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An Evaluation Of Zinc Telluride As A Gamma Detector For High Temperature Applications
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Book Synopsis An Evaluation of Zinc Telluride as a Gamma Detector for High Temperature Applications by : Mirza Muhammad Luqman
Download or read book An Evaluation of Zinc Telluride as a Gamma Detector for High Temperature Applications written by Mirza Muhammad Luqman and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Gamma Ray Line Shapes from Cadmium Zinc Telluride Detectors by :
Download or read book Gamma Ray Line Shapes from Cadmium Zinc Telluride Detectors written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: CdZn telluride (CZT) gamma ray detectors, operating at ambient temperatures, are potentially useful for safeguards applications such as assay and isotopic analysis of nuclear materials in the field. To analyze the complex gamma spectra, the gamma line shapes, including the amplitude and shape of the tail, must be understood. We have studied the line shapes in spectra taken with a CZT 5x5x5 mm detector. Standard gamma sources covering the energy range 59 to 661 keV were used. After background subtraction, the peaks were fit to a sum of a Gaussian and an exponential tail confined to the lower energy side of the Gaussian. The energy dependence of the various parameters that describe the gamma lines are graphed. The variance of the Gaussian increases linearly with gamma energy. Slope of the exponential tail varies strongly with energy at low gamma energy and then becomes nearly constant. Tail amplitude is larger for CZT than for a Ge detector. Tail cutoff parameter is not a very sensitive parameter for describing the line shape. Using these line shape parameters, gamma spectra at 90-100 keV from small uranium samples with 2 to 75% 235U were analyzed: the x rays from 235U decay and the gammas from 238U-234Th were used to determine the 235/238 ratio. This ratio could be determined to a few percent accuracy if the 235U enrichment did not exceed about 50%.
Book Synopsis Dissertation Abstracts International by :
Download or read book Dissertation Abstracts International written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 854 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Application of Cadmium-zinc-telluride Detectors in U-235 Enrichment Measurements by :
Download or read book Application of Cadmium-zinc-telluride Detectors in U-235 Enrichment Measurements written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: High-resolution, gamma- and x-ray spectrometry are used routinely in nuclear safeguards verification measurements of plutonium and uranium in the field. These measurements are mostly performed with high-purity germanium (HPGe) detectors, that require cooling to liquid-nitrogen temperatures, thus limiting their utility in field and unattended safeguards measurement applications. NaI scintillation detectors do not require cooling, but their moderate energy resolution (10% at 122 keV) is insufficient in most cases for reliable verification measurements. Semiconductor detectors that operate at room temperature, such as cadmium-zinc-telluride (CdZnTe) detectors, with energy resolution performance reaching 2.0% at 122 keV may complement HPGe detectors for certain safeguards verification applications. The authors used a 5x5x5 mm CdZnTe detector to measure U-235 enrichments ranging from 3% to 75%. They use a spectrum analysis technique that fits U-235, U-238, and U K x-ray response profiles to data in the 89- to 100-keV region of gamma-ray spectrum. From the relative magnitudes of the U-235 and U-238 profiles they determine the U-235 enrichment with an accuracy of about 10% with CdZnTe detectors.
Book Synopsis High-Z Materials for X-ray Detection by : Leonardo Abbene
Download or read book High-Z Materials for X-ray Detection written by Leonardo Abbene and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-01-01 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book will provide readers with a good overview of some of most recent advances in the field of High-Z materials. There will be a good mixture of general chapters in both technology and applications in opto-electronics, X-ray detection and emerging optoelectronics applications. The book will have an in-depth review of the research topics from world-leading specialists in the field.
Book Synopsis CdTe and CdZnTe Materials by : Kris Iniewski
Download or read book CdTe and CdZnTe Materials written by Kris Iniewski and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Physics Briefs written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 1162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Cadmium Zinc Telluride Detector System for Nuclear Material Assay by :
Download or read book Cadmium Zinc Telluride Detector System for Nuclear Material Assay written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Three tools were developed towards design of an ambient temperature radiometric instrument, namely the CZT Probe--a cadmium zinc telluride based gamma and x ray detector probe, the MicroNOMAD--a low power, portable multichannel analyzed, and CZTU--spectral analysis software that provides uranium enrichment analysis. The combination of these three tools with an optimal sodium iodide (NaI) detector provides the ability to search for and then analyze uranium as well as other radionuclides in the field. Several national and international organizations including the International Atomic Energy Agency, the European Communities Safeguards Directorate, US Customs, and US DOE have expressed interest and are currently evaluating these systems.
Book Synopsis X-ray Photon Processing Detectors by : Conny Hansson
Download or read book X-ray Photon Processing Detectors written by Conny Hansson and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-11-14 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides readers a good overview of some of most recent advances in the field of hybrid pixelated detectors for X-ray imaging. Coverage includes both technology and applications, with an in-depth review of the research topics conducted at leading research institutions in the world. The conversion of the X-ray signal into an analogue/digital value is discussed, as well as a review of CMOS chips used for X-ray image sensors. Applications of hybrid pixel detectors are discussed, such as medical imaging, high energy physics, space, non-destructive testing and security. Provides coverage of a broad range of topics, from international experts in academia and industry; Includes in-depth analysis of how to optimize X-ray detection and electronics for X-ray detection; Covers both technology and applications in a number of different domains.
Book Synopsis Thermodynamics of Post-growth Annealing of Cadmium Zinc Telluride Nuclear Radiation Detectors by : Aaron Lee Adams
Download or read book Thermodynamics of Post-growth Annealing of Cadmium Zinc Telluride Nuclear Radiation Detectors written by Aaron Lee Adams and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nuclear Radiation Detectors are used for detecting, tracking, and identifying radioactive materials which emit high-energy gamma and X-rays. The use of Cadmium Zinc Telluride (CdZnTe) detectors is particularly attractive because of the detector's ability to operate at room temperature and measure the energy spectra of gamma-ray sources with a high resolution, typically less than 1% at 662 keV. While CdZnTe detectors are acceptable imperfections in the crystals limit their full market potential. One of the major imperfections are Tellurium inclusions generated during the crystal growth process by the retrograde solubility of Tellurium and Tellurium-rich melt trapped at the growth interface. Tellurium inclusions trap charge carriers generated by gamma and X-ray photons and thus reduce the portion of generated charge carriers that reach the electrodes for collection and conversion into a readable signal which is representative of the ionizing radiation's energy and intensity. One approach in resolving this problem is post-growth annealing which has the potential of removing the Tellurium inclusions and associated impurities. The goal of this project is to use experimental techniques to study the thermodynamics of Tellurium inclusion migration in post-growth annealing of CdZnTe nuclear detectors with the temperature gradient zone migration (TGZM) technique. Systematic experiments will be carried out to provide adequate thermodynamic data that will inform the engineering community of the optimum annealing parameters. Additionally, multivariable correlations that involve the Tellurium diffusion coefficient, annealing parameters, and CdZnTe properties will be analyzed. The experimental approach will involve systematic annealing experiments (in Cd vapor overpressure) on different sizes of CdZnTe crystals at varying temperature gradients ranging from 0 to 60 oC/mm (used to migrate the Tellurium inclusion to one side of the crystal), and at annealing temperatures ranging from 500 to 800 oC. The characterization techniques that will be used to quantify the effects of the post-growth annealing experiments include: 1) 3D infrared transmission microscopy to measure the size, distribution, and concentration of Tellurium inclusions; 2) current-voltage measurements to determine the effect of post-growth annealing on the resistivity of CdZnTe crystals; and 3) X-ray diffraction topography, available at the National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS) facilities at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), to measure the correlation between device performance and annealing conditions.
Book Synopsis Low-cost Cadmium Zinc Telluride Radiation Detectors Based on Electron-transport-only Designs by :
Download or read book Low-cost Cadmium Zinc Telluride Radiation Detectors Based on Electron-transport-only Designs written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 70 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The goal of this project was to utilize a novel device design to build a compact, high resolution, room temperature operated semiconductor gamma ray sensor. This sensor was constructed from a cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) crystal. It was able to both detect total radiation intensity and perform spectroscopy on the detected radiation. CZT detectors produced today have excellent electron charge carrier collection, but suffer from poor hole collection. For conventional gamma-ray spectrometers, both the electrons and holes must be collected with high efficiency to preserve energy resolution. The requirement to collect the hole carriers, which have relatively low lifetimes, limits the efficiency and performance of existing experimental devices. By implementing novel device designs such that the devices rely only on the electron signal for energy information, the sensitivity of the sensors for detecting radiation can be increased substantially. In this report the authors describe a project to develop a new type of electron-only CZT detector. They report on their successful efforts to design, implement and test these new radiation detectors. In addition to the design and construction of the sensors the authors also report, in considerable detail, on the electrical characteristics of the CZT crystals used to make their detectors.
Book Synopsis Solid-State Radiation Detectors by : Salah Awadalla
Download or read book Solid-State Radiation Detectors written by Salah Awadalla and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-12-19 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Integrating aspects of engineering, application physics, and medical science, Solid-State Radiation Detectors: Technology and Applications offers a comprehensive review of new and emerging solid-state materials-based technologies for radiation detection. Each chapter is structured to address the current advantages and challenges of each material and technology presented, as well as to discuss novel research and applications. Featuring contributions from leading experts in industry and academia, this authoritative text: Covers modern semiconductors used for radiation monitoring Examines CdZnTe and CdTe technology for imaging applications including three-dimensional capability detectors Highlights interconnect technology for current pixel detectors Describes hybrid pixel detectors and their characterizations Tackles the integrated analog signal processing read-out front ends for particle detectors Considers new organic materials with direct bandgap for direct energy detection Summarizes recent developments involving lanthanum halide and cerium bromide scintillators Analyzes the potential of recent progress in the field of crystallogenesis, quantum dots, and photonics crystals toward a new concept of x- and gamma-ray detectors based on metamaterials Explores position-sensitivity photomultipliers and silicon photomultipliers for scintillation crystals Solid-State Radiation Detectors: Technology and Applications provides a valuable reference for engineers and scientists looking to enhance the performance of radiation detector technology for medical imaging and other applications.
Book Synopsis Advanced Materials for Radiation Detection by : Krzysztof (Kris) Iniewski
Download or read book Advanced Materials for Radiation Detection written by Krzysztof (Kris) Iniewski and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-08-05 with total page 357 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers readers an overview of some of the most recent advances in the field of advanced materials used for gamma and X-ray imaging. Coverage includes both technology and applications, with an in-depth review of the research topics from leading specialists in the field. Emphasis is on high-Z materials like CdTe, CZT and GaAs, as well as perovskite crystals, since they offer the best implementation possibilities for direct conversion X-ray detectors. Authors discuss material challenges, detector operation physics and technology and readout integrated circuits required to detect signals processes by high-Z sensors.
Book Synopsis Semiconductor Radiation Detectors by : Alan Owens
Download or read book Semiconductor Radiation Detectors written by Alan Owens and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2019-05-31 with total page 784 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Choice Recommended Title, July 2020 Bringing together material scattered across many disciplines, Semiconductor Radiation Detectors provides readers with a consolidated source of information on the properties of a wide range of semiconductors; their growth, characterization and the fabrication of radiation sensors with emphasis on the X- and gamma-ray regimes. It explores the promise and limitations of both the traditional and new generation of semiconductors and discusses where the future in semiconductor development and radiation detection may lie. The purpose of this book is two-fold; firstly to serve as a text book for those new to the field of semiconductors and radiation detection and measurement, and secondly as a reference book for established researchers working in related disciplines within physics and engineering. Features: The only comprehensive book covering this topic Fully up-to-date with new developments in the field Provides a wide-ranging source of further reference material
Book Synopsis Radiation Detectors for Medical Imaging by : Jan S. Iwanczyk
Download or read book Radiation Detectors for Medical Imaging written by Jan S. Iwanczyk and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2015-10-16 with total page 331 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Radiation Detectors for Medical Imaging discusses the current state of the art and future prospects of photon-counting detectors for medical imaging applications. Featuring contributions from leading experts and pioneers in their respective fields, this book:Describes x-ray spectral imaging detectors based on cadmium zinc telluride (CdZnTe) and cad
Book Synopsis Material Inhomogeneities in Cd{sub 1-x}ZnxTe and Their Effects on Large Volume Gamma-ray Detectors by :
Download or read book Material Inhomogeneities in Cd{sub 1-x}ZnxTe and Their Effects on Large Volume Gamma-ray Detectors written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 15 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cadmium zinc telluride (Cd{sub 1-x}ZnxTe or CZT) has shown great promise as a material for room-temperature x-ray and gamma-ray detectors. In particular, polycrystalline material grown by the High Pressure Bridgman method with nominal Zn fraction (x) from 0.1 to 0.2 has been used to fabricate high resolution gamma-ray spectrometers with resolution approaching that of cooled high-purity Ge. For increased sensitivity, large areas (> 1 cm2) are required, and for good sensitivity to high energy gamma photons, thick detectors (on the order of 1 cm) are required. Thus there has been a push for the development of CZT detectors with a volume greater than 1 cm3. However, nonuniformities in the material over this scale degrade the performance of the detectors. Variations in the zinc fraction, and thus the bandgap, and changes in the impurity distributions, both of which arise from the selective segregation of elements during crystal growth, result in spectral distortions. In this work several materials characterization techniques were combined with detector evaluations to determine the materials properties limiting detector performance. Materials measurements were performed on detectors found to have differing performance. Measurements conducted include infrared transmission (IR), particle induced x-ray emission (PIXE), photoluminescence (PL), and triaxial x-ray diffraction (TAXRD). To varying degrees, these measurements reveal that poor-performance detectors exhibit higher nonuniformities than spectrometer-grade detectors. This is reasonable, as regions of CZT material with different properties will give different localized spectral responses, which combine to result in a degraded spectrum for the total device.
Book Synopsis American Doctoral Dissertations by :
Download or read book American Doctoral Dissertations written by and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 696 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
