dramatic increase in education spending through tax expenditures. Prior to 1997, tax incentives for higher education expenses totaled less than $2 billion in estimated lost revenue. The introduction of education tax credits expanded the number of federal agencies involved in education policy making and increased the complexity and cost of administering the income tax system. This report provides analysis of the education tax credit program. The report begins with a review of the economic rationale for subsidizing education, then describes federal subsidies for education in general and education tax credits in particular. An analysis of the education credits follows, and the report concludes with a discussion of education tax credit policy options. Economists believe that education causes positive externalities since it generates both private benefits for individuals and social benefits for the public at large. Such social benefits may include better citizenship, higher degrees of compliance with public laws, increased productivity, and intergenerational transfers of knowledge. ...
Download or read book Higher Education Tax Credits written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Education tax credits, the Hope Credit and the Lifetime Learning Credit, were introduced as new subsidies for higher education in 1997 and have cost, on average, $4.6 billion a year in lost tax revenue since their enactment. The introduction of the credits marked a dramatic increase in education spending through tax expenditures. Prior to 1997, tax incentives for higher education expenses totaled less than $2 billion in estimated lost revenue. The introduction of education tax credits expanded the number of federal agencies involved in education policy making and increased the complexity and cost of administering the income tax system. This report provides analysis of the education tax credit program. The report begins with a review of the economic rationale for subsidizing education, then describes federal subsidies for education in general and education tax credits in particular. An analysis of the education credits follows, and the report concludes with a discussion of education tax credit policy options. Economists believe that education causes positive externalities since it generates both private benefits for individuals and social benefits for the public at large. Such social benefits may include better citizenship, higher degrees of compliance with public laws, increased productivity, and intergenerational transfers of knowledge. The individual does not capture these social benefits in decision making about his or her level of educational investment and, thus, underinvests in education. Government subsidies to finance education can stimulate private demand for education in order to attain more optimal levels of education production that achieve market equilibrium outcomes. Government subsidies for higher education include indirect spending through the tax code and direct program spending. Most programs grant aid to education institutions and provide assistance directly to students and their families, as in the case of the education tax credits. The Higher Education Act (HEA), which was scheduled to expire in the 109th Congress and was extended through June 2007, authorizes many student aid programs which provide grants, loans, and work-study assistance. Tax credits for higher education, one form of government education subsidy, can be evaluated by looking at tax policy criteria of economic efficiency, equity, and simplicity. Tax credits are not proven to be efficient at increasing enrollment and thus improving social welfare. Tax credits can, however, be beneficial in making college costs more affordable. Higher income households are more able, and more likely, to benefit from education credits, which some view as detracting from equity in the tax code. Yet, the credits provide needed relief for the middle class, many of whom may not qualify for any other source of financial aid. Education credits add complexity and cost to the administration of income taxes, both for individuals and the federal government, but may offer a less-complicated alternative to traditional financial aid. This report will be updated as warranted by legislative events.
Book Synopsis An Analysis of the Tuition Tax Credit Proposal for Higher Education by : Franmarie Kennedy-Keel
Download or read book An Analysis of the Tuition Tax Credit Proposal for Higher Education written by Franmarie Kennedy-Keel and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 442 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The American Opportunity Tax Credit by : Crandall-Hollick
Download or read book The American Opportunity Tax Credit written by Crandall-Hollick and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2015-01-03 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The American Opportunity Tax Credit (AOTC) is a temporary tax provision that provides financial assistance to taxpayers whose children (or who themselves) are attending college. The AOTC is scheduled to expire at the end of 2017, at which point Congress may allow the provision to expire, extend the provision in its current form, or extend a modified version of the AOTC. In light of increased congressional interest in reforming the tax code, policy makers may choose to consider modifying the AOTC in conjunction with other education tax benefits.1 The Joint Committee on Taxation (JCT) estimated that all education tax benefits for individuals cost $46.7 billion in 2014. Higher education tax credits, of which the AOTC is the largest, accounted for $24.5 billion (52%) of the total
Download or read book U.S. Tax Guide for Aliens written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :United States. Congress. Joint Committee on Taxation Publisher :DIANE Publishing Inc. ISBN 13 : Total Pages :62 pages Book Rating :4.3/5 (121 download)
Book Synopsis Analysis of Proposed Tax and Savings Incentives for Higher Education by : United States. Congress. Joint Committee on Taxation
Download or read book Analysis of Proposed Tax and Savings Incentives for Higher Education written by United States. Congress. Joint Committee on Taxation and published by DIANE Publishing Inc.. This book was released on 1997 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Saving for College & the Tax Code by : Andrew P. Roth
Download or read book Saving for College & the Tax Code written by Andrew P. Roth and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2001 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Placing the recent rush to use tax incentives as a new source of student financial assistance in both its historical and theoretical contexts, this book documents the rise of tax-advantaged college savings plans and how they signal the shift to solving the challenge of middle-class affordability and its replacement of the twin goals of access and equity as public policy's greatest higher education funding priority. Including an in-depth analysis of the affordability crisis, a detailed encapsulation of the public-versus-private responsibility to pay for higher education debate and its historic roots, and the theoretical studies of student aid and the tax code, the book develops concrete definitions of the various types of tax-advantaged college savings plans, their origin and development and a detailed taxonomy of all such state-sponsored programs in the United States. Unique to this book, the taxonomy is based upon detailed State Profiles of all tax-advantaged college savings plans in existence circa 1999. Building upon the State Profiles and their taxonomic summary, the book analyzes the rhetoric of the documents surrounding each state's program's adoption in order to understand what the state's say such programs mean. Further, each program's characteristics are evaluated against a Continuum of "Publicness" in order to ascertain the state's position regarding the public-versus-private responsibility debate. The results is both a rhetorical and behavioral data set documenting the states' policy position elevating solving the challenge of middle-class affordability above the issues of access and equity. Although the concept of "publicness" is discovered to be highly ambiguous, thebook concludes with a Best Practices description of an ideal tax-advantaged college savings plan that maximizes public responsibility to pay for higher education. Such a program will be of great interest to all policy analysts and public officials concerned about maintaining the historic American commitment to access and equity.
Book Synopsis Reforming the Tax Incentives for Higher Education by : Camilla E. Watson
Download or read book Reforming the Tax Incentives for Higher Education written by Camilla E. Watson and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 61 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Federal spending on higher education has long been controversial, primarily because it has grown exponentially since the 1950s but it has produced a system which many regard as too expensive and grossly inefficient. The soaring costs are placing higher education beyond the reach of many Americans, and of those who enter college, less than half complete their degrees. Particular criticism has been directed toward the education tax incentives, enacted mostly in the late 1990s, which shifted federal funding for higher education from direct benefits to students in the form of grants, loans and work-study programs to indirect benefits through the tax system. The crux of this criticism is that the tax incentives, in addition to being costly and highly complex, have had virtually no effect on college enrollment and retention. Congress has studied this problem for the past few years and has several bills currently on the table to reform these incentives. There are other proposals pending as well, such as those of President Obama and the Education Consortium from the private sector. This article critiques these various proposals and explains why they are not likely to achieve the desired result of increasing college enrollment and retention, particularly among lower-income individuals. The article suggests a reform of the education tax incentives that is different from any of the current proposals and is more likely to achieve the desired result in a simpler, fairer, and more efficient manner.
Book Synopsis Estimates of Federal Tax Expenditures by : United States. Department of the Treasury
Download or read book Estimates of Federal Tax Expenditures written by United States. Department of the Treasury and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The American Opportunity Tax Credit by : Margot Crandall-Hollick
Download or read book The American Opportunity Tax Credit written by Margot Crandall-Hollick and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2012-07-28 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The American Opportunity Tax Credit (AOTC)-enacted on a temporary basis by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA; P.L. 111-5) and extended through the end of 2012 by the Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010 (P.L. 111-312)-is a partially refundable tax credit that provides financial assistance to taxpayers who are attending college, or whose children are attending college. The credit, worth up to $2,500 per student, can be claimed for a student's first four years of post-secondary education. In addition, 40% of the credit (up to $1,000) can be received as a refund by taxpayers with little or no tax liability. The credit phases out for taxpayers with income between $80,000 and $90,000 ($160,000 and $180,000 for married couples filing jointly) and is hence unavailable to taxpayers with income above $90,000 ($180,000 for married couples filing jointly). There are a variety of other eligibility requirements associated with the AOTC, including the type of degree the student is pursuing, the number of courses the student is taking, and the type of expenses which qualify. Prior to the enactment of the AOTC, there were two permanent education tax credits, the Hope Credit and the Lifetime Learning Credit. The AOTC temporarily replaced the Hope Credit from 2009 through the end of 2012 (the Lifetime Learning Credit remains unchanged). A comparison of these two credits indicates that the AOTC is both larger-on a per capita and aggregate basis-and more widely available in comparison to the Hope Credit. Data from the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) indicates that enactment of the AOTC contributed to a more than doubling of the amount of education credits claimed by taxpayers. Education tax credits were intended to provide federal financial assistance to students from middle-income families, who may not benefit from other forms of traditional student aid, like Pell Grants. The enactment of the AOTC reflected a desire to continue to provide substantial financial assistance to students from middle-income families, while also expanding the credit to certain lower- and upper-income students. A distributional analysis of the AOTC highlights that this benefit is targeted to the middle class, with more than half (53%) of the estimated $16 billion of AOTCs in 2009 going to taxpayers with income between $30,000 and $100,000. One of the primary goals of education tax credits, including the AOTC, is to increase college attendance. Studies analyzing the impact education tax incentives have had on college attendance are mixed. Recent research that has focused broadly on education tax incentives that lower tuition costs and have been in effect for several years, including the Hope and Lifetime Learning Credits, found that while these credits did increase attendance by approximately 7%, 93% of recipients of these benefits would have attended college in their absence. Even though the AOTC differs from the Hope Credit in key ways, there are a variety of factors that suggest this provision may also have a limited impact on increasing college attendance. In addition, a recent report from the Treasury Department's Inspector General for Tax Administration (TIGTA) identified several compliance issues with the AOTC. There are a variety of policy options Congress may consider regarding the AOTC, including extending the credit, extending a modified AOTC, or repealing the Hope and Lifetime Credits and extending a modified AOTC that includes provisions included in these credits. Alternatively, Congress may want to examine alternative ways to reduce the cost of higher education.
Book Synopsis An Analysis of S.311, the College Tuition Tax Relief Act by : Thomas M. Corwin
Download or read book An Analysis of S.311, the College Tuition Tax Relief Act written by Thomas M. Corwin and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 90 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
