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An Experimental Survey Of The Factors That Affect Leaching From Low Level Radioactive Waste Forms
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Book Synopsis An Experimental Survey of the Factors that Affect Leaching from Low-level Radioactive Waste Forms by : D. Dougherty
Download or read book An Experimental Survey of the Factors that Affect Leaching from Low-level Radioactive Waste Forms written by D. Dougherty and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis An Experimental Survey of the Factors that Affect Leaching from Low-level Radioactive Waste Forms by :
Download or read book An Experimental Survey of the Factors that Affect Leaching from Low-level Radioactive Waste Forms written by and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report represents the results of an experimental survey of the factors that affect leaching from several types of solidified low-level radioactive waste forms. The goal of these investigations was to determine those factors that accelerate leaching without changing its mechanism(s). Typically, although not in every case, the accelerating factors include: increased temperature, increased waste loading (i.e., increased waste to binder ratio), and decreased size (i.e., decreased waste form volume to surface area ratio). Additional factors that were studied were: increased leachant volume to waste form surface area ratio, pH, leachant composition (groundwaters, natural and synthetic chelating agents), leachant flow rate or replacement frequency and waste form porosity and surface condition. Other potential factors, including the radiation environment and pressure, were omitted based on a survey of the literature. 82 refs., 236 figs., 13 tabs.
Book Synopsis Leaching Mechanisms of Solidified Low-level Waste. The Literature Survey by :
Download or read book Leaching Mechanisms of Solidified Low-level Waste. The Literature Survey written by and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A literature survey on leaching mechanisms, available mathematical models and factors that affect leaching from solidified low-level radioactive waste (LLW) was compiled. Physicochemical mechanisms identified include diffusion, dissolution, ion exchange, corrosion and surface effects. Diffusion was generally considered to be the predominant mechanism in LLW leachability. However, this hierarchy of importance has been strongly questioned for waste forms containing soluble salts and has been shown to be invalid for waste forms incorporating sorbents which control the release of radionuclides by ion exchange. Leaching behavior was modeled both mathematically for curve fitting to leaching data and by consideration of physical and chemical interactions within and between solidification agents, waste materials and additives, if any. Physicochemical analyses of bitumen and polymer solidification agents have considered them to be inert encapsulants with limited water permeability. All of the mathematical models are derived from solutions to the diffusion equation. Other mechanistic processes are included as additional terms in the equation. No comprehensive evaluations of mathematical models for LLW based on curve fitting to data were found in the literature. Factors that affect leaching have been categorized as system factors, leachant factors and waste form factors. System factors include temperature, pressure, radiation, time and the ratio of waste form area to leachant volume. Leachant factors include pH, Eh, flow or replacement frequency and composition while waste form factors include composition, surface condition, porosity and surface area to volume ratio. Information from the literature is reported for each of these factors. 75 refs., 2 figs., 4 tabs.
Book Synopsis Development of an Accelerated Leach Test(s) for Low-level Waste Forms by :
Download or read book Development of an Accelerated Leach Test(s) for Low-level Waste Forms written by and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An accelerated leach test(s) is being developed to predict long-term leaching behavior of low-level radioactive waste (LLW) forms in their disposal environments. As necessary background, a literature survey of reported leaching mechanisms, available mathematical models and factors that affect leaching of LLW forms has been compiled. Mechanisms which have been identified include diffusion, dissolution, ion exchange, corrosion and surface effects. A computerized data base of LLW leaching data and mathematical models is being developed. The data is being used for model evaluation by curve fitting and statistical analysis according to standard procedures of statistical quality control. Long-term leach tests on portland cement, bitumen and vinyl ester-styrene (VES) polymer waste forms are underway which are designed to identify and evaluate factors that accelerate leaching without changing the mechanisms. Initial results on the effect of temperature on leachability indicate that the leach rates of cement and VES waste forms increase with increasing temperature, whereas, the leach rate of bitumen is little affected. 10 refs., 5 figs.
Download or read book Energy Research Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1993-08 with total page 472 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Development of a Computerized Data Base for Low-level Radioactive Waste Leaching Data by :
Download or read book Development of a Computerized Data Base for Low-level Radioactive Waste Leaching Data written by and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report documents the development of a computerized data base (db) of leaching data for solidified low-level radioactive waste (LLW) forms. Brookhaven National Lab performed this work under contract with the US Department of Energy's Low-Level Waste Management Program as part of an effort to develop an accelerated leach test(s) that can be used to predict leachabilities of LLW forms over long time periods, i.e., hundreds of years. The accelerated leach test(s) is (are) to be developed based on knowledge of leaching mechanisms and factors that affect leaching. Although developed specifically for the Accelerated Leach Test(s) Program, this db may be useful to others concerned with the management of low-level waste. The db is being developed to provide efficient data compilation and analysis capabilities. The data compiled in the db, which include data from the Accelerated Leach Test(s) Program and selected data from the literature, have been selected to elucidate leaching mechanisms and factors that affect leaching and are not meant to be a comprehensive compilation of leaching data. This report presents the data compilation aspect of the db. It does not present the programmatic results obtained from analysis of the data regarding leaching mechanisms and factors that affect leaching, which will be presented in reports from the Accelerated Leach Test(s) Program. 6 refs.
Book Synopsis Optimization of the Factors that Accelerate Leaching by :
Download or read book Optimization of the Factors that Accelerate Leaching written by and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The prediction of long-term leachability of low-level radioactive waste forms is an essential element of disposal-site performance assessment. This report describes experiments and modeling techniques used to develop an accelerated leach test that meets this need. The acceleration in leaching rates caused by the combinations of two or more factors were experimentally determined. These factors were identified earlier as being able to individually accelerate leaching. They are: elevated temperature, the size of the waste form, the ratio of the volume of leachant to the surface area of the waste form, and the frequency of replacement of the leachant. The solidification agents employed were ones that are currently used to treat low-level radioactive wastes, namely portland type I cement, bitumen, and vinyl ester-styrene. The simulated wastes, sodium sulfate, sodium tetraborate, and incinerator ash, are simplified representatives of typical low-level waste streams. Experiments determined the leaching behavior of the radionuclides of cesium (Cs-137), strontium (Sr-85), and cobalt (Co-60 or Co-57) from several different formulations of solidification agents and waste types. Leaching results were based upon radiochemical and elemental analyses of aliquots of the leachate, and on its total alkalinity and pH at various times during the experiment (up to 120 days). Solid phase analyses were carried out by Scanning/Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy on the waste forms before and after some leaching experiments. 43 refs., 96 figs., 16 tabs.
Download or read book ERDA Energy Research Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 1048 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book EPA-540/2 written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 126 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Radioactive Waste Management written by and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Strategy and Methodology for Radioactive Waste Characterization by : International Atomic Energy Agency
Download or read book Strategy and Methodology for Radioactive Waste Characterization written by International Atomic Energy Agency and published by IAEA. This book was released on 2007 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past decade significant progress has been achieved in the development of waste characterization and control procedures and equipment as a direct response to ever-increasing requirements for quality and reliability of information on waste characteristics. Failure in control procedures at any step can have important, adverse consequences and may result in producing waste packages which are not compliant with the waste acceptance criteria for disposal, thereby adversely impacting the repository. The information and guidance included in this publication corresponds to recent achievements and reflects the optimum approaches, thereby reducing the potential for error and enhancing the quality of the end product. -- Publisher's description.
Book Synopsis Leaching Studies of Low-level Radioactive Waste Forms by : R. Dayal
Download or read book Leaching Studies of Low-level Radioactive Waste Forms written by R. Dayal and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Assessment of Technologies for the Remediation of Radioactively Contaminated Superfund Sites by :
Download or read book Assessment of Technologies for the Remediation of Radioactively Contaminated Superfund Sites written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Progress in Development of an Accelerated Leach Test for Low-level Radioactive Waste Forms by :
Download or read book Progress in Development of an Accelerated Leach Test for Low-level Radioactive Waste Forms written by and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Factors that accelerate leaching from solidified low-level radioactive waste are being investigated to develop a short-term leach test that can be used to predict long-term releases. Data from work with portland cement containing radioactive tracers indicate that elevated temperatures can accelerate leaching of Ce-137 by at least a factor of eleven without changing the leaching mechanism. An 18 day leach test at 50°C provided the equivalent of 200 days data taken at 20°C. Portland cement containing 5 wt % Na2SO4 also can be accelerated, but to a lesser degree. Solid phase analysis indicated that pore plugging and increased tortuosity may be the cause of the smaller acceleration. Reduced specimen size was also a useful acceleration factor with inhomogeneities not being a problem in very small specimens. Elevated pH and 100 ppM EDTA in leaching solutions increased Sr-85 releases without altering Cs-137 leaching. 9 refs., 10 figs., 1 tab.
Book Synopsis The Reuse and Recycling of Contaminated Soil by : Stephen M. Testa
Download or read book The Reuse and Recycling of Contaminated Soil written by Stephen M. Testa and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2019-07-23 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a new way of viewing contaminated soil-as a resource that in many instances can be recovered. The Reuse and Recycling of Contaminated Soils addresses the waste problem associated with contaminated soil and considers alternatives that are environmentally sound, cost-effective, and time efficient. It provides thorough coverage of practical issues associated with reuse and recycling.
Book Synopsis Asphaltene Particles in Fossil Fuel Exploration, Recovery, Refining, and Production Processes by : Mahendra K. Sharma
Download or read book Asphaltene Particles in Fossil Fuel Exploration, Recovery, Refining, and Production Processes written by Mahendra K. Sharma and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: THE CURRENT STATE OF THE ART of several aspects of asphaltene is presented in this volume. It documents the proceedings of the Internationl Symposium on Asphaltene Particles in Fossil Fuel Exploration, Recovery, Refining and Production Processes sponsored by the Fine particle Society (FPS). This meeting was held il1 Las vegas, Nevada, July 13 -17, 1992. The symposium upon which this volume is based was organized in four sessions emphasizing various basic and applied aspects of research on asphaltene technology. Major topics discussed involve surface phenomena of asphaltene, processed and unprocessed bitumen, asphaltene effect on natural and accelerated ageing of bitumens, asphaltene conversion, theoretical aspects of asphaltenes and interactions of asphaltene colloids in organic solvents. This edition includes eighteen selected papers presented at the symposium. These papers are divided in four broad categories: (1) Bitumen and Coal-Derived Asphaltenes, (2) Asphalt and Asphaltene conversion, (3) Surface and Colloidal Aspects of Asphaltenes, and (4) Thermodynamic and Molecular Aspects of Asphaltenes.
Book Synopsis Asphalt Materials Science and Technology by : James G. Speight
Download or read book Asphalt Materials Science and Technology written by James G. Speight and published by Butterworth-Heinemann. This book was released on 2015-10-01 with total page 652 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Asphalt is a complex but popular civil engineering material. Design engineers must understand these complexities in order to optimize its use. Whether or not it is used to pave a busy highway, waterproof a rooftop or smooth out an airport runway, Asphalt Materials Science and Technology acquaints engineers with the issues and technologies surrounding the proper selection and uses of asphalts. With this book in hand, researchers and engineering will find a valuable guide to the production, use and environmental aspect of asphalt. - Covers the Nomenclature and Terminology for Asphalt including: Performance Graded (PG) Binders, Asphalt Cement (AC), Asphalt-Rubber (A-R) Binder, Asphalt Emulsion and Cutback Asphalt - Includes Material Selection Considerations, Testing, and applications - Biodegradation of Asphalt and environmental aspects of asphalt use
