Analogy And Structure

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Analogy as Structure and Process

Author : Esa Itkonen
Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9789027223661
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (236 download)

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Book Synopsis Analogy as Structure and Process by : Esa Itkonen

Download or read book Analogy as Structure and Process written by Esa Itkonen and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 2005-01-01 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The concept of analogy is of central concern to modern cognitive scientists, whereas it has been largely neglected in linguistics in the past four decades. The goal of this thought-provoking book is (1) to introduce a cognitively and linguistically viable notion of analogy; and (2) to re-establish and build on traditional linguistic analogy-based research. As a starting point, a general definition of analogy is offered that makes the distinction between analogy-as-structure and analogy-as-process. Chapter 2 deals with analogy as used in traditional linguistics. It demonstrates how phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and diachronic linguistics make use of analogy and discusses linguistic domains in which analogy does or did not work. The appendix gives a description of a computer program, which performs such instances of analogy-based syntactic analysis as have long been claimed impossible. Chapter 3 supports the ultimate (non-modular) 'unity of the mind' and discusses the existence of pervasive analogies between language and such cognitive domains as vision, music, and logic. The final chapter presents evidence for the view that the cosmology of every culture is based on analogy. At a more abstract level, the role of analogy in scientific change is scrutinized, resulting in a meta-analogy between myth and science.

Analogy and Structure

Author : R. Skousen
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9780792319351
Total Pages : 402 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (193 download)

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Book Synopsis Analogy and Structure by : R. Skousen

Download or read book Analogy and Structure written by R. Skousen and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1992-09-30 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Analogy and Structure provides the necessary foundation for understanding the nature of analogical and structuralist (or rule-based) approaches to describing behavior. In the first part of this book, the mathematical properties of rule approaches are developed; in the second part, the analogical alternative to rules is developed. This book serves as the mathematical basis for Analogical Modeling of Language (Kluwer, 1989). Features include: A Natural Measure of Uncertainty: The disagreement between randomly chosen occurences avids the difficulties of using entropy as the measure of uncertainty. Optimal Descriptions: The implicit assumption of structuralist descriptions (namely, that descriptions of behavior should be corrected and minimal) can be derived from more fundamental statements about the uncertainty of rule systems. Problems with Rule Approaches: The correct description of nondeterministic behavior leads to an atomistic, analog alternative to structuralist (or rule-based) descriptions. Natural Statistics: Traditional statistical tests are eliminated in favor of statistically equivalent decision rules that involve little or no mathematical calculation. Psycholinguistic Factors: Analogical models, unlike, neural networks, directly account for probabilistic learning as well as reaction times in world-recognition experiments.

Analogy as Structure and Process

Author : Esa Itkonen
Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9027294011
Total Pages : 266 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (272 download)

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Book Synopsis Analogy as Structure and Process by : Esa Itkonen

Download or read book Analogy as Structure and Process written by Esa Itkonen and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 2005-12-08 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The concept of analogy is of central concern to modern cognitive scientists, whereas it has been largely neglected in linguistics in the past four decades. The goal of this thought-provoking book is (1) to introduce a cognitively and linguistically viable notion of analogy; and (2) to re-establish and build on traditional linguistic analogy-based research. As a starting point, a general definition of analogy is offered that makes the distinction between analogy-as-structure and analogy-as-process. Chapter 2 deals with analogy as used in traditional linguistics. It demonstrates how phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and diachronic linguistics make use of analogy and discusses linguistic domains in which analogy does or did not work. The appendix gives a description of a computer program, which performs such instances of analogy-based syntactic analysis as have long been claimed impossible. Chapter 3 supports the ultimate (non-modular) ‘unity of the mind’ and discusses the existence of pervasive analogies between language and such cognitive domains as vision, music, and logic. The final chapter presents evidence for the view that the cosmology of every culture is based on analogy. At a more abstract level, the role of analogy in scientific change is scrutinized, resulting in a meta-analogy between myth and science.

Analogy and Structure

Author : R. Skousen
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9401580987
Total Pages : 382 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (15 download)

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Book Synopsis Analogy and Structure by : R. Skousen

Download or read book Analogy and Structure written by R. Skousen and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-04-17 with total page 382 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Analogy and Structure provides the necessary foundation for understanding the nature of analogical and structuralist (or rule-based) approaches to describing behavior. In the first part of this book, the mathematical properties of rule approaches are developed; in the second part, the analogical alternative to rules is developed. This book serves as the mathematical basis for Analogical Modeling of Language (Kluwer, 1989). Features include: A Natural Measure of Uncertainty: The disagreement between randomly chosen occurences avids the difficulties of using entropy as the measure of uncertainty. Optimal Descriptions: The implicit assumption of structuralist descriptions (namely, that descriptions of behavior should be corrected and minimal) can be derived from more fundamental statements about the uncertainty of rule systems. Problems with Rule Approaches: The correct description of nondeterministic behavior leads to an atomistic, analog alternative to structuralist (or rule-based) descriptions. Natural Statistics: Traditional statistical tests are eliminated in favor of statistically equivalent decision rules that involve little or no mathematical calculation. Psycholinguistic Factors: Analogical models, unlike, neural networks, directly account for probabilistic learning as well as reaction times in world-recognition experiments.

A Visual Analogy Guide to Human Anatomy & Physiology

Author : Paul A. Krieger
Publisher : Morton Publishing Company
ISBN 13 : 161731627X
Total Pages : 595 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (173 download)

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Book Synopsis A Visual Analogy Guide to Human Anatomy & Physiology by : Paul A. Krieger

Download or read book A Visual Analogy Guide to Human Anatomy & Physiology written by Paul A. Krieger and published by Morton Publishing Company. This book was released on 2017-02-01 with total page 595 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Visual Analogy Guides to Human Anatomy & Physiology, 3e is an affordable and effective study aid for students enrolled in an introductory anatomy and physiology sequence of courses. This book uses visual analogies to assist the student in learning the details of human anatomy and physiology. Using these analogies, students can take things they already know from experiences in everyday life and apply them to anatomical structures and physiological concepts with which they are unfamiliar. The study guide offers a variety of learning activities for students such as, labeling diagrams, creating their own drawings, or coloring existing black-and-white illustrations to better understand the material presented.

The Analogical Mind

Author : Dedre Gentner
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 9780262571395
Total Pages : 562 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (713 download)

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Book Synopsis The Analogical Mind by : Dedre Gentner

Download or read book The Analogical Mind written by Dedre Gentner and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2001-03-02 with total page 562 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Analogy has been the focus of extensive research in cognitive science over the past two decades. Through analogy, novel situations and problems can be understood in terms of familiar ones. Indeed, a case can be made for analogical processing as the very core of cognition. This is the first book to span the full range of disciplines concerned with analogy. Its contributors represent cognitive, developmental, and comparative psychology; neuroscience; artificial intelligence; linguistics; and philosophy. The book is divided into three parts. The first part describes computational models of analogy as well as their relation to computational models of other cognitive processes. The second part addresses the role of analogy in a wide range of cognitive tasks, such as forming complex cognitive structures, conveying emotion, making decisions, and solving problems. The third part looks at the development of analogy in children and the possible use of analogy in nonhuman primates. Contributors Miriam Bassok, Consuelo B. Boronat, Brian Bowdle, Fintan Costello, Kevin Dunbar, Gilles Fauconnier, Kenneth D. Forbus, Dedre Gentner, Usha Goswami, Brett Gray, Graeme S. Halford, Douglas Hofstadter, Keith J. Holyoak, John E. Hummel, Mark T. Keane, Boicho N. Kokinov, Arthur B. Markman, C. Page Moreau, David L. Oden, Alexander A. Petrov, Steven Phillips, David Premack, Cameron Shelley, Paul Thagard, Roger K.R. Thompson, William H. Wilson, Phillip Wolff

The Changing English Language

Author : Marianne Hundt
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107086868
Total Pages : 431 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis The Changing English Language by : Marianne Hundt

Download or read book The Changing English Language written by Marianne Hundt and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2017-07-20 with total page 431 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Experts from psycholinguistics and English historical linguistics address core factors in language change.

Analogy, Levelling, Markedness

Author : Aditi Lahiri
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter
ISBN 13 : 3110899914
Total Pages : 400 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (18 download)

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Book Synopsis Analogy, Levelling, Markedness by : Aditi Lahiri

Download or read book Analogy, Levelling, Markedness written by Aditi Lahiri and published by Walter de Gruyter. This book was released on 2013-02-06 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ranging from tonogenesis, stress shift, and quantity readjustment to paradigmatic levelling, allomorphy, and grammaticalization, this collection covers a wide spectrum of developments, primarily in Germanic, Romance, and Indo-Aryan. A traditional umbrella category of change in systems is that of analogy. Somewhat less sanctioned, markedness is a basic relation shaping the structure of systems, in phonology as well as morphology.

Analogy in Grammar

Author : James P. Blevins
Publisher : Oxford University Press on Demand
ISBN 13 : 0199547548
Total Pages : 293 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (995 download)

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Book Synopsis Analogy in Grammar by : James P. Blevins

Download or read book Analogy in Grammar written by James P. Blevins and published by Oxford University Press on Demand. This book was released on 2009-07-30 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book, leading researchers in morphology, syntax, language acquisition, psycholinguistics, and computational linguistics address central questions about the form and acquisition of analogy in grammar. What kinds of patterns do speakers select as the basis for analogical extension? What types of items are particularly susceptible or resistant to analogical pressures? At what levels do analogical processes operate and how do processes interact? What formal mechanisms areappropriate for modelling analogy? The novel synthesis of typological, theoretical, computational, and developmental paradigms in this volume brings us closer to answering these questions than ever before.

Evidence for a Structure-Mapping Theory of Analogy and Metaphor

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (475 download)

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Book Synopsis Evidence for a Structure-Mapping Theory of Analogy and Metaphor by :

Download or read book Evidence for a Structure-Mapping Theory of Analogy and Metaphor written by and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Aristotle on the Nature of Analogy

Author : Eric Schumacher
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 0739198718
Total Pages : 141 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (391 download)

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Book Synopsis Aristotle on the Nature of Analogy by : Eric Schumacher

Download or read book Aristotle on the Nature of Analogy written by Eric Schumacher and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2018-10-15 with total page 141 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Focusing primarily on Aristotle’s Physics Alpha, an attempt is made to establish the structure and significance of the Aristotelian analogy. Traditionally, the concept of analogy in Aristotle has been treated along two lines of interpretation. In this book, these are referred to as the mathematical interpretation and the correlative interpretation. The mathematical approach claims that the Aristotelian analogy only accounts for proportional comparisons between usually four things. On the other hand, the correlative interpretation describes the Aristotelian analogy as something that unites the multiple uses of a single term (the many uses of “healthy,” for example). This book will argue that both of these interpretations overlook the nature of the Aristotelian analogy. The structure of analogy can be taken from Aristotle’s discussion of the three principles of natural “becoming” in his Physics Alpha. In Physics Alpha, Aristotle claims that these three principles are: 1) the being in its addressable form (logos); 2) the course of becoming of that addressable being (sterēsis); 3) the substance that remains the same throughout the change (hypokeimenon). Although the first principle, logos, accounts for addressability, the other two do not. The second and third principles are inseparable from logos but always remain hidden from addressability (ana-logos). This book will argue that these principles reveal a structure of analogy that discloses an inherent mobility of logos which enables it to reflect the intuitive and ever-changing principles of becoming. As such, the relationship between Logos and intuition (nous) can be reimagined.

Analogy

Author : Raimo Anttila
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3110803348
Total Pages : 160 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (18 download)

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Book Synopsis Analogy by : Raimo Anttila

Download or read book Analogy written by Raimo Anttila and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2019-05-20 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: No detailed description available for "Analogy".

The Evolution of Designs

Author : Philip Steadman
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134062346
Total Pages : 321 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (34 download)

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Book Synopsis The Evolution of Designs by : Philip Steadman

Download or read book The Evolution of Designs written by Philip Steadman and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2008-06-03 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Evolution of Designs tells the history of the many analogies that have been made, since the end of the eighteenth century, between the evolution of organisms and the human production of artefacts – especially buildings.

Evidence for a Structure-mapping Theory of Analogy and Metaphor

Author : Dedre Gentner
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 59 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (876 download)

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Book Synopsis Evidence for a Structure-mapping Theory of Analogy and Metaphor by : Dedre Gentner

Download or read book Evidence for a Structure-mapping Theory of Analogy and Metaphor written by Dedre Gentner and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 59 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Systematic Approaches to Argument by Analogy

Author : Henrique Jales Ribeiro
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319063340
Total Pages : 298 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (19 download)

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Book Synopsis Systematic Approaches to Argument by Analogy by : Henrique Jales Ribeiro

Download or read book Systematic Approaches to Argument by Analogy written by Henrique Jales Ribeiro and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-07-09 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The present volume assembles a relevant set of studies of argument by analogy, which address this topic in a systematic fashion, either from an essentially theoretical perspective or from the perspective of it being applied to different fields like politics, linguistics, literature, law, medicine, science in general and philosophy. All result from original research conducted by their authors for this publication. Thus, broadly speaking, this is an exception which we find worthy of occupying a special place in the sphere of the bibliography on the argument by analogy. In effect, most of the contexts of the publications on this topic focus on specific areas, for example everyday discourse, science or law theory, while underestimating or sometimes even ignoring other interdisciplinary scopes, as is the case of literature, medicine or philosophy. The idiosyncrasy of this volume is that the reader and the researcher may follow the development of different theoretical outlooks on argument by analogy, while measuring the scope of its (greater or lesser) application to the aforementioned areas as a whole.

The Age of Analogy

Author : Devin Griffiths
Publisher : JHU Press
ISBN 13 : 1421420775
Total Pages : 353 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (214 download)

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Book Synopsis The Age of Analogy by : Devin Griffiths

Download or read book The Age of Analogy written by Devin Griffiths and published by JHU Press. This book was released on 2016-10-28 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How did literature shape nineteenth-century science? Erasmus Darwin and his grandson, Charles, were the two most important evolutionary theorists of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Britain. Although their ideas and methods differed, both Darwins were prolific and inventive writers: Erasmus composed several epic poems and scientific treatises, while Charles is renowned both for his collected journals (now titled The Voyage of the Beagle) and for his masterpiece, The Origin of Species. In The Age of Analogy, Devin Griffiths argues that the Darwins’ writing style was profoundly influenced by the poets, novelists, and historians of their era. The Darwins, like other scientists of the time, labored to refashion contemporary literary models into a new mode of narrative analysis that could address the contingent world disclosed by contemporary natural science. By employing vivid language and experimenting with a variety of different genres, these writers gave rise to a new relational study of antiquity, or “comparative historicism,” that emerged outside of traditional histories. It flourished instead in literary forms like the realist novel and the elegy, as well as in natural histories that explored the continuity between past and present forms of life. Nurtured by imaginative cross-disciplinary descriptions of the past—from the historical fiction of Sir Walter Scott and George Eliot to the poetry of Alfred Tennyson—this novel understanding of history fashioned new theories of natural transformation, encouraged a fresh investment in social history, and explained our intuition that environment shapes daily life. Drawing on a wide range of archival evidence and contemporary models of scientific and literary networks, The Age of Analogy explores the critical role analogies play within historical and scientific thinking. Griffiths also presents readers with a new theory of analogy that emphasizes language's power to foster insight into nature and human society. The first comparative treatment of the Darwins’ theories of history and their profound contribution to the study of both natural and human systems, this book will fascinate students and scholars of nineteenth-century British literature and the history of science.

Multiple Analogies in Science and Philosophy

Author : Cameron Shelley
Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9789027223630
Total Pages : 192 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (236 download)

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Book Synopsis Multiple Analogies in Science and Philosophy by : Cameron Shelley

Download or read book Multiple Analogies in Science and Philosophy written by Cameron Shelley and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 2003-01-01 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A multiple analogy is a structured comparison in which several sources are likened to a target. In "Multiple analogies in science and philosophy," Shelley provides a thorough account of the cognitive representations and processes that participate in multiple analogy formation. Through analysis of real examples taken from the fields of evolutionary biology, archaeology, and Plato's "Republic," Shelley argues that multiple analogies are not simply concatenated single analogies but are instead the general form of analogical inference, of which single analogies are a special case. The result is a truly general cognitive model of analogical inference.Shelley also shows how a cognitive account of multiple analogies addresses important philosophical issues such as the confidence that one may have in an analogical explanation, and the role of analogy in science and philosophy.This book lucidly demonstrates that important questions regarding analogical inference cannot be answered adequately by consideration of single analogies alone.