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Analysis Of Chemical Species And Sources Of Fine Particulate Matter Pm25 In Central And Southeast Ohio
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Book Synopsis Analysis of Chemical Species and Sources of Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) in Central and Southeast Ohio by : Amol Kulkarni
Download or read book Analysis of Chemical Species and Sources of Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) in Central and Southeast Ohio written by Amol Kulkarni and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Chemical Composition and Toxicity of Particulate Matter from Household Cooking and Heating with Solid Fuel by : Matthew Secrest
Download or read book The Chemical Composition and Toxicity of Particulate Matter from Household Cooking and Heating with Solid Fuel written by Matthew Secrest and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Background: Particulate matter (PM) air pollution from the household combustion of solid fuel (e.g., coal, biomass) for cooking and heating is a widespread environmental exposure that causes an estimated 4 million yearly premature deaths and contributes to global and regional climate change. PM from different sources varies in its physicochemical properties, which may differentially impact its toxicity to humans and determine its net radiative forcing effect on the climate. Little is known about PM's composition or toxicity in different global contexts where solid fuels are burned for cooking and heating. Methods: I first conducted a literature review of studies that reported on the chemical composition and/or sources of PM in field settings of solid fuel combustion. I extracted a number of variables from each study (e.g., PM size fraction, chemical species concentrations) and calculated weighted mean daily household concentrations and 24-h personal exposures for select chemical components [black carbon, organic carbon, and benzo(a)pyrene]. PM sources as determined by formal source apportionment analyses were also compared across studies.I then performed an empirical analysis of the chemical composition and toxicity of 24-h fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposures of 20 women in northern (n = 17) and southern (n = 3) China who cooked and heated their homes with solid fuel. PM2.5 samples were analyzed for mass, black carbon, water soluble organic carbon, ions, and select metals. Two different assays were used to measure the ability of PM2.5 exposures to generate reactive oxygen species (i.e., the "oxidative potential" of PM2.5 exposures). I performed a factor analysis with three factors to identify the primary indoor and outdoor sources of women's exposure to PM2.5 and their chemical markers. Linear regressions were used to determine the chemical species and, by extension, sources of exposure to PM2.5 that were most responsible for the oxidative potential of PM2.5. Results: My literature search identified 46 studies in 12 countries on the chemical speciation of PM. Weighted mean daily household concentrations of black carbon, organic carbon, and benzo(a)pyrene were 17.2 [mu]g/m3, 61.9 [mu]g/m3, and 156 ng/m3, respectively. In identified studies, solid fuel combustion was not always the major contributor to PM, explaining 29% to 48% of principal component / factor analysis variance and 41% to 87% of PM mass as determined by positive matrix factorization. In my empirical analysis, rural women's geometric mean exposures to PM2.5 were 248.6 [mu]g/m3 and 83.9 [mu]g/m3 in northern and southern Chinese field sites, respectively. The major source contributors to PM2.5 exposures were resuspended dust, biomass combustion, and coal combustion. Chemical markers for dust were associated with intrinsic oxidative potential in both univariate and multivariate linear regression models, whereas markers for coal and biomass combustion were not associated with redox activity. Conclusions: My literature review identified daily household concentrations and 24-h personal exposures to carbonaceous particles and benzo(a)pyrene that were high by global standards. The between-study differences in PM components were great, highlighting the importance of field setting (e.g., season, fuel and stove used) and measurement methods (e.g., monitor placement) on PM component concentrations. My review presented evidence that solid fuel combustion is not always the major contributor to PM indoor concentrations and exposures. In my empirical analysis, all women's 24-h exposures to PM2.5 exceeded the World Health Organization's interim target 1 annual guideline of 35 [mu]g/m3. The null associations between markers for solid fuel combustion and intrinsic oxidative potential may result from myriad factors, including the existence of mechanisms other than oxidative stress that drive PM health relationships in these settings." --
Book Synopsis Sources and Composition of Ambient Particulate Matter by : Manousos-Ioannis Manousakas
Download or read book Sources and Composition of Ambient Particulate Matter written by Manousos-Ioannis Manousakas and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2021-09-10 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Research related to ambient particulate matter (PM) remains very relevant today due to the adverse effects that PM have on human health. PM are pollutants with varying chemical compositions and may originate from multiple emission sources, which directly affects their toxicity. To formulate effective control and mitigation strategies, it is necessary to identify PM sources and to estimate their influence on ambient PM concentration, a process that is known as source apportionment (SA). Depending on the geographical location and characteristics of an area, many anthropogenic and natural sources may contribute to PM concentration levels, such as dust resuspension, sea salt, traffic, secondary aerosol formation, industrial emissions, ship emissions, biomass burning, power plant emissions, etc. Different methodological approaches have been used over the years to study the aforementioned topics, but some scientific challenges remain, mainly related to the following subjects: real-time chemical analysis and SA, uncertainty estimation of SA results, and analytical optimization for PM samples. Additionally, there are areas in the world for which the results regarding composition and sources of PM are still scarce. The objective of this collection was to include studies on all aspects of PM chemical characterization and source apportionment regarding the inorganic and/or organic fractions of PM.
Book Synopsis Urban Airborne Particulate Matter by : Fathi Zereini
Download or read book Urban Airborne Particulate Matter written by Fathi Zereini and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-02-16 with total page 663 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the most up-to-date research and information regarding the origin, chemistry, fate and health impacts of airborne particulate matter in urban areas, a topic which has received a great deal of attention in recent years due to documented relationships between exposure and health effects such as asthma. With internationally recognised researchers and academics presenting their work and key concepts and approaches from a variety of disciplines, including environmental and analytical chemistry, biology, toxicology, mineralogy and the geosciences, this book addresses the topic of urban airborne particulate matter in a comprehensive, multidisciplinary manner. Topics and research addressed in the book range from common methodological approaches used to sample and analyse the composition of airborne particulates to our knowledge regarding their potential to impact human health and the various policy approaches taken internationally to regulate particulate matter levels.
Book Synopsis Characterization and Source Apportionment of PM2.5 in the Southeastern United States by : Sangil Lee
Download or read book Characterization and Source Apportionment of PM2.5 in the Southeastern United States written by Sangil Lee and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 126 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Uncertainties of source apportionment results are important for not only health studies but also policy analysis and decision making as they can affect confidence in the final results. They should be investigated for an appropriate application of source apportionment results. Thus, uncertainty and its contributors were estimated by propagating uncertainties in input data using Monte Carlo analysis.
Book Synopsis Analysis and Modeling of Fine Particulate Matter (PMfine) in the Southeast United States by :
Download or read book Analysis and Modeling of Fine Particulate Matter (PMfine) in the Southeast United States written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Particulate matter in the atmosphere with aerodynamic diameter 2.5 micrometer or less (PM[subscript 2.5]) has been studied extensively due to its impact on human health, climate, and other environmental effects. PM[subscript 2.5]) in the southeast US as a whole and particularly in North Carolina (NC) are the focus of this research. The main body of this study includes two parts. The first part focuses on regional i.e. Southeast U.S. PM[subscript 2.5]) analysis consisting of two urban inland sites including locations N. Birmingham, AL (BHM) and Jefferson, GA (JST); two urban coastal sites viz., Gulfport, MS (GFP), Pensacola and FL (PNS); and three rural sites including Yorkville, GA (YRK), Centreville, AL (CTR), and Oak Grove, MS (OAK) (Chapter 2). The second part focuses on North Carolina counties consisting of three urban sites and two rural/agriculture sites in NC. The three urban N.C. sites are located in Forsyth County, Mecklenburg County, and Wake County, respectively; and the two rural/agriculture sites are located in Lenoir County and Caswell County, respectively (Chapter 3). The analysis of data and results indicate that the annual National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for PM[subscript 2.5]) (annual standard: 15 mg/m3) is exceeded in all of urban inland areas and one agriculture site which is surrounded by several power plants, but the annual average of PM[subscript 2.5]) is less than the annual standard at all of the other agricultural sites and urban coastal sites. High annual average concentrations are dominated by elevated values during summer. The 24-hour standard (65 mg/m3) for PM[subscript 2.5]) is not exceeded at any of the urban and/or agriculture sites. In the first part, analysis of chemical species revealed that yearly average fractions of organic matter (OM) with yearly average 4.26
Book Synopsis COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF AMBIENT FINE PARTICULATE MATTER (PM2.5) DATA OBTAINED FROM URBAN AND RURAL MONITORING SITES ALONG THE UPPER OHIO RIVER VALLEY. by :
Download or read book COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF AMBIENT FINE PARTICULATE MATTER (PM2.5) DATA OBTAINED FROM URBAN AND RURAL MONITORING SITES ALONG THE UPPER OHIO RIVER VALLEY. written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 139 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The report discusses the following conclusions: (1) The TEOM equipment performed as well as the sequential filter samplers in accounting for ambient PM{sub 2.5} levels; however, the FRM-obtained data was consistently lower than the averages from the TEOM/DRI-SFS measurements; (2) The trending in the PM{sub 2.5} levels was similar for Lawrenceville and Holbrook, which represent an urban and a rural site sixty-five miles apart. This implies that the PM{sub 2.5} levels appear to be impacted more by regional than by local effects; (3) The absolute median PM{sub 2.5} levels were slightly higher for Lawrenceville than for Holbrook, implying that local urban environmental contributions had a minor but measurable effect on total PM{sub 2.5} mass concentration; (4) PM{sub 2.5} and PM10 mass concentration levels were consistently higher in summer than in winter, with intermediate levels observed in the spring and fall; (5) Sulfate levels predominated in the speciation data obtained from both the Holbrook and the Lawrenceville sites during winter and summer intensive sampling. Sulfate level measured at Holbrook were higher than those taken at Lawrenceville regardless of the season; (6) Ammonium levels remained relatively constant between seasons and between sites; (7) Nitrate levels measured at Lawrenceville were higher than those measured at Holbrook during winter intensive sampling. Nitrate levels measured during the summer intensive period were found to be very low at both locations; (8) In general, the predominant inorganic fraction of the samples analyzed could be described as being composed of a mixture of ammonium bisulfate and ammonium sulfate with minor amounts of ammonium nitrate; (9) The PM10 fraction had a larger percentage of geological material and a smaller percentage of condensable material (ammonium bisulfate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate and total carbon species) than the PM{sub 2.5} fraction for samples collected in winter at Lawrenceville; and (10) Most high PM{sub 2.5} episodes occurred when the predominating wind direction was from the South-West. (11) Plots of ozone vs. NO(subscript x) suggest chemical reaction between these molecules since a high concentration of one always results in a low concentration of the other. The analysis of the acquired data has so far addressed three of the four scientific questions originally posed. More data analysis is on-going including the correlation between O3 and PM{sub 2.5} levels and the correlation of mass data with meteorological observations.
Book Synopsis Airborne Particulate Matter by : R M Harrison
Download or read book Airborne Particulate Matter written by R M Harrison and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2016-08-18 with total page 406 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The estimated health impacts and associated economic costs resulting from airborne particulate matter are substantial. Exposure to airborne fine particles ranks highly amongst preventable causes of disease. This book reviews the sources and atmospheric processes affecting airborne particulate matter and consequent impacts upon human health. Examining the latest information on the sources of particles in the atmosphere, both through direct emissions and atmospheric formation, the book also explores the methods which are used to estimate the contributions of different sources to airborne concentrations. Featuring case studies from recent assessments in Europe, the USA, China and India, the book provides a global overview of source apportionment. The health effects are reviewed in the context of the influence of sources, chemical composition and particle size upon relative toxicity. This comprehensive book is an important reference for policymakers and consultants working with pollution and human health, as well as academics working in atmospheric chemistry.
Book Synopsis Particulate Matter Science for Policy Makers by : Peter H. McMurry
Download or read book Particulate Matter Science for Policy Makers written by Peter H. McMurry and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2004-11-29 with total page 652 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Particulate Matter Science for Policy Makers: A NARSTO Assessment was commissioned by NARSTO, a cooperative public-private sector organization of Canada, Mexico and the United States. It is a concise and comprehensive discussion of the current understanding by atmospheric scientists of airborne particulate matter (PM). Its goal is to provide policy makers who implement air-quality standards with this relevant and needed scientific information. The primary audience for this volume will be regulators, scientists, and members of industry, all of whom have a stake in effective PM management. It will also inform exposure and health scientists, who investigate causal hypotheses of health impacts, characterize exposure, and conduct epidemiological and toxicological studies.
Book Synopsis Chemical Characterization and Source Apportionment of Indoor, Outdoor, and Personal Exposures to PM[2.5] in Chinese Communities Using Solid Fuels for Household Energy by : Alexandra Marieta Lai
Download or read book Chemical Characterization and Source Apportionment of Indoor, Outdoor, and Personal Exposures to PM[2.5] in Chinese Communities Using Solid Fuels for Household Energy written by Alexandra Marieta Lai and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over three billion people worldwide rely on solid fuels such as coal and biomass for household cooking and heating, which releases pollutants including fine particulate matter (PM[2.5]). This household air pollution is a major environmental risk factor for adverse respiratory and cardiovascular health outcomes. Introduction of improved solid fuel stoves and clean fuel (gas/electric) stoves has typically failed to achieve adequate reductions. This outcome is frequently attributed to technical and cultural issues, but another, underappreciated potential barrier is the influence of outdoor air pollution. Solid fuel combustion is a major source of outdoor PM[2.5] in rural areas, so household-level changes may not be effective without community-level changes, and other sources also contribute to ambient PM[2.5]. Furthermore, personal exposures are highly variable and may not be well predicted by household PM[2.5]. The research presented in this dissertation uses chemical analysis of PM[2.5] to investigate the composition and sources of PM[2.5] in settings of household solid fuel use, from emissions to exposures. Chemical components of PM[2.5] emissions from traditional and semi-gasifier heating and cookstoves using various coal and biomass fuels are presented in Chapter 2. Stove design was the main determinant of chemical composition: semi-gasifier stove emissions were mostly inorganic, while traditional stove emissions were mostly carbonaceous. Chapter 3 investigates whether chemical components of household air pollution correspond with quantitatively measured stove use. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations were higher when traditional stoves were used than when they were not, but other chemical species did not vary based on stove use. Chapters 4 and 5 explore the chemical composition of personal exposures - and how this corresponds to outdoor and household PM[2.5] and/or household energy behaviors - in rural or peri-urban communities in Sichuan (Chapter 4), Guangxi, Beijing, and Shanxi (Chapter 5) provinces. Indoor and outdoor source contributions to personal exposures (Chapter 4) and elevation of biomass and coal source tracers in exposures (Chapter 5) provide quantitative evidence that both household sources and outdoor air pollution contribute to personal PM[2.5] exposures. Better chemical characterization of PM[2.5] derived from solid fuel burning is a key component of understanding the mechanisms underlying its observed human health effects.
Author :Committee on Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter Publisher :National Academies Press ISBN 13 :0309591929 Total Pages :212 pages Book Rating :4.3/5 (95 download)
Book Synopsis Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter by : Committee on Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter
Download or read book Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter written by Committee on Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1998-05-14 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New National Ambient Air Quality Standards for airborne particles smaller than 2.5 micrometers, called PM2.5, were issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) amidst scientific uncertainty and controversy. In response to a request from Congress, Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter, the first of four books in a series, offers a conceptual framework for an integrated national program of particulate-matter research, identifies the 10 most critical research needs linked to key policy-related scientific uncertainties, and describes the recommended timing and estimated costs of such research. The committee concludes that EPA should devote more resources to investigating the relationships between fixed-site outdoor monitoring data and actual human breathing-zone exposures to ambient particulate matter and to identifying the most biologically important constituents and characteristics of particulate matter through toxicological studies. The recommended research activities are critical to determining actual exposures of human subpopulations most susceptible to harm from the most hazardous constituents of particulate matter. Future research will be an investment in public health and a means to ensure that resources spent on control technology and regulatory compliance will have a reasonable probability of success.
Book Synopsis Intercomparison Program for Organic Speciation in Pm2. 5 Air Particulate Matter by : Michele Schantz
Download or read book Intercomparison Program for Organic Speciation in Pm2. 5 Air Particulate Matter written by Michele Schantz and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2018-03-17 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from Intercomparison Program for Organic Speciation in Pm2. 5 Air Particulate Matter: Description and Results for Trial III Organic chemicals adsorbed to fine particulate matter (pm) in the ambient air account for a major component of the PM mass and include source tracers as well as toxic compounds that may contribute to adverse human health effects. A working group of PM investigators from the US Environmental Protection Agency (epa) Supersites and related research programs was established to improve the quality and comparability of data on the organic composition of aerosols. The working group is known as the pm2.s Organic Speciation Working Group and includes researchers involved in the epa PM Supersites and related sites, epa PM Research Centers, national laboratories and other research centers, as well as regional and state laboratories. The goal of the working group is to improve the characterization and quantification of organic compounds associated with fine PM through participation in interlaboratory comparison exercises and to provide input for the development of appropriate Standard Reference Materials (srms). Improvements in the quality of organic measurements will allow the comparison of organic species across geographic regions and will aid in source receptor modeling, in relating toxicity and health outcomes to specific organic species, and in assessing human exposure to specific organic species and sources. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Book Synopsis Archiv des Norddeutschen Bundes. V by :
Download or read book Archiv des Norddeutschen Bundes. V written by and published by . This book was released on 1874 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Interpretation of Ground-Based Measurements from the Surface Particulate Matter Network to Understand the Global Distribution of Fine Particulate Matter by : Crystal Weagle
Download or read book Interpretation of Ground-Based Measurements from the Surface Particulate Matter Network to Understand the Global Distribution of Fine Particulate Matter written by Crystal Weagle and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5¬) is increasingly recognized as the leading environmental risk factor for global burden of disease. This thesis develops the Surface PARTiculate mAtter Network (SPARTAN) to provide long-term measurements of PM2.5 mass and chemical composition, collocated with existing aerosol optical depth (AOD) observations in highly populated, globally diverse regions. Three projects are presented that interpret SPARTAN measurements to provide insight into the spatial variation in ground-based PM2.5 chemical composition, into the sources contributing to PM2.5, and into the relationship between AOD and PM2.5 used in satellite-based estimates of PM2.5. Analysis of SPARTAN filter samples collected across multiple continents for PM2.5 chemical composition show that absolute concentrations of several major components vary by more than an order of magnitude across sites, and exhibit consistency with available, collocated studies. Elevated Zn:Al ratios reveal an enhanced anthropogenic dust fraction relative to natural sources, signifying the need to include this PM2.5 source in global models and emission inventories. The developed compositional dataset provides much needed long-term chemical data for investigation of sources leading to the spatial variation of PM2.5 mass and chemical composition. Evaluation of the GEOS-Chem model, constrained by satellite-based estimates of PM2.5 and informed by SPARTAN compositional measurements, shows significant spatial consistency for major chemical components. Measured PM2.5 composition corroborate source attribution from sensitivity simulations, providing confidence in utilizing sensitivity simulations to explore the influence of source categories to global population-weighted PM2.5. This approach of coupling observational datasets with modelling at the global scale allows for insight into the main sources determining PM2.5 global variation, but also identification of modelled processes that require development to represent the wide range of PM2.5 and composition observed globally. An initial comparison between empirical and simulated relationships of PM2.5 and columnar AOD ( ) was conducted using the GEOS-Chem global chemical transport model. This comparison is the first to develop empirical, ground-based and provide an evaluation of modelled values widely used in satellite-based estimates. Collocated, modelled values generally fall within a factor of two of measured values and have a mean fractional bias that is an order of magnitude lower than for either PM2.5 or AOD alone. This lower bias in indicates that satellite-derived PM2.5 inferred using is likely to have lower bias than purely simulated PM2.5¬.
Book Synopsis Chemical Characterization of Fine Particulate Matter in Ohio by : Mayra Angelica Alvarado
Download or read book Chemical Characterization of Fine Particulate Matter in Ohio written by Mayra Angelica Alvarado and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Airborne Fine Particulate Matter (PM-10) in Southeast Chicago by : Stephen J. Vermette
Download or read book Airborne Fine Particulate Matter (PM-10) in Southeast Chicago written by Stephen J. Vermette and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Source Apportionment of Particulate Matter 2.5 in Southeast Ohio by : Han Xie
Download or read book Source Apportionment of Particulate Matter 2.5 in Southeast Ohio written by Han Xie and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
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