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An Evaluation Of Diet Energy Expenditure Exercise Training Menstruation And Bone Among Female Adolescent Endurance Runners
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Book Synopsis An Evaluation of Diet, Energy Expenditure, Exercise Training, Menstruation, and Bone Among Female Adolescent Endurance Runners by : Michelle Theresa Barrack
Download or read book An Evaluation of Diet, Energy Expenditure, Exercise Training, Menstruation, and Bone Among Female Adolescent Endurance Runners written by Michelle Theresa Barrack and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: If genetic and behavioral factors do not allow for normal accrual during the adolescent years, lifetime low bone mass may ensue. Observational studies target female young adult endurance runners as a population at risk of developing low bone mass however, few studies have evaluated adolescent runners. Therefore over the course of three studies, female adolescent endurance runners' bone mineral accrual patterns well as behavioral factors associated with bone turnover and bone mass change were evaluated. The first study compared cross-sectional bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC), and BMD Z-score values between 93 endurance runners and 90 non-endurance runner competitive adolescent athletes categorized into four age groups (13-14y, 15y, 16y, and 17-18y). Non-endurance runner athletes exhibited a normal accrual pattern, as those age 17-18y compared to 13-14y exhibited significantly higher total body and lumbar spine BMD and BMC values. However, total body, total hip, and lumbar spine BMD and BMC values were not significantly different between runners in the younger compared to older age groups. The second study was a 3-year follow-up evaluation of 40 female adolescent runners that had completed initial measures during the Fall 2004 cross-country season. Approximately 90% of runners with low bone mass at baseline had low bone mass at the follow-up. Change in BMI and lean tissue mass, age at menarche, and the total number of menses girls had between baseline and follow-up emerged as positive predictors of BMC change, while chronological age, years with primary or secondary amenorrhea, total miles run between baseline and follow-up, and baseline weight concern values were negative predictors. The third study followed 40 additional female adolescent runners over a 7-day period to evaluate dietary intake, energy expenditure, and their relationship with bone turnover. Runners with abnormal bone turnover had a significantly lower energy intake and a higher prevalence of menstrual irregularity and low bone mass than those with normal turnover. These findings indicate that female runners may represent a population at risk of accruing inadequate bone mineral during adolescence, an outcome that appears related to factors consistent with a chronic energy deficit.
Book Synopsis The Female Athlete Triad by : Catherine M. Gordon
Download or read book The Female Athlete Triad written by Catherine M. Gordon and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-10-28 with total page 187 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first book of its kind to focus solely on the female athlete triad - its origins, its recognition, and most importantly, its management. Since the symptoms themselves cover a range of medical specialties, chapters are written by experts in a number of relevant fields - sports medicine, orthopedics, endocrinology, and pediatrics - with an eye toward overall care of the young female athlete. Additionally, each chapter includes suggestions on how to educate and communicate with young athletes and their parents, as well as trainers and coaches, on how to manage the illness outside of the direct clinical setting. The female athlete triad is often seen in sports where low body weight is emphasized, such as gymnastics, figure skating, and running, though it can appear in any sport or activity. The interrelated symptoms - eating disorders, amenorrhea, and low bone mass - exist on a spectrum of severity and are serious and potentially life-threatening if not properly treated. Psychological problems, in addition to medical ones, are not uncommon. The Female Athlete Triad: A Clinical Guide discusses all of these areas for a well-rounded and in-depth approach to the phenomenon and will be a useful reference for any clinician working with female athletes across the lifespan.
Book Synopsis Association of Cognitive Dietary Restraint and Energy Availability, Dietary Intake, Menstrual Function, Bone Density, and Select Hormones Among Female Adolescent Distance Runners by : Kristen L. Wood
Download or read book Association of Cognitive Dietary Restraint and Energy Availability, Dietary Intake, Menstrual Function, Bone Density, and Select Hormones Among Female Adolescent Distance Runners written by Kristen L. Wood and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: Though components of the Female Athlete Triad were redefined, disordered eating patterns still pose a risk to energy status and health of female adolescent athletes. This cross-sectional study assessed the association between cognitive dietary restraint and energy availability, macro- and micronutrient intakes, food group intake, menstrual function, and bone density in female adolescent endurance runners (n=41, age 15.71 + 1.08 y). Independent-sample t-tests examined significant differences between those with elevated and non-elevated restraint. ANCOVA tested for significant differences in bone density between groups controlling for BMI. Linear regression examined relationships between restraint and diet intakes. Those with elevated restraint had significantly higher body weight (p=0.049), higher resting metabolic rate (p=0.042), higher daily energy expenditure (p=0.047), higher fiber intake (p=0.017), lower daily servings of grains (p=0.011), higher daily servings of fruits (p=0.005), and lower lumbar spine z-scores (p=0.032). Lumbar spine z-scores remained significantly lower after controlling for BMI (p=0.01). Restraint subscale score significantly predicted relative intakes of calories, carbohydrate, fiber, fat and daily servings of grains, fruits, vegetables, and sweets. These findings suggest there is an association between cognitive dietary restraint and certain measures of diet intake and Female Athlete Triad-related health in female adolescent endurance runners.
Book Synopsis Emans, Laufer, Goldstein's Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology by : S. Jean Emans
Download or read book Emans, Laufer, Goldstein's Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology written by S. Jean Emans and published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This book was released on 2019-10-14 with total page 2131 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Offering multidisciplinary guidance to all health care practitioners who provide clinical care for children and adolescents, the 7th Edition of Emans, Laufer, Goldstein’s Pediatric & Adolescent Gynecology has been extensively revised to keep you up to date in this complex field. You’ll find comprehensive coverage of the full spectrum of medical and surgical approaches to common and uncommon problems – everything from infants with vulvar rashes, to the child with early or late onset of puberty, to adolescents and young adults with ovarian cysts or STDs. More than 40 experts in the field, led by editors from Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, have contributed to ensure this classic text remains relevant and useful in daily practice.
Book Synopsis Energy Balance and Run Performance in Elite Collegiate Male and Female Cross Country Runners by : Brittany Day
Download or read book Energy Balance and Run Performance in Elite Collegiate Male and Female Cross Country Runners written by Brittany Day and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The primary purpose of this thesis was to evaluate potential relationships between energy balance (EB) and run performance among NCAA Division I male and female collegiate cross country runners. During the Fall 2013 season, baseline questionnaires, evaluating anthropometric, health, and run performance times, were completed by 49 UCLA and Stanford cross-country team volunteer subjects, including 19 females and 30 males. Runners then completed three, unannounced 24-hour dietary recalls and submitted a 7-day exercise log to provide information regarding their energy intake and exercise energy expenditure. Food intake information was entered into the Food Processor SQL Nutrition software (ESHA) to obtain mean daily energy intake (EI). The American College of Sports Medicine Compendium of Physical Activities converted runners' exercise training to mean daily exercise energy expenditure. Additionally, runners' total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) and energy balance (EB) were determined. Run performance data was collected from baseline questionnaires and from the university cross country teams' Fall 2013 season results web pages. Female subjects' personal best 6k times were converted into 8k male equivalent times to allow for analysis of the sample as a whole. The chi-square, independent sample t-tests, and Pearson correlation tests, were used to determine any relationship between indicators of energy status and cross-country performance times among the male and female endurance runners. No significant relationship was found between the main independent variable (EB) and the dependent variable (Fall 2013 best performance). Yet, in a supplementary analysis, the author found that among male endurance runners, weekly mileage was significantly correlated with Fall 2013 performance times. This study points to a need for further research, with larger samples of male and female athletes, to further establish the relationship between indicators of energy balance and run performance among elite endurance runners.
Book Synopsis The Adolescent Athlete by : Lyle J. Micheli
Download or read book The Adolescent Athlete written by Lyle J. Micheli and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-07-25 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This reader-friendly book takes a practical approach to caring for the adolescent athlete. Logically organized by joint, the book identifies both chronic and acute injuries in addition to congenital conditions. It details fundamentals, including basic anatomy, joint examination, and patient history. Emphasis is placed on the recognition of injury patterns unique to adolescent athletes and tables are incorporated throughout to assist with diagnosis. This book also highlights return to play guidelines and includes summary pearls. Anatomical photos, x-rays, and MRI scans illustrate all key concepts.
Book Synopsis Bone Stress Injuries by : Adam S. Tenforde, MD
Download or read book Bone Stress Injuries written by Adam S. Tenforde, MD and published by Springer Publishing Company. This book was released on 2021-07-17 with total page 219 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “This book gives a nice summary of the current state of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of bone stress injuries. It is particularly useful for sports medicine fellows and residents with an interest in athletes and active patients." ---Doody's Review Service, 3 stars Bone stress injuries are commonly seen in athletes and active individuals across a full spectrum of physical activity, age, and gender. While most overuse injuries can be addressed through non-operative care, injuries may progress to full fractures that require surgery if misdiagnosed or not correctly managed. Written by leaders in sports medicine including physical medicine and rehabilitation, orthopaedics, endocrinology and allied health professionals of biomechanics, physical therapy and dietetics, Bone Stress Injuries offers state-of-the-art guidelines and up-to-date science and terminology to practitioners. Using a holistic approach to understand the management of bone stress injuries, this book highlights specific considerations by injury, gender, and risk factor to ensure that a comprehensive treatment plan can be developed to optimize bone health, neuromuscular re-education, gait mechanics, and injury prevention. Organized into four parts, opening chapters cover the general need-to-know topics, including clinical history, imaging, and risk factors including biological and biomechanical factors. The book proceeds anatomically through the body from upper extremity to foot and ankle injuries, with each chapter underscoring diagnostic and treatment strategies specific to that region. Chapters dedicated to special populations discuss the differences in injury evaluation and management according to age, gender, and military background. Final chapters review the prevention of injuries and examine both common and novel treatment strategies, such as medications, nutrition, gait retraining, orthobiologics, and other interventions. Invaluable in its scope and approach, Bone Stress Injuries is the go-to resource for sports medicine physicians, physiatrists, and primary care providers who manage the care of athletes and individuals leading active lifestyles. Key Features: Promotes evidence-based practice for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of bone stress injuries Covers specific anatomy that is prone to bone stress injuries with dedicated chapters on upper and lower extremities, pelvis and hip, spine, and foot and ankle Considers evaluation and management differences according to specific populations of pediatric, male, female, and military personnel Discusses emerging strategies to treat bone stress injuries, such as gait retraining, orthobiologics, and other non-pharmacological treatments
Book Synopsis Nutrition and the Female Athlete by : Katherine A. Beals
Download or read book Nutrition and the Female Athlete written by Katherine A. Beals and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2013-01-29 with total page 263 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Designed to address the nutritional needs of women over the age of 18 who partake in sports on a regular basis, Nutrition and the Female Athlete: From Research to Practice highlights nutritional concerns specific to active women. It discusses the link between nutrition and athletic performance and translates research into practical applications for
Book Synopsis The Young Female Athlete by : Cynthia J. Stein
Download or read book The Young Female Athlete written by Cynthia J. Stein and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-04-27 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Utilizing a multidisciplinary approach and drawing on the experience of experts in their respective fields, this unique book presents and discusses an array of topics relevant to the ever-growing population of pediatric, adolescent and young adult female athletes. Each topic is clearly defined and includes epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment and future directions. Opening chapters discuss growth and development, sports nutrition, resistance training, and psychological considerations for the young female athlete, with a chapter focusing on the female athlete triad. Later chapters present injuries and management strategies common to the young female athlete, such as overuse injuries, spondylolysis, hip and ACL injuries, concussion, and cardiovascular complications. The concluding chapter considers the benefits of physical activity for chronic disease prevention later in life. The Young Female Athlete provides useful, up-to-date information for any practitioner treating this active population, encouraging sports participation with fitness, injury prevention, personal growth, and long-term health.
Book Synopsis New Perspectives on the Endocrinology of Physical Activity and Sport by : Claudio E. Kater
Download or read book New Perspectives on the Endocrinology of Physical Activity and Sport written by Claudio E. Kater and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2021-11-02 with total page 143 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Routledge Handbook of Youth Sport by : Ken Green
Download or read book Routledge Handbook of Youth Sport written by Ken Green and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-01-08 with total page 612 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Routledge Handbook of Youth Sport is a comprehensive survey of the latest research into young people’s involvement in sport. Drawing on a wide diversity of disciplines, including sociology, psychology, policy studies, coaching, physical education and physiology, the book examines the importance of sport during a key transitional period of our lives, from the later teenage years into the early twenties, and therefore helps us develop a better understanding of the social construction of young people’s lives. The book covers youth sport in all its forms, from competitive game-contests and conventional sport to recreational activities, exercise and lifestyle sport, and at all levels, from elite competition to leisure time activities and school physical education. It explores youth sport across the world, in developing and developed countries, and touches on some of the most significant themes and issues in contemporary sport studies, including physical activity and health, lifelong participation, talent identification and development, and safeguarding and abuse. No other book brings together in one place such a breadth and depth of material on youth sport or the engagement of young people in physical activity. The Routledge Handbook of Youth Sport is therefore important reading for all advanced students, researchers, practitioners and policy-makers with an interest in youth sport, youth culture, sport studies or physical education.
Book Synopsis Williams Textbook of Endocrinology E-Book by : Shlomo Melmed
Download or read book Williams Textbook of Endocrinology E-Book written by Shlomo Melmed and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2024-04-03 with total page 2379 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Now fully revised and updated, Williams Textbook of Endocrinology, 15th Edition, remains your go-to reference for authoritative content on the full spectrum of adult and pediatric endocrine system disorders. World-renowned authors and editors expertly bridge the gap between basic science and clinical information, keeping you up to date with recent advances in medications, therapies, clinical trials, and more. This essential reference is a must-have resource for endocrinologists, endocrine surgeons, gynecologists, internists, pediatricians, and other clinicians who need current, comprehensive coverage of this multifaceted field. - Presents current information in a highly illustrated, user-friendly format for quick reference. - Includes new chapters on Skeletal Regulation of Metabolism, Digitized Approaches to Diabetes Therapeutics, and MODY and Atypical Diabetes. - Reflects updated approaches to transgender medicine as well as new coverage of viral infections, including COVID-19. - Covers hot topics such as personalized medicine; the latest methodologies and trends regarding cancer genomics, precision oncology, and cell biology; and updates in key areas such as adrenal dysfunction and diabetes. - Provides state-of-the-art coverage of diabetes, metabolic syndrome, metabolic bone disorders, obesity and thyroid disease, as well as pituitary, gonadal, and adrenal disorders, and much more—all designed to help you provide optimal care to every patient. - Features contributions from today's thought leaders in endocrinology. - Contains a selected reading list and highlighted key references nominated by the editors.
Book Synopsis Exercise in Health and Disease by : Michael L. Pollock
Download or read book Exercise in Health and Disease written by Michael L. Pollock and published by Saunders. This book was released on 1990 with total page 760 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Focuses on exercise and fitness for both healthy individuals and those with conditions such as cardiovascular disease and obesity. The text discusses basic etiology and pathophysiology and details the role of exercise in prevention and rehabilitation. Emphasis is on prescribing effective exercise programs. Presents discussions on etiology of disease, principles of exercise prescription, value of exercise, fitness measurement and more! Includes numerous illustrations and references.
Book Synopsis Physical Fitness/sports Medicine by :
Download or read book Physical Fitness/sports Medicine written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Consists of citations selected from those contained in the National Library of Medicine's Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System.
Book Synopsis Impact of Low Energy Availability on Ovarian Function, Training Adaptations, and the Acute Exercise Response in Female Runners by : Karine Schaal
Download or read book Impact of Low Energy Availability on Ovarian Function, Training Adaptations, and the Acute Exercise Response in Female Runners written by Karine Schaal and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The practice of many endurance and aesthetic sports at a high level of competition imposes a very large energy expenditure on a daily basis. In certain sports, this energy demand can be so high that it becomes challenging for athletes to consume enough food to maintain adequate energy balance. In addition to this energetic challenge, many athletes partaking in these sports may strive to maintain a low body weight and minimize fat mass by restricting their energy intake, as a lean and light body type is thought to confer a performance advantage in weight-bearing endurance sports. Over time, the persistent mismatch between energy intake and expenditure leads such athletes into an energy-conserving, catabolic state. The direct endocrine and metabolic consequences of low energy availability are well documented, and include suppressed ovarian function, compromised bone health and immune function, and adverse changes in lipid profile and endothelial function. However, less attention has been paid to the impact that a hypometabolic state may have on the physiological response to exercise, training adaptations, and competitive performance outcomes in these women. Therefore, the studies presented in this dissertation aimed to 1), investigate the impact of both chronically low and acutely decreased energy availability on the neuroendocrine, cardiovascular and metabolic response to high intensity exercise in female runners, and 2), determine whether acutely decreased energy availability during a period of heavy training may increase the risk of developing a state of excessive fatigue, compromising training adaptations and performance outcomes. Chapter 1 presents a review of the existing literature on the endocrine-metabolic adaptations to low energy availability in exercising women, and discusses how low energy availability may also impair exercise performance and lead athletes to a state of excessive fatigue such as non-functional overreaching (NFOR) or overtraining syndrome (OTS). In Chapter 2, we compared the physiological response to exercise of female distance runners with hypothalamic amenorrhea (AM) with that of their eumenorrheic (EU), age and training-matched counterparts. We showed that AM runners’ catecholamine and lactate response to exercise was very strongly blunted compared to EU, together with a tendency for higher fatigue scores on the Profile of Mood States. These trends are similar to those previously reported in overtrained athletes, suggesting that the chronically hypometabolic state reflected by hypothalamic amenorrhea may predispose these athletes to excessive fatigue that may undermine high intensity exercise performance and training adaptations, despite their rigorous training regimen. In Chapter 3, we showed that in female runners reporting regular menstrual cycles, the ability to maintain their baseline energy availability through a 4 week period of intensified training (IT) was closely tied to the type of training adaptation obtained at the outcome of a 4-week phase of intensified training. Well adapted (WA) runners, who showed marked improvements in performance, successfully maintained their baseline EA during IT, as they reported an increase in perceived hunger and spontaneously increased their energy intake to match the increase in ExEE. By contrast, non-functionally overreached (NFOR) runners, who showed high perceived fatigue and prolonged impairment in running performance, showed no change in energy intake or hunger, resulting in a significant decrease in EA and plasma [leptin]. Furthermore, the magnitude of change in EA was strongly correlated to the change in running performance (R=0.61). Even though menstrual cycle length did not change, signs of ovarian suppression also appeared in NFOR, including decreased luteal phase length and reduced salivary [estradiol] at the mid-cycle peak and during the luteal phase. Finally NFOR runners did not show greater fat or weight loss than WA runners despite their energy-restricted state. Given the strong relationship between changes in EA during heavy training, and the type of training response obtained, this study highlights the importance, for NFOR-prone athletes, to increase their energy intake “by discipline”, as rather than to let their intake be solely be guided by changes in hunger. Finally, in Chapter 4, we described the changes in the physiological response to exercise of the same NFOR and WA runners. We showed that together with their impaired peak running performance, NFOR runners displayed blunted peak norepinephrine, epinephrine and lactate concentrations, heart rate, and systolic blood pressure responses at volitional exhaustion. They also showed a complete lack of any of the physiological adaptations to fixed submaximal running speeds that would be expected to occur as a result of IT, such as decreased sympathetic activation, heart rate or [lactate] at a given submaximal speeds - all desirable adaptations, that were observed in WA runners. By showing the drastic difference in training adaptations obtained between WA and NFOR runners, these findings highlight the importance of monitoring athletes closely during IT in attempt to avoid such excessive fatigue accumulation in susceptible individuals. Taken together, the studies presented here show that female runners maintaining either chronically low or acutely decreased energy availability are at increased risk of excessive fatigue accumulation that would severely undermine the fitness and performance gains intended from their rigorous training regimen. While the lack of menstrual periods in amenorrheic runners in Chapter 2 constitutes easily noticeable evidence of insufficient energy availability, the NFOR runners in Chapters 3 and 4 did not show any evident signs of energy conservation that would be easily noticed by the athletes themselves going about their daily lives; no increase in hunger, no significant weight loss, and seemingly regular, normal-length menstrual cycles. Therefore, NFOR-prone runners should be aware that a hypometabolic state may be the culprit for recurrent excessive fatigue, impairing performance and blunting training adaptations – while yielding no greater weight or fat loss than observed in their energy balanced, well adapted counterparts.
Book Synopsis Goodman and Fuller's Pathology E-Book by : Catherine Cavallaro Kellogg
Download or read book Goodman and Fuller's Pathology E-Book written by Catherine Cavallaro Kellogg and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2020-10-09 with total page 2053 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: **Selected for Doody's Core Titles® 2024 in Physical Therapy** The only pathology textbook written specifically for physical therapy, this edition continues to provide practical and easy access to information on specific diseases and conditions as they relate to physical therapy practice. Coverage includes guidelines, precautions, and contraindications for interventions with patients who have musculoskeletal or neuromuscular problems, as well as other medical conditions such as diabetes or heart disease. Logically organized content offers at-a-glance access to essential information on common illnesses, diseases, adverse drug effects, organ transplantation, laboratory values, and more to ensure the most reliable and effective physical therapy for patients. - Up-to-date coverage with contributions from more than 100 content experts in pathology and physical therapy. - Revised content throughout provides the most current information required to be an effective practitioner. - Full-color interior design, photos, and illustrations visually reinforce key concepts. - A Therapist's Thoughts offers personal and clinical insights from experienced therapists specializing in cancer, diabetes, cystic fibrosis, women's health, lymphedema, psychological problems, and much more. - Special Implications for the Therapist boxes provide information and ideas to consider when formulating a plan of care that addresses precautions, contraindications, and best practice specific to physical therapy. - Current information on conditions, medical testing and treatment, and practice models keeps students up to date on the latest research findings and recent changes in the field. - Key information presented in an at-a-glance format is organized by body system for easy reference. - Basic science information addresses the clinical implications of disease within the rehabilitation process, covering common illnesses and diseases, adverse effects of drugs, organ transplantation, laboratory values, and much more. - Coverage includes updated information on standard precautions. - Separate chapter addresses laboratory tests and values that are important in physical therapy practice. - Separate appendix provides guidelines for activity and exercise. - A focus on health promotion and disease prevention is featured throughout the text.
Book Synopsis Comparative Cross-Sectional Analysis of Body Composition, Energy Status, and Triad-Related Symptoms in Japanese and American Female Distance Runners by : Maha Lakshmi Vijaya Krishnan
Download or read book Comparative Cross-Sectional Analysis of Body Composition, Energy Status, and Triad-Related Symptoms in Japanese and American Female Distance Runners written by Maha Lakshmi Vijaya Krishnan and published by . This book was released on 2024 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To date, few studies have investigated the effects of cultural differences in the presentations of the Female Athlete Triad (Triad) symptoms among different athlete populations. Understanding Triad-related differences between American and Japanese athletes may help to formulate more culturally sensitive and effective Triad prevention, management, and intervention strategies for athletes. Purpose: To compare the body composition, energy status, and Triad-related symptoms between Japanese and American female distance runners. Methods: This observational study utilized data from American and Japanese female distance runners (n=77). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry assessed body composition and bone mineral density (BMD). Diet and exercise logs were used to assess energy intake (EI), energy availability (EA), weekly exercise energy expenditure (EEE), and exercise time, and blood samples were obtained to measure serum total triiodothyronine (TT3) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) concentrations. Self-reported menstrual status was assessed to determine the prevalence of menstrual disturbances. T-tests, Mann-Whitney tests, and chi-square were used to compare the two groups. Data are presented as mean±standard error of the mean or median (interquartile range), for normally and non-normally distributed variables, respectively. Results: Japanese distance runners were significantly older (20(2) vs. 19(2) years, p=0.043), had lower height (161.7±0.8 vs. 164.8±1.0 cm, p=0.014), body weight (50.2(7.5) vs. 54.4(10.3) kg, p=0.006), fat mass (8.7(2.5) vs. 12.2(4.8) kg, p0.001), and percent body fat (17.5±0.4 vs. 22.7±4.6 %, p0.001), compared to the American distance runners. Japanese runners had a significantly higher EI in kcal per kg of body weight (43.1±1.4 vs. 37.6±2.0 kcal/kg BW, p=0.023), carbohydrate intake in grams (302.0±10.7 vs. 267.7±12.8 g, p=0.043), energy from carbohydrates in kcal (1208.1±43.0 vs. 1071.0±51.0 kcal, p=0.043), energy from carbohydrates as a percent of total diet kilocalories (55.9(5.2) vs. 52.9(10.3)%, p=0.041), exercise energy expenditure (665.1(449.5) vs. 463.2(461.7) kcal/day, p=0.017), and daily exercise time (78.9±41.8 vs. 44.6±33.6 min/day, p0.001), as well as lower energy from fats (27.9±0.7 vs. 30.9±1.4%, p=0.034). No significant differences in EA were found between the two groups (p0.05). IGF-1 concentrations were lower in the Japanese runners (222.8±10.1 vs. 267.0±16.1 ng/mL, p=0.020) compared to their American counterparts, but no differences were observed in TT3 (91.5(25.8) vs. 95.5(22.8), p=0.752). No significant differences were found in menstrual disturbances between the two groups (p0.05). Japanese runners also had a lower lumbar spine (L1-L4) BMD (0.921±0.016 vs. 1.115±0.020 g/cm2, p
