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An Evaluation Of Fouling Potential And Methods To Control Fouling In Microfiltration Membranes For Secondary Wastewater Effluent
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Book Synopsis An Evaluation of Fouling Potential and Methods to Control Fouling in Microfiltration Membranes for Secondary Wastewater Effluent by : Shannon Rachel Holman
Download or read book An Evaluation of Fouling Potential and Methods to Control Fouling in Microfiltration Membranes for Secondary Wastewater Effluent written by Shannon Rachel Holman and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Current Trends and Future Developments on (Bio-) Membranes by : Angelo Basile
Download or read book Current Trends and Future Developments on (Bio-) Membranes written by Angelo Basile and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2018-09-12 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Current Trends and Future Developments in (Bio-) Membranes: Renewable Energy Integrated with Membrane Operations offers an overview of advanced technologies in the field of water desalination, wastewater treatment and hydrogen production that is coupled with renewable energy sources. Membrane processes are well-recognized technologies in the field of water and wastewater treatment. This book reviews their potential and lists new technologies which allow for the use of solar, hydroelectric, wind, hydrothermal and other forms of renewable energy with the same effect. In addition, it highlights what has already been achieved in the integration of membrane reactors and energy produced by biomass. - Provides an overview of the interconnections between membrane technology and renewable energy sources - Provides a comprehensive review of advanced research on membrane processes for water desalination, wastewater treatment and hydrogen production - Relates the various processes to energy sources, including solar, wind, biomass and geothermal energy - Addresses key issues involved in the use of renewable energy in wastewater treatment
Book Synopsis Membrane Bioreactors for Wastewater Treatment by : Thomas Stephenson
Download or read book Membrane Bioreactors for Wastewater Treatment written by Thomas Stephenson and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2000-05-31 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book covers the subject of membrane bioreactors (MBR) for wastewater treatment, dealing with municipal as well as industrial wastewaters. The book details the 3 types of MBR available and discusses the science behind the technology, their design features, operation, applications, advantages, limitations, performance, current research activities and cost. As the demand for wastewater treatment, recycling and re-use technologies increases, it is envisaged that the membrane separation bioreactor will corner the market. Contents Membrane Fundamentals Biological Fundamentals Biomass Separation Membrane Bioreactors Membrane Aeration and Extractive Bioreactors Commercial Membrane Bioreactor Systems Membrane Bioreactor Applications Case Studies
Book Synopsis Examination of Methods to Reduce Membrane Fouling During Dairy Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration by : Michael Corey Adams
Download or read book Examination of Methods to Reduce Membrane Fouling During Dairy Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration written by Michael Corey Adams and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 137 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pressure-driven membrane filtration processes such as microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF), and reverse osmosis (RO) provide opportunities for the dairy industry to better utilize milk by separating its components based on size. However, widespread adoption of some of these processes has yet to be realized due to membrane fouling. Membrane fouling is the accumulation of soil, or foulant, on the surface or within the pores of a membrane. Fouling prolongs processing times, increases energy and cleaning costs, decreases separation efficiency, and, in severe cases, may lead to irreversible clogging of the membrane. Microfiltration can be used to remove serum proteins (SP) from skim milk. The process' SP removal efficiency directly influences the technology's financial feasibility. Our first objective was to quantify the capacity of 0.14 [MICRO SIGN]m ceramic Isoflux MF membranes to remove SP from skim milk. The Isoflux membranes' manufacturer claims that using these membranes will reduce localized membrane fouling at the inlet end of the membrane that results from using high cross-flow velocities (5 - 7 m/s) to mitigate overall membrane fouling. Contrary to theoretical cumulative SP removal percentages of 68%, 90%, and 97% after 1, 2, and 3 stages of 3X MF processing, respectively, the 3X Isoflux process removed only 39.5%, 58.4%, and 70.2% after 1, 2, and 3 stages, respectively. Several design aspects of the membrane are thought to have resulted in this inefficiency. Ultrafiltration can be used to concentrate SP and reduce the lactose content of cheese whey or MF permeate of skim milk to produce 80% whey protein concentrates (WPC80) or 80% serum protein concentrates (SPC80), respectively. The objectives of our second study were to determine if adding annatto color to milk or bleaching whey or MF permeate of skim milk with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or benzoyl peroxide (BPO) influenced UF flux, diafiltration flux, or membrane fouling during production of WPC80 or SPC80. Addition of annatto color to milk had no effect on flux or fouling. Bleaching with or without added color increased flux during processing. Bleaching with H2O2 produced higher flux than bleaching with BPO. While bleaching with BPO reduced membrane fouling during WPC80 production, it did not impact membrane fouling during SPC80 production. Bleaching with H2O2 led to the largest reduction in fouling for both production processes.
Download or read book Water Environment & Technology written by and published by . This book was released on 2007-07 with total page 828 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Fouling of Low Pressure Membranes by Municipal Wastewater by : Claudia Laabs
Download or read book Fouling of Low Pressure Membranes by Municipal Wastewater written by Claudia Laabs and published by Logos Verlag Berlin. This book was released on 2004 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF) membranes have a wide range of applications in the wastewater industry: they are used to polish wastewater treatment plant effluents or are directly integrated in the biological treatment process in the form of membrane bio-reactors (MBR). The major challenge of low-pressure membrane filtration remains the fouling of the membranes by organic matter which prevents an efficient operation by reducing the overall transmembrane flux and/or increasing the transmembrane pressure over time. This research investigates the fouling potential of municipal wastewater in low-pressure membrane filtration. Using bench-scale stirred cell experiments the principal organic foulants and the underlying fouling mechanisms are identified. Additionally, two MBR pilot plants are monitored over the course of one year in order to detect possible correlations between the feed water characteristics, operational parameters, and membrane fouling.
Book Synopsis Adsorptive Fouling and Flux Decline of Microfiltration Membranes for Activated Sludge Basin Effluents by : Joel Conard Donalson
Download or read book Adsorptive Fouling and Flux Decline of Microfiltration Membranes for Activated Sludge Basin Effluents written by Joel Conard Donalson and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Flux decline due to membrane fouling is a significant impediment to the practical use of membrane bioreactors. Dissolved organic substances such as soluble microbial products have been found to be the most significant fouling substances in membrane bioreactors. In this study several microfiltration membranes were operated in dead-end filtration using effluents from activated sludge basins operating under different conditions at four wastewater treatment plants to analyze flux decline under adsorptive fouling conditions. Clean membrane characteristics such as contact angle and zeta potential were used in conjunction with water quality analysis of organic carbon polarity distribution, dissolved organic carbon concentration, ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm, and pH to infer relationships between membrane surface characteristics and effluent characteristics which influence flux decline. Fouled membranes were analyzed using ATR-FTIR to provide an indication of which functional groups are adsorbed to membrane surfaces. The findings indicate that differences in flux decline relate to the binding affinity of membranes for proteins and polysaccharides, and that process parameters such as food-to-microorganism ratio, solids retention time, and temperature, which influence activated sludge characteristics, have an impact on adsorptive fouling. In this study the polarity distribution of dissolved organic carbon in the samples was not found to correspond well to membrane fouling. The method explained here for analyzing membrane fouling serves as the basis for a framework from which to evaluate the operation of biological treatment processes with regard to membrane fouling in membrane bioreactors.
Book Synopsis Modeling in Membranes and Membrane-Based Processes by : Anirban Roy
Download or read book Modeling in Membranes and Membrane-Based Processes written by Anirban Roy and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-04-07 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book Modeling in Membranes and Membrane-Based Processes is based on the idea of developing a reference which will cover most relevant and “state-of-the-art” approaches in membrane modeling. This book explores almost every major aspect of modeling and the techniques applied in membrane separation studies and applications. This includes first principle-based models, thermodynamics models, computational fluid dynamics simulations, molecular dynamics simulations, and artificial intelligence-based modeling for membrane separation processes. These models have been discussed in light of various applications ranging from desalination to gas separation. In addition, this breakthrough new volume covers the fundamentals of polymer membrane pore formation mechanisms, covering not only a wide range of modeling techniques, but also has various facets of membrane-based applications. Thus, this book can be an excellent source for a holistic perspective on membranes in general, as well as a comprehensive and valuable reference work. Whether a veteran engineer in the field or lab or a student in chemical or process engineering, this latest volume in the “Advances in Membrane Processes” is a must-have, along with the first book in the series, Membrane Processes, also available from Wiley-Scrivener.
Book Synopsis A Study of Fouling on Ceramic Ultrafiltration Membranes by Model Solutions and Natural Waters by : Leila Munla
Download or read book A Study of Fouling on Ceramic Ultrafiltration Membranes by Model Solutions and Natural Waters written by Leila Munla and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the last decade polymeric membranes have emerged as an economically viable treatment option to produce drinking water. Due to higher capital costs, the use of ceramic membranes has generally been limited to industrial applications that deal with challenging water quality. Ceramic membranes are superior to polymeric membranes in their physical and chemical resistance, which allows for higher fluxes and backwash pressures as well as rigorous chemical cleaning. As a result, these membranes can potentially operate for longer periods of time, which can decrease the lifetime cost of the membrane. Furthermore, decreased production costs coupled with an increased desire for economical sustainability may open the door for the use of ceramic membranes in drinking water treatment, particularly for highly polluted waters. The loss of membrane permeability as a result of fouling remains one of the biggest challenges for sustainable membrane operation. Therefore, a thorough understanding of fouling behavior and the identification of key foulants is essential for optimizing membrane performance. However, fouling has not been researched in detail for ceramic membranes in drinking water treatment, particularly ultrafiltration, since most research has focused on ceramic microfiltration membranes combined with coagulation. The thesis is divided into four main stages. The first stage involved developing a factorial design to establish a procedure to determine sustainable flux that can adequately compare the fouling between a ceramic and polymeric membrane without compromising the functional potential or operating parameters of either membrane. In this stage, the significance of three different variables (interval length, increment increase, and a hydraulic backwash) in determining sustainable flux were statistically analyzed following a factorial design and consequently included or removed from the sustainable flux determination approach. The increment increase was not significant while the backwash was the most significant variable. The method established was used in later experiments to allow for a comparison of fouling behavior and performance between a polymeric and ceramic membrane. The second stage investigated the fouling behavior of flat-sheet ceramic membranes with model solutions at constant pressure to identify foulants of concern and likely fouling mechanisms for ceramic membranes as well as perform surface characterization techniques not possible with tubular membranes. In this stage the contributions of different model foulants (bovine serum albumin i.e. a protein, alginate i.e. a carbohydrate, humic acid, and colloidal silica) to reversible and irreversible fouling on a flat-sheet ceramic membrane at constant pressure were quantitatively evaluated. Both single foulant solutions and all possible combinations of mixtures of model foulants were investigated. The bovine serum albumin and humic acid were main contributors to hydraulically irreversible fouling and their removal mechanism is postulated to be largely through adsorption. Colloidal silica was the most influential factor governing fouling behavior and diminished the irreversible fouling effect of these organics, thus increasing hydraulic reversibility. Additionally, synergistic fouling effects were also observed. The third stage investigated the same model solutions with tubular ceramic membranes at constant flux to determine the fouling behavior under different conditions and quantitatively assess the effectiveness of different fouling mitigation techniques. The rate of fouling was very high for bovine serum albumin but extremely low for humic acid; however, they both showed high irreversible fouling. The results obtained were consistent with the previous stage using flat-sheet ceramic membranes; particularly regarding the significant role colloidal silica plays in fouling. The ability to compare these two very different configurations and operating parameters is largely due to the use of a hydraulic backwash in both configurations. Therefore, this highlights the importance of investigating fouling reversibility, especially in simplified experiments. The last stage investigated tubular ceramic fouling behavior and organic matter rejection with surface water at constant flux. Tubular ceramic membrane fouling behavior was investigated for river water. A very high initial organic carbon removal was observed at the initial stages of filtration and after each backwash cycle indicating a high affinity of organics to the membrane surface as well as partially reversible adsorption. Humic acid rejection decreased throughout the filtration cycle. On the contrary, biopolymer rejection remained constant indicating size exclusion as a primary removal mechanism. After several modifications to the design and setup, the sustainable flux method established in Stage 1 could not be applied to the ceramic membrane or to the polymeric membrane using highly turbid water; a few hypotheses were made as to why this occurred. It is likely that one or more variables that were not included in the sustainable flux method were influencing the fouling rate over time. Overall, the robustness of ceramic membranes opens the door for some creative fouling mitigation techniques to be used such as backwash pulses and chemical maintenance cleaning.
Book Synopsis Scaling and Particulate Fouling in Membrane Filtration Systems by : S.F. Boerlage
Download or read book Scaling and Particulate Fouling in Membrane Filtration Systems written by S.F. Boerlage and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2001-01-01 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reliable methods to predict membrane scaling and fouling are important tools in the control of these phenomena. This dissertation focuses on the development and application of methods to predict and prevent barium sulphate scaling and particulate fouling in membrane filtration systems.
Book Synopsis Characterization of Fouling of Tertiary Membranes Treating Secondary Effluent of Domestic Wastewater by : Sara Abu-Obaid
Download or read book Characterization of Fouling of Tertiary Membranes Treating Secondary Effluent of Domestic Wastewater written by Sara Abu-Obaid and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of membranes for tertiary treatment of wastewater has become more frequent over the years, especially with increasing interest in water reuse. Fouling prevents wider application of this technology as it creates operational challenges and increases costs. In tertiary applications, membrane feedwater can be variable in composition as this depends on the operating conditions of the implemented upstream biological treatment process. The tertiary membranes at the Keswick WPCP have demonstrated increased fouling in the spring season. Early spring marks the period that corresponds to low wastewater temperatures and elevated flows. This study sought to identify critical operating conditions leading to seasonal fluctuations in fouling of full-scale tertiary membranes. This was done through conducting a detailed historical review of membrane operational parameters for the year of 2016 and 2017. In addition, changes in potential foulants during high fouling periods were examined to obtain an improved understanding of the foulant characteristics. This was done through a sampling campaign that spanned multiple seasons of operation aiming to characterize feedwater quality during extreme operational conditions. The analysis of historical data revealed a relationship between membrane fouling and water temperature and flow, which was more than could be explained by changes in water viscosity with temperature. However, it was observed that the membrane fouling behavior significantly differed between the two year-long observation periods, with a peak in fouling indexes during March and April for 2016, and inconsistent fluctuations in fouling indexes between January and May for 2017. The differing patterns suggested a complex dependence of fouling on the operating conditions. Therefore, it was concluded that fouling depends on water temperature and flow, however, it was not possible to delineate the contributions of the individual variables as they were found to be highly correlated. The examination of feedwater characteristics data revealed that high membrane fouling rates correlated to an increase in biopolymer concentration of total DOC. The increase in biopolymer concentration was also correlated to a decrease in water temperature and increase in flow. However, no relationship was observed between TOC/DOC concentrations and temperature and flow. This could indicate that fouling of tertiary membranes due to seasonal variation in operational conditions is a result of alterations to the composition of organics in membrane feed, not the overall concentration of TOC/DOC. The examination of field data also revealed an increase in CST values during high fouling events. The increase in CST values correlated to the decrease in water temperature and increase in flow. Elevated CST values, which indicate worsened dewaterability of sludge, also correlated to higher biopolymer concentrations. Therefore, it was concluded that seasonal variations may result in the increased release of EPS by microorganisms. This leads to higher membrane fouling and worsened dewaterability of upstream sludge. The results of this study enhance the knowledge of fouling behaviour and foulant characteristics for tertiary membranes operating under stressed conditions. This knowledge will be of value when designing mitigation strategies to reduce the costs of these types of systems.
Book Synopsis Using Direct Microscopic Observation and Colloidal Interactions to Control Fouling in Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration Processes by : Sunny Wang
Download or read book Using Direct Microscopic Observation and Colloidal Interactions to Control Fouling in Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration Processes written by Sunny Wang and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Membranes for Water Treatment by : Klaus-Viktor Peinemann
Download or read book Membranes for Water Treatment written by Klaus-Viktor Peinemann and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2010-11-29 with total page 251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This ready reference on Membrane Technologies for Water Treatment, is an invaluable source detailing sustainable, emerging processes, to provide clean, energy saving and cost effective alternatives to conventional processes. The editors are internationally renowned leaders in the field, who have put together a first-class team of authors from academia and industry to present a highly approach to the subject. The book is an instrumental tool for Process Engineers, Chemical Engineers, Process Control Technicians, Water Chemists, Environmental Chemists, Materials Scientists and Patent Lawyers.
Book Synopsis Nanofiltration, 2 Volume Set by : Andrea Iris Schäfer
Download or read book Nanofiltration, 2 Volume Set written by Andrea Iris Schäfer and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-08-09 with total page 1267 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An updated guide to the growing field of nanofiltration including fundamental principles, important industrial applications as well as novel materials With contributions from an international panel of experts, the revised second edition of Nanofiltration contains a comprehensive overview of this growing field. The book covers the basic principles of nanofiltration including the design and characterizations of nanofiltration membranes. The expert contributors highlight the broad ranges of industrial applications including water treatment, food, pulp and paper, and textiles. The book explores photocatalytic nanofiltration reactors, organic solvent nanofiltration, as well as nanofiltration in metal and acid recovery. In addition, information on the most recent developments in the field are examined including nanofiltration retentate treatment and renewable energy-powered nanofiltration. The authors also consider the future of nanofiltration materials such as carbon- as well as polymer-based materials. This important book: Explores the fast growing field of the membrane process of nanofiltration Examines the rapidly expanding industrial sector's use of membranes for water purification Covers the most important industrial applications with a strong focus on water treatment Contains a section on new membrane materials, including carbon-based and polymer-based materials, as well as information on artificial ion and water channels as biomimetic membranes Written for scientists and engineers in the fields of chemistry, environment, food and materials, the second edition of Nanofiltration provides a comprehensive overview of the field, outlines the principles of the technology, explores the industrial applications, and discusses new materials.
Book Synopsis Encyclopedia of Membranes by : Enrico Drioli
Download or read book Encyclopedia of Membranes written by Enrico Drioli and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-07-14 with total page 1100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A landmark work covering the major aspects of the science, technology and application of membrane operations and related fields, from basic phenomena to the most advanced applications and future perspectives. Over 1500 concise entries in an A-Z format cover a vibrant field with a multitude of applications in diverse disciplines such as biotechnology, medicine, agro-food and petrochemical industries, environmental protection, as well as drinking water supply. Coverage includes membrane reactors and catalytic design (catalytic membrane reactors). Practically all unit operations of process engineering can be redesigned as membrane unit operations (e. g. membrane distillation, membrane crystallization, membrane stripping, membrane scrubbing). Entries are provided by an international team of experts from academia, research institutions as well as from industry.
Book Synopsis Membrane Technology by : Suzana Pereira Nunes
Download or read book Membrane Technology written by Suzana Pereira Nunes and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2006-12-13 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Membrane Technology - a clean and energy saving alternative to traditional/conventional processes. Developed from a useful laboratory technique to a commercial separation technology, today it has widespread and rapidly expanding use in the chemical industry. It has established applications in areas such as hydrogen separation and recovery of organic vapors from process gas streams, and selective transport of organic solvents, and it is opening new perspectives for catalytic conversion in membrane reactors. Membrane technology provides a unique solution for industrial waste treatment and for controlled production of valuable chemicals. This book outlines several established applications of membranes in the chemical industry, reviews the available membranes and membrane processes for the field, and discusses the huge potential of this technology in chemical processes. Each chapter has been written by an international leading expert with extensive industrial experience in the field.
Book Synopsis Two Surface Modification Methods to Reduce Protein Fouling in Microfiltration Membranes by :
Download or read book Two Surface Modification Methods to Reduce Protein Fouling in Microfiltration Membranes written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Protein fouling is a critical factor governing membrane performance in various filtration processes. In this study, we report two new surface modification techniques to modify 0.22greek small letter mu mixed cellulose esters membranes (MCE) and 0.20greek small letter mu, positively charged durapore membranes to reduce protein fouling. The first step in the modification of MCE membranes involves coating of the membrane with a monolayer of allyldimethylchlorosilane (ADCS). The silanized membrane is then covalently linked to Pluronic F127, a triblock copolymer of polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide (PEO-PPO-PEO) by UV irradiation at wavelengths>215 nm. The presence of PEO groups on the membrane surface increased the wettability of the membrane. Contact angle measurements confirmed that the degree of Pluronic grafting on the silanized membrane was a function of the UV exposure time. The hydraulic permeability and flux decline of the modified membrane during bovine serum albumin (BSA) filtration were nearly identical to the unmodified membrane. The modified membranes exhibited better cleaning characteristics compared to unmodified membranes upon back flushing with saline solution. The positively charged durapore membranes have been dip coated with random copolymers poly (oligoethylene glycol methacrylate co methacrylic acid), (OEGMA/MA), under four different conditions. The electrostatic adsorption of OEGMA/MA onto the membrane surface has been verified by streaming potential measurements. The ability of the modified membranes to resist protein adsorption has been verified by FTIR spectra. The hydraulic permeability and the flux decline data of the modified membranes were similar to the unmodified membranes and the cleaning characteristic of modified membranes showed improved performance.
