Analogies At War

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Analogies at War

Author : Yuen Foong Khong
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 0691212910
Total Pages : 296 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (912 download)

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Book Synopsis Analogies at War by : Yuen Foong Khong

Download or read book Analogies at War written by Yuen Foong Khong and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2020-05-05 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From World War I to Operation Desert Storm, American policymakers have repeatedly invoked the "lessons of history" as they contemplated taking their nation to war. Do these historical analogies actually shape policy, or are they primarily tools of political justification? Yuen Foong Khong argues that leaders use analogies not merely to justify policies but also to perform specific cognitive and information-processing tasks essential to political decision-making. Khong identifies what these tasks are and shows how they can be used to explain the U.S. decision to intervene in Vietnam. Relying on interviews with senior officials and on recently declassified documents, the author demonstrates with a precision not attained by previous studies that the three most important analogies of the Vietnam era--Korea, Munich, and Dien Bien Phu--can account for America's Vietnam choices. A special contribution is the author's use of cognitive social psychology to support his argument about how humans analogize and to explain why policymakers often use analogies poorly.

Analogies at War

Author : Jens Meierhenrich
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (129 download)

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Book Synopsis Analogies at War by : Jens Meierhenrich

Download or read book Analogies at War written by Jens Meierhenrich and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Silent enim leges inter armaCicero1What is war, as we now use the term? What are the consequences thereof for the meaning of law? Under what conditions is the language of war necessary for capturing the demands on law in times of transition? By examining the evolution of 'war talk' and 'law talk', and the implications thereof for 'rights talk', this article examines the promise - and limits - of transformative law, with particular reference to recent developments in the United States. From the 'war on poverty' to the 'war on crime' and from the 'war on drugs' to the 'war on terrorism', the practice of law in the United States has taken its cue from the language of war. To ascertain the meaning of language, this article provides a discourse analysis of law - and war - in times of transition. The article introduces modes of analogical reasoning and demonstrates the importance of analysing language for understanding law and public policy. The analysis shows that decision-makers use analogies not simply to justify law and public policy (what I term rhetoric) but also to perform specific cognitive and information-processing tasks essential to decision-making (what I term reason). Applying this framework for analysis to the case at hand, the article traces the emergence of the 'war on terrorism' and explains, first, how the language of war informed US responses to the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 and delineates, second, the consequences thereof for political rights and civil liberties.

Making War, Thinking History

Author : Jeffrey Record
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781612515823
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (158 download)

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Book Synopsis Making War, Thinking History by : Jeffrey Record

Download or read book Making War, Thinking History written by Jeffrey Record and published by . This book was released on 2014-02-15 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In examining the influence of historical analogies on decisions to use--or not use--force, military strategist Jeffrey Record assesses every major application of U.S. force from the Korean War to the NATO war on Serbia. Specifically, he looks at the influence of two analogies: the democracies? appeasement of Hitler at Munich and America's defeat in the Vietnam War. His book judges the utility of these two analogies on presidential decision-making and finds considerable misuse of them in situations where force was optional. He points to the Johnson administration's application of the Munich analogy to the circumstances of Southeast Asia in 1965 as the most egregious example of their misuse, but also cites the faulty reasoning by historical analogy that prevailed among critics of Reagan's policy in Central America and in Clinton's use of force in Haiti and the former Yugoslavia. The author's findings show generational experience to be a key influence on presidential decision-making: Munich persuaded mid-twentieth-century presidents that force should be used early and decisively while Vietnam cautioned later presidents against using force at all. Both analogies were at work for the Gulf War, with Munich urging a decision for war and Vietnam warning against a graduated and highly restricted use of force. Record also reminds us of the times when presidents have used analogies to mobilize public support for action they have already decided to take. Addressing both the process of presidential decision-making and the wisdom of decisions made, this well-reasoned book offers timely lessons to a broad audience that includes political scientists, military historians, defense analysts, and policy makers, as well as those simply curious about history's influence.

The Power of the Past

Author : Hal Brands
Publisher : Brookings Institution Press
ISBN 13 : 0815727135
Total Pages : 335 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (157 download)

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Book Synopsis The Power of the Past by : Hal Brands

Download or read book The Power of the Past written by Hal Brands and published by Brookings Institution Press. This book was released on 2015-11-10 with total page 335 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Leading scholars and policymakers explore how history influences foreign policy and offer insights on how the study of the past can more usefully serve the present. History, with its insights, analogies, and narratives, is central to the ways that the United States interacts with the world. Historians and policymakers, however, rarely engage one another as effectively or fruitfully as they might. This book bridges that divide, bringing together leading scholars and policymakers to address the essential questions surrounding the history-policy relationship including Mark Lawrence on the numerous, and often contradictory, historical lessons that American observers have drawn from the Vietnam War; H. W. Brands on the role of analogies in U.S. policy during the Persian Gulf crisis and war of 1990–91; and Jeremi Suri on Henry Kissinger's powerful use of history.

Understanding Cyber Conflict

Author : George Perkovich
Publisher : Georgetown University Press
ISBN 13 : 1626164983
Total Pages : 310 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (261 download)

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Book Synopsis Understanding Cyber Conflict by : George Perkovich

Download or read book Understanding Cyber Conflict written by George Perkovich and published by Georgetown University Press. This book was released on 2017 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written by leading scholars, the fourteen case studies in this volume will help policymakers, scholars, and students make sense of contemporary cyber conflict through historical analogies to past military-technological problems.

Human Security and the UN

Author : S. Neil MacFarlane
Publisher : Indiana University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780253111999
Total Pages : 378 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (119 download)

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Book Synopsis Human Security and the UN by : S. Neil MacFarlane

Download or read book Human Security and the UN written by S. Neil MacFarlane and published by Indiana University Press. This book was released on 2006-02-13 with total page 378 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How did the individual human being become the focus of the contemporary discourse on security? What was the role of the United Nations in "securing" the individual? What are the payoffs and costs of this extension of the concept? Neil MacFarlane and Yuen Foong Khong tackle these questions by analyzing historical and contemporary debates about what is to be secured. From Westphalia through the 19th century, the state's claim to be the object of security was sustainable because it offered its subjects some measure of protection. The state's ability to provide security for its citizens came under heavy strain in the 20th century as a result of technological, strategic, and ideological innovations. By the end of World War II, efforts to reclaim the security rights of individuals gathered pace, as seen in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and a host of United Nations covenants and conventions. MacFarlane and Khong highlight the UN's work in promoting human security ideas since the 1940s, giving special emphasis to its role in extending the notion of security to include development, economic, environmental, and other issues in the 1990s.

The Improbable War

Author : Christopher Coker
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199396272
Total Pages : 230 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (993 download)

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Book Synopsis The Improbable War by : Christopher Coker

Download or read book The Improbable War written by Christopher Coker and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2015 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Improbable War explains why conflict between the USA and China cannot be ruled out. In 1914 war between the Great Powers was considered unlikely, yet it happened. We learn only from history, and popular though the First World War analogy is, the lessons we draw from its outbreak are usually mistaken. Among these errors is the tendency to over-estimate human rationality. All major conflicts of the past 300 years have been about the norms and rules of the international system. In China and the US the world confronts two 'exceptional' powers whose values differ markedly, with China bidding to challenge the current order. The 'Thucydidean Trap' - when a conservative status quo power confronts a rising new one - may also play its part in precipitating hostilities. To avoid stumbling into an avoidable war both Beijing and Washington need a coherent strategy, which neither of them has. History also reveals that war evolves continually. The next global conflict is likely to be played out in cyberspace and outer space and like all previous wars it will have devastating consequences. Such a war between the United States and China may seem improbable, but it is all too possible, which is why we need to discuss it now.

Making War, Thinking History

Author : Jeffrey Record
Publisher : Naval Institute Press
ISBN 13 : 1612515819
Total Pages : 180 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (125 download)

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Book Synopsis Making War, Thinking History by : Jeffrey Record

Download or read book Making War, Thinking History written by Jeffrey Record and published by Naval Institute Press. This book was released on 2014-02-15 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In examining the influence of historical analogies on decisions to use--or not use--force, military strategist Jeffrey Record assesses every major application of U.S. force from the Korean War to the NATO war on Serbia. Specifically, he looks at the influence of two analogies: the democracies? appeasement of Hitler at Munich and America's defeat in the Vietnam War. His book judges the utility of these two analogies on presidential decision-making and finds considerable misuse of them in situations where force was optional. He points to the Johnson administration's application of the Munich analogy to the circumstances of Southeast Asia in 1965 as the most egregious example of their misuse, but also cites the faulty reasoning by historical analogy that prevailed among critics of Reagan's policy in Central America and in Clinton's use of force in Haiti and the former Yugoslavia. The author's findings show generational experience to be a key influence on presidential decision-making: Munich persuaded mid-twentieth-century presidents that force should be used early and decisively while Vietnam cautioned later presidents against using force at all. Both analogies were at work for the Gulf War, with Munich urging a decision for war and Vietnam warning against a graduated and highly restricted use of force. Record also reminds us of the times when presidents have used analogies to mobilize public support for action they have already decided to take. Addressing both the process of presidential decision-making and the wisdom of decisions made, this well-reasoned book offers timely lessons to a broad audience that includes political scientists, military historians, defense analysts, and policy makers, as well as those simply curious about history's influence.

Vietnam

Author : John Prados
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 704 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Vietnam by : John Prados

Download or read book Vietnam written by John Prados and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 704 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first major synthesis of the war since 2001, drawing upon a host of newly declassified documents, presidential tapes, and overlooked foreign sources to give the most comprehensive look to date of the war that still haunts America.

Rolling the Iron Dice

Author : Scot Macdonald
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 : 0313001723
Total Pages : 263 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis Rolling the Iron Dice by : Scot Macdonald

Download or read book Rolling the Iron Dice written by Scot Macdonald and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2000-07-30 with total page 263 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Does history provide lessons for foreign policy makers today? Macdonald combines cognitive psychology theories about analogical reasoning, international relations theories about military intervention, and original archival research to analyze the role of historical information in foreign policy decision making. He looks at the role of historical analogies in Anglo-American decision making during foreign policy crises involving the possible use of force in regional contingencies during a crucial period in the 1950s when the West faced an emerging Soviet threat. This study analyzes the influence of situational and individual variables in a comparison of more than ten leaders from two nations facing four different crises. Rolling the Iron Dice describes the often significant effect of historical analogies on perceptions of the adversary and of allies, time constraints, policy options and risks, as well as the justification of policy in four crises: the 1950 Korean invasion; the 1951-53 Iranian oil nationalization incident; the 1956 Suez crisis; and the 1958 crisis in Lebanon and Jordan. Contrary to both the slippery slope and the escalation models of military intervention, Macdonald argues that leaders decide extremely early in a crisis, often on the basis of an historical analogy, but also based on perceptions of the rationality of an adversary, whether to use military force. Their decision does not change unless the adversary capitulates to every demand.

Analogies at War

Author : Jeffrey Kwang Wai Chen
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 43 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (68 download)

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Book Synopsis Analogies at War by : Jeffrey Kwang Wai Chen

Download or read book Analogies at War written by Jeffrey Kwang Wai Chen and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 43 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Visual Analogy

Author : Barbara Maria Stafford
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 9780262692670
Total Pages : 246 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (926 download)

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Book Synopsis Visual Analogy by : Barbara Maria Stafford

Download or read book Visual Analogy written by Barbara Maria Stafford and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2001-08-24 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A groundbreaking book exploring the discovery of sameness in otherness. Recuperating a topic once central to philosophy, theology, rhetoric, and aesthetics, this groundbreaking book explores the discovery of sameness in otherness. Analogy poses an intriguingly ancient and modern conundrum. How, in the face of cultural diversity, can a unique someone or something be perceived as like what it is not? This book is for anyone puzzled by why today, as Barbara Maria Stafford claims, "we possess no language for talking about resemblance, only an exaggerated awareness of difference." Well-designed images, Stafford argues, reveal the mind's intuitive leaps to connect known with unknown experience. The first of four wide-ranging chapters paints a challenging overview of several pressing contemporary issues. Cloning, legal controversies about social inequity, identity politics, electronic copying, and the mimicry of virtual reality expose the need for a nuanced theory of similitude. The second examines the historical tug-of-war between analogy and allegory, or disanalogy. Stafford provocatively suggests that, since the Romantic Era, we have been living in polarizingly allegorical times. The third roots this divisiveness within the momentous shift from a magical universe, modeled on sexual bonds, to an engineered world built of discrete automated units. Finally, recent developments in computational brain research notwithstanding, major phenomenological questions about memory, emotion, intelligence, and awareness beckon. In the fourth chapter, Stafford intervenes in the consciousness debates to propose a humanistic cognitive science with bridging/analogy at its artful core.

Another Such Victory

Author : Arnold A. Offner
Publisher : Stanford University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780804747745
Total Pages : 660 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (477 download)

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Book Synopsis Another Such Victory by : Arnold A. Offner

Download or read book Another Such Victory written by Arnold A. Offner and published by Stanford University Press. This book was released on 2002 with total page 660 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a provocative and thoroughly documented reassessment of President Truman's profound influence on U.S. foreign policy and the Cold War. The author contends that Truman remained a parochial nationalist who lacked the vision and leadership to move the United States away from conflict and toward detente. Instead, he promoted an ideology and politics of Cold War confrontation that set the pattern for successor administrations."

Looking for the Good War

Author : Elizabeth D. Samet
Publisher : Farrar, Straus and Giroux
ISBN 13 : 0374716129
Total Pages : 241 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (747 download)

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Book Synopsis Looking for the Good War by : Elizabeth D. Samet

Download or read book Looking for the Good War written by Elizabeth D. Samet and published by Farrar, Straus and Giroux. This book was released on 2021-11-30 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “A remarkable book, from its title and subtitle to its last words . . . A stirring indictment of American sentimentality about war.” —Robert G. Kaiser, The Washington Post In Looking for the Good War, Elizabeth D. Samet reexamines the literature, art, and culture that emerged after World War II, bringing her expertise as a professor of English at West Point to bear on the complexity of the postwar period in national life. She exposes the confusion about American identity that was expressed during and immediately after the war, and the deep national ambivalence toward war, violence, and veterans—all of which were suppressed in subsequent decades by a dangerously sentimental attitude toward the United States’ “exceptional” history and destiny. Samet finds the war's ambivalent legacy in some of its most heavily mythologized figures: the war correspondent epitomized by Ernie Pyle, the character of the erstwhile G.I. turned either cop or criminal in the pulp fiction and feature films of the late 1940s, the disaffected Civil War veteran who looms so large on the screen in the Cold War Western, and the resurgent military hero of the post-Vietnam period. Taken together, these figures reveal key elements of postwar attitudes toward violence, liberty, and nation—attitudes that have shaped domestic and foreign policy and that respond in various ways to various assumptions about national identity and purpose established or affirmed by World War II. As the United States reassesses its roles in Afghanistan and the Middle East, the time has come to rethink our national mythology: the way that World War II shaped our sense of national destiny, our beliefs about the use of American military force throughout the world, and our inability to accept the realities of the twenty-first century’s decades of devastating conflict.

Just War Tradition and the Restraint of War

Author : James Turner Johnson
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 140085556X
Total Pages : 417 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (8 download)

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Book Synopsis Just War Tradition and the Restraint of War by : James Turner Johnson

Download or read book Just War Tradition and the Restraint of War written by James Turner Johnson and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2014-07-14 with total page 417 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this volume, a sequel to Ideology, Reason, and the Limitation of War, James Turner Johnson continues his reconstruction of the history of just war tradition by analyzing significant individual thinkers, concepts, and events that influenced its development from the mid-eighteenth century to the present. Originally published in 1981. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Iraq and the Lessons of Vietnam

Author : Lloyd C. Gardner
Publisher : New Press, The
ISBN 13 : 1595583459
Total Pages : 336 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (955 download)

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Book Synopsis Iraq and the Lessons of Vietnam by : Lloyd C. Gardner

Download or read book Iraq and the Lessons of Vietnam written by Lloyd C. Gardner and published by New Press, The. This book was released on 2008-06-01 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the launch of the "Shock and Awe" invasion in March 2003 through President George W. Bush's declaration of "Mission Accomplished" two months later, the war in Iraq was meant to demonstrate definitively that the United States had learned the lessons of Vietnam. This new book makes clear that something closer to the opposite is true--that U.S. foreign policy makers have learned little from the past, even as they have been obsessed with the "Vietnam Syndrome." Iraq and the Lessons of Vietnam brings together the country's leading historians of the Vietnam experience. Examining the profound changes that have occurred in the country and the military since the Vietnam War, celebrated historians Marilyn B. Young and Lloyd Gardner have assembled a distinguished group to consider how America has again found itself in the midst of a war in which there is no chance of a speedy victory or a sweeping regime change. Iraq and the Lessons of Vietnam explores how the "Vietnam Syndrome" fits into the contemporary debate about the purpose and exercise of American power in the world. With contributions from some of the most renowned analysts of American history and foreign policy, this is an essential recovery of the forgotten and misbegotten lessons of Vietnam. Contributors: Christian G. Appy Andrew J. Bacevich David Elliott Alex Danchev Elizabeth L. Hillman Gabriel Kolko Walter LaFeber Wilfried Mausbach Alfred W. McCoy Gareth Porter John Prados Marilyn B. Young

Surfaces and Essences

Author : Douglas Hofstadter
Publisher : Basic Books (AZ)
ISBN 13 : 0465018475
Total Pages : 594 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (65 download)

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Book Synopsis Surfaces and Essences by : Douglas Hofstadter

Download or read book Surfaces and Essences written by Douglas Hofstadter and published by Basic Books (AZ). This book was released on 2013-04-23 with total page 594 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Shows how analogy-making pervades human thought at all levels, influencing the choice of words and phrases in speech, providing guidance in unfamiliar situations, and giving rise to great acts of imagination.