An Introduction to the History of the English Language (Classic Reprint)

Download An Introduction to the History of the English Language (Classic Reprint) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Forgotten Books
ISBN 13 : 9780267798155
Total Pages : 126 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (981 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis An Introduction to the History of the English Language (Classic Reprint) by : P. G. Thomas

Download or read book An Introduction to the History of the English Language (Classic Reprint) written by P. G. Thomas and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2018-02-04 with total page 126 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from An Introduction to the History of the English Language The substance of the following chapters was delivered, in the form of County Council lectures, in London during the sessions 1907 - 9, and subsequently at the Summer School, St. Andrew's. It is hoped that the book will serve to introduce students of English to the somewhat neglected background of their studies. In the interest of these a certain amount of specialised material has been introduced, without, it is hoped, impairing the readableness of the book for the general public. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

History of the English Language (Classic Reprint)

Download History of the English Language (Classic Reprint) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Forgotten Books
ISBN 13 : 9780656696222
Total Pages : 554 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (962 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis History of the English Language (Classic Reprint) by : T. R. Lounsbury

Download or read book History of the English Language (Classic Reprint) written by T. R. Lounsbury and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2018-02-15 with total page 554 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from History of the English Language As regards the subject of nomenclature, I have seen no reason to alter essentially that which was employed in the previous editions. On one point in particular, action has not been taken unadvisedly. I have exam ined with care everything accessible on the subject, and, I think, nearly everything that has been published, and the more I have read, the less I have been im pressed with the force of the arguments against the use of the term anglo-saxon. I have therefore te tained it in this work, as furnishing what is all-impor tant in nomenclature, a term which, once understood, can never be misunderstood. It is very noticeable that those who are most violently opposed to its use, not unfrequently resort to it when they wish to define with absolute precision what they mean when they apply the term Old English to a particular period in the history of the language. There are, indeed, advantages and disadvantages connected with any terminology that may be adopted. It is certainly an argument in favor of the designation as Old English of what is here called anglo-saxon, that it makes promi nent the continuity of our speech. It is an objection to it that, besides the inevitable ambiguity of the epi thet old, ' it suggests wrong ideas as to the nature of that continuity. Still it would be folly to attach impor tance to this particular subject. It is only those who magnify matters of minor consequence that will con sider the question as one of much moment. I have. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

An Outline History of the English Language (Classic Reprint)

Download An Outline History of the English Language (Classic Reprint) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Forgotten Books
ISBN 13 : 9781333916367
Total Pages : 216 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (163 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis An Outline History of the English Language (Classic Reprint) by : Oliver Farrar Emerson

Download or read book An Outline History of the English Language (Classic Reprint) written by Oliver Farrar Emerson and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2016-10-11 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from An Outline History of the English Language In the account of the modern period special attention has been given to the growing linguistic consciousness, to the beginnings of what we call purism, and the attempts to promote what is known as correctness in language. To this are added, in various places, the historical reasons for present. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

History of the English Language and Literature (Classic Reprint)

Download History of the English Language and Literature (Classic Reprint) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Forgotten Books
ISBN 13 : 9780266816478
Total Pages : 286 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (164 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis History of the English Language and Literature (Classic Reprint) by : Robert Chambers

Download or read book History of the English Language and Literature (Classic Reprint) written by Robert Chambers and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2017-10-27 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from History of the English Language and Literature Result of considerable labour. Very great pains havebeen taken to ensure correctness in matters of fact, 1. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Outlines of the History of the English Language (Classic Reprint)

Download Outlines of the History of the English Language (Classic Reprint) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781331033325
Total Pages : 172 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (333 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Outlines of the History of the English Language (Classic Reprint) by : George L. Craik

Download or read book Outlines of the History of the English Language (Classic Reprint) written by George L. Craik and published by . This book was released on 2015-07-09 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from Outlines of the History of the English Language These Outlines are an abstract from a portion of the Course of Lectures delivered in the Class of the English Language in Queen's College, Belfast, which is attended by undergraduates of the first year; but the work has been drawn up with the design of presenting a connected though succinct view of the essentials of its subject, and so as to be adapted for the general reader as well as for being used as a d104-book in any place of education in which English Philology is one of the departments of study. To the series of propositions printed in a larger type, which embody the leading facts constituting the History of the Language, and which perhaps might be advantageously committed to memory by young persons, have been subjoined the more important of those minor and subsidiary particulars brought forward in the Lectures of which I had been accustomed to direct that notes should be taken. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

History of English

Download History of English PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Forgotten Books
ISBN 13 : 9780365259626
Total Pages : 432 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (596 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis History of English by : A. Charles Champneys

Download or read book History of English written by A. Charles Champneys and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2018-03-22 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from History of English: A Sketch of the Origin and Development of the English Language With Examples, Down to the Present Day In order to make the book complete there should, no doubt, have been an introductory chapter on Sounds, and how they are made.' 'this is omitted, partly in order to limit the book to some moderate length, partly because of the extreme difficulty of making such a chapter at once scientifically adequate and interesting to the ordinary reader. I have done my best to make what is stated in the course of the book intelligible without such an introduction. The book may perhaps seem in some places rather encumbered with notes. My principle has been to keep the text as short as possible, adding at the foot of the page such further explanations, illustrations, and cautions against mis take as some readers might be likely to wish for or require. Where any of these necessarily exceeded the limits of a footnote I have put it as an appendix. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Elements of the History of the English Language (Classic Reprint)

Download Elements of the History of the English Language (Classic Reprint) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Forgotten Books
ISBN 13 : 9780483842915
Total Pages : 130 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (429 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Elements of the History of the English Language (Classic Reprint) by : Uno Lorenz Lindelöf

Download or read book Elements of the History of the English Language (Classic Reprint) written by Uno Lorenz Lindelöf and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2018-01-24 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from Elements of the History of the English Language But the great charm which places the book in a class of its own, and which should make it a most grateful addition to the list of college texts, is its brevity. It seems to solve the diffi culty with which each teacher of Old English is confronted, that of finding a text which is of proper size to use in an ordinary College course in Old English without infringing too much upon time which belongs more particularly to grammatical study and to reading. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

A Brief History of the English Language and Literature (Classic Reprint)

Download A Brief History of the English Language and Literature (Classic Reprint) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Forgotten Books
ISBN 13 : 9780484742702
Total Pages : 200 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (427 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Brief History of the English Language and Literature (Classic Reprint) by : John Miller Dow Meiklejohn

Download or read book A Brief History of the English Language and Literature (Classic Reprint) written by John Miller Dow Meiklejohn and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2017-12-25 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from A Brief History of the English Language and Literature It will be observed, on looking at the above table, that High German is subdivided according to time, but that the other groups are subdivided according to space. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

English Etymology

Download English Etymology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Forgotten Books
ISBN 13 : 9780267708499
Total Pages : 244 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (84 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis English Etymology by : Friedrich Kluge

Download or read book English Etymology written by Friedrich Kluge and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2018-02-03 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from English Etymology: A Select Glossary Serving as an Introduction to the History of the English Language If we may be allowed to give a hint as to the use of our little book, we should advise the teacher to make it a point to deal always with a group of words at a time. Special interest attaches, for instance, to words of early Christian origin, to the names of festivals and the days of the week; besides these the names of the various parts of the house and of the materials used in building, the words for cattle and the various kinds of meat, for eating and drinking, etc. Might be made the subject of a suggestive discussion. By treating etymology in this way, the teacher will have the advantage of converting a les son in the growth of the English language into an inquiry into the history of the anglo-saxon race, thus lending to a naturally dry subject a fresh charm and a deeper meaning. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

An Introduction to the English Classics (Classic Reprint)

Download An Introduction to the English Classics (Classic Reprint) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Forgotten Books
ISBN 13 : 9780666841827
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (418 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis An Introduction to the English Classics (Classic Reprint) by : William Peterfield Trent

Download or read book An Introduction to the English Classics (Classic Reprint) written by William Peterfield Trent and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2018-03-04 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from An Introduction to the English Classics The purpose of this book is to stimulate, in teachers and students alike, interest in the English Classics selected for use in schools, and to suggest various methods by which these masterpieces may be profitably studied. The book embodies the actual experience of teachers in the classroom, in that the analyses of most of the volumes studied and the accompanying questions have been prepared by men and women who have themselves edited one or more of the Classics and have actually taught them. The work of these collaborators has been brought into some uniformity of method, but Without injuring, it is hoped, the suggestiveness and variety and particular method of each contributor. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

A Brief History of the English Language (Classic Reprint)

Download A Brief History of the English Language (Classic Reprint) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Forgotten Books
ISBN 13 : 9780364193631
Total Pages : 284 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (936 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Brief History of the English Language (Classic Reprint) by : Oliver Farrar Emerson

Download or read book A Brief History of the English Language (Classic Reprint) written by Oliver Farrar Emerson and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2018-03-09 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from A Brief History of the English Language In Part V some advantageous changes in order have been made. The most noticeable Of these is in treating the weak verbs before the strong. This order, while not adopted in the larger work, is quite in accord with the plan of both; namely, to give prominence to those elements of the lan guage which have been most stable and most important. The weak verbs were not only more numerous than the strong in the oldest period, but have increased in number and influence at the expense of the latter. Besides, the present arrangement not only emphasizes the more regular weak class, but also brings together all the less regular classes, an advantage in itself. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Brief History of the English Language Literature

Download Brief History of the English Language Literature PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Forgotten Books
ISBN 13 : 9781331594215
Total Pages : 110 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (942 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Brief History of the English Language Literature by : K. Kaiser

Download or read book Brief History of the English Language Literature written by K. Kaiser and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2018-04-23 with total page 110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from Brief History of the English Language Literature: For the Use of Schools The three first periods scarcely belong to a history of English literature, and consequently only a brief account of them is given in the present chapter. The real history of English literature begins with Chaucer, in the brilliant reign of Edward III. Yet, even this great poet and the other prominent writers of the Middle English period (1350 - 1550) are but of an in ferier value for our purpose, since the pupil cannot thoroughly unterstand their works without a special study of the language in which they are written. So we can limit ourselves to a rapid sketch of the next period. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

A History of English Literature (Classic Reprint)

Download A History of English Literature (Classic Reprint) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Forgotten Books
ISBN 13 : 9780484474610
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (746 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A History of English Literature (Classic Reprint) by : Frederick A. Laing

Download or read book A History of English Literature (Classic Reprint) written by Frederick A. Laing and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2017-12-22 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from A History of English Literature The Origin and Early History of the English Language and Literature. The Ancient Inhabitants of Britain - the Romans - the Saxons and their Language - the anglo-saxons and their Literature - the N orman Period - semi-saxon - Early or Old English. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

A History of English Literature

Download A History of English Literature PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Forgotten Books
ISBN 13 : 9780656098026
Total Pages : 482 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (98 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A History of English Literature by : William Spalding

Download or read book A History of English Literature written by William Spalding and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2018-02-08 with total page 482 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from A History of English Literature: With an Outline of the Origin and Growth of the English Language Analysis of its Language - Comparison with Language of the Chronicle. -5. Extract from Layamon Translated and Analyzed Page 11? About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Origin, Progress and Destiny of the English Language and Literature (Classic Reprint)

Download Origin, Progress and Destiny of the English Language and Literature (Classic Reprint) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Forgotten Books
ISBN 13 : 9780282900038
Total Pages : 746 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Origin, Progress and Destiny of the English Language and Literature (Classic Reprint) by : John Adam Weisse

Download or read book Origin, Progress and Destiny of the English Language and Literature (Classic Reprint) written by John Adam Weisse and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2017-10-22 with total page 746 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from Origin, Progress and Destiny of the English Language and Literature V Last, to stimulate the English-speaking millions all over the globe, so to simplify the uttering, writing and printing of their language as to make it a desideratum for universal adoption. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

English Historians With an Introduction (Classic Reprint)

Download English Historians With an Introduction (Classic Reprint) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Forgotten Books
ISBN 13 : 9780332886541
Total Pages : 328 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (865 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis English Historians With an Introduction (Classic Reprint) by : A. J. Grant

Download or read book English Historians With an Introduction (Classic Reprint) written by A. J. Grant and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2017-12-15 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from English Historians With an Introduction Any attempt to illustrate the characteristics of English historians by a series of extracts can attain at best to a very limited success. Much more than any other volume in this series it must recall the classical wiseacre who carried round a brick as a sample of the house that he had for sale. At first it seemed to me impossible to devise any thing within the limits imposed which could be of service to serious students of literature; but, upon deliberation, it seemed that something might be done by a double and to some extent parallel series of extracts, the first illustrating the aims and motives of historians, mostly by their own utterances with regard to their craft; the second exhibiting their style and method of composition by passages of some length drawn from their most important works. I have convinced myself during the progress of the book that the study of the development of historiography offers a promising and little-worked field, from which valuable results might come both for philosophy and history. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

“A” History of the English Language

Download “A” History of the English Language PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 438 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (128 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis “A” History of the English Language by : Albert C. Baugh

Download or read book “A” History of the English Language written by Albert C. Baugh and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 438 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: