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An Activity Based Assessment Of The Potential Impacts Of Plug In Hybrid Electric Vehicles Phevs On Energy And Emissions Using One Day Travel Data
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Book Synopsis An Activity-based Assessment of the Potential Impacts of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) on Energy and Emissions Using One-day Travel Data by : Jee Eun Kang
Download or read book An Activity-based Assessment of the Potential Impacts of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) on Energy and Emissions Using One-day Travel Data written by Jee Eun Kang and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis An Activity-based Assessment of the Potential Impacts of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles on Energy and Emissions Using One-day Travel Data by : Wilfred W. Recker
Download or read book An Activity-based Assessment of the Potential Impacts of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles on Energy and Emissions Using One-day Travel Data written by Wilfred W. Recker and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Smart Cities, Green Technologies, and Intelligent Transport Systems by : Brian Donnellan
Download or read book Smart Cities, Green Technologies, and Intelligent Transport Systems written by Brian Donnellan and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-11-23 with total page 363 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-conference proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Smart Cities and Green ICT Systems, SMARTGREENS 2017, and the Third International Conference on Vehicle Technology and Intelligent Transport Systems, VEHITS 2017, held in Porto, Portugal in April 2017. The 8 full papers of SMARTGREENS 2017 presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 70 submissions. VEHITS 2017 received 77 paper submissions from which 9 papers were selected and published in this book. The papers reflect topics such as smart cities, energy-aware systems and technologies, sustainable computing and communications, sustainable transportation and smart mobility.
Book Synopsis Producing Change in Attitudes Toward Abortion by : Robert Alan Lewis
Download or read book Producing Change in Attitudes Toward Abortion written by Robert Alan Lewis and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 17 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Impact of Observed Travel and Charging Behavior, Simulated Workplace Charging Infrastructure, and Vehicle Design on PHEV Utility Factors (UF), Total Charge Depleting (CD) Driving and Time of Day (TOD) Grid Demand by : Jamie Davies-Shawhyde
Download or read book Impact of Observed Travel and Charging Behavior, Simulated Workplace Charging Infrastructure, and Vehicle Design on PHEV Utility Factors (UF), Total Charge Depleting (CD) Driving and Time of Day (TOD) Grid Demand written by Jamie Davies-Shawhyde and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) can run on gasoline or grid electricity and have been widely touted as promising more future societal and environmental benefits than hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). However, since the charging of PHEVs will place new loads on the electrical grid, how much and the time of day (TOD) at which users plug in their vehicles will have implications for electricity providers who must meet the additional electrical load required to charge a fleet of PHEVs. PHEV charging could place new burdens on existing electrical infrastructure (substations and transformers) and generating capacity. Information about consumers' charging behavior can help utilities and interested parties better plan for PHEVS in the marketplace. To date, analysts have made assumptions as to the design of PHEVs that will be purchased, and the travel and charging behavior of the future users. Furthermore, since PHEVs can run in charge depleting (CD) and charge sustaining (CS) modes there is uncertainty as to how much travel will be completed in each mode due to the variety of possible vehicle designs, access to charging infrastructure, and travel and charging behavior of PHEV users. Accounting for the amount of travel in each mode is crucial in order to accurately assess the fuel economy (FE) benefits, green house gas (GHG) emissions and costs of PHEVs. In 2001, the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) promulgated standard J2841 defining the utility factor (UF) as the percentage of travel that can be completed in CD mode for a PHEV fleet with a given CD range. As such, the SAE standard J2841 has a substantial influence on policies regarding PHEVs and their assumed benefits and costs, and has been used by analysts, industry, and policy makers to calculate PHEV corporate average fuel economy (CAFE), GHG emissions, operating costs and Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) credits. My analysis challenges J2841 by calculating the observed UF for a fleet of PHEVs driven by 25 Plausible Early Market (PEM) PHEV buyers in a demonstration and market research project. To estimate the potential effects on the UF of additional recharging infrastructure, I model a workplace charging scenario in which each of the 25 households recharges the PHEV at their workplace as well as at home. Lastly, hypothetical consumer designed PHEVs, solicited from each PEM household, are used to create and compare future market scenarios in which consumers are offered a wide variety of makes and body styles of PHEVs--thus simulating a plausible future market in which a variety of PHEVs are offered for sale. The results suggest that promoting "short range" PHEVs and focusing on popular vehicle-types, rather than upon achieving high CD ranges, could lead to greater total benefits from PHEVs in the early market, through more widespread adoption of PHEVs. Compared to SAE J2841, the observed UFs from the PEM demonstration data are 10 percentage points higher for PHEVs of up to 40 miles of CD range. At 40 miles CD range, J2841 stipulates a UF of 62%; I calculate a UF of 72% from the observed data. The increase in CD driving from adding simulated workplace charging varies by vehicle range, with the largest percentage point increases in CD driving occurring below 20 miles. Workplace charging changes the TOD distribution of power needed to charge a fleet of vehicles, producing a new maximum at 9:30am. The addition of workplace charging under the conditions modeled here does not change the evening peak power demand.
Book Synopsis Using GPS Travel Data to Assess the Real World Driving Energy Use of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs). by :
Download or read book Using GPS Travel Data to Assess the Real World Driving Energy Use of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs). written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 13 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Highlights opportunities using GPS travel survey techniques and systems simulation tools for plug-in hybrid vehicle design improvements, which maximize the benefits of energy efficiency technologies.
Book Synopsis Transitions to Alternative Vehicles and Fuels by : National Research Council
Download or read book Transitions to Alternative Vehicles and Fuels written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2013-04-14 with total page 395 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For a century, almost all light-duty vehicles (LDVs) have been powered by internal combustion engines operating on petroleum fuels. Energy security concerns about petroleum imports and the effect of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions on global climate are driving interest in alternatives. Transitions to Alternative Vehicles and Fuels assesses the potential for reducing petroleum consumption and GHG emissions by 80 percent across the U.S. LDV fleet by 2050, relative to 2005. This report examines the current capability and estimated future performance and costs for each vehicle type and non-petroleum-based fuel technology as options that could significantly contribute to these goals. By analyzing scenarios that combine various fuel and vehicle pathways, the report also identifies barriers to implementation of these technologies and suggests policies to achieve the desired reductions. Several scenarios are promising, but strong, and effective policies such as research and development, subsidies, energy taxes, or regulations will be necessary to overcome barriers, such as cost and consumer choice.
Book Synopsis Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Emissions Impacts on Control Strategy and Fuel Economy by :
Download or read book Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Emissions Impacts on Control Strategy and Fuel Economy written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 458 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) technologies have the potential for considerable petroleum consumption reductions, at the expense of increased tailpipe emissions due to multiple "cold" start events and improper use of the engine for PHEV specific operation. PHEVs operate predominantly as electric vehicles (EVs) with intermittent assist from the engine during high power demands. As a consequence, the engine can be subjected to multiple cold start events. These cold start events have a significant impact on the tailpipe emissions due to degraded catalyst performance and starting the engine under less than ideal conditions. On current hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), the first cold start of the engine dictates whether or not the vehicle will pass federal emissions tests. PHEV operation compounds this problem due to infrequent, multiple engine cold starts. The dissertation research focuses on the design of a vehicle supervisory control system for a pre-transmission parallel PHEV powertrain architecture. Energy management strategies are evaluated and implemented in a virtual environment for preliminary assessment of petroleum displacement benefits and rudimentary drivability issues. This baseline vehicle supervisory control strategy, developed as a result of this assessment, is implemented and tested on actual hardware in a controlled laboratory environment over a baseline test cycle. Engine cold start events are aggressively addressed in the development of this control system, which lead to enhanced pre-warming and energy-based engine warming algorithms that provide substantial reductions in tailpipe emissions over the baseline supervisory control strategy. The flexibility of the PHEV powertrain allows for decreased emissions during any engine starting event through powertrain "torque shaping" algorithms that eliminate high engine torque transients during these periods. The results of the dissertation research show that PHEVs do have the potential for substantial reductions in fuel consumption, while remaining environmentally friendly. Tailpipe emissions from a representative PHEV test platform have been reduced to acceptable levels through the development and refinement of vehicle supervisory control methods only. Impacts on fuel consumption are minimal for the emissions reduction techniques that are implemented, while in some cases, substantial fuel consumption reductions are observed.
Book Synopsis Analysis of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles' Utility Factors Using GPS-based Longitudinal Travel Data by :
Download or read book Analysis of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles' Utility Factors Using GPS-based Longitudinal Travel Data written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The benefit of using a PHEV comes from its ability to substitute gasoline with electricity in operation. Defined as the proportion of distance traveled in the electric mode, the utility factor (UF) depends mostly on the battery capacity, but also on many other factors, such as travel pattern and recharging pattern. Conventionally, the UFs are calculated based on the daily vehicle miles traveled (DVMT) by assuming motorists leave home in the morning with a full battery, and no charge occurs before returning home in the evening. Such an assumption, however, ignores the impact of the heterogeneity in both travel and charging behavior, such as going back home more than once in a day, the impact of available charging time, and the price of gasoline. In addition, the conventional UFs are based on the National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) data, which are one-day travel data of each sample vehicle. A motorist's daily distance variation is ignored. This paper employs the GPS-based longitudinal travel data (covering 3-18 months) collected from 403 vehicles in the Seattle metropolitan area to investigate how such travel and charging behavior affects UFs. To do this, for each vehicle, we organized trips to a series of home and work related tours. The UFs based on the DVMT are found close to those based on home-to-home tours. However, it is seen that the workplace charge opportunities significantly increase UFs if the CD range is no more than 40 miles.
Book Synopsis Well-to-wheels Analysis of Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles by :
Download or read book Well-to-wheels Analysis of Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are being developed for mass production by the automotive industry. PHEVs have been touted for their potential to reduce the US transportation sector's dependence on petroleum and cut greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by (1) using off-peak excess electric generation capacity and (2) increasing vehicles energy efficiency. A well-to-wheels (WTW) analysis - which examines energy use and emissions from primary energy source through vehicle operation - can help researchers better understand the impact of the upstream mix of electricity generation technologies for PHEV recharging, as well as the powertrain technology and fuel sources for PHEVs. For the WTW analysis, Argonne National Laboratory researchers used the Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Transportation (GREET) model developed by Argonne to compare the WTW energy use and GHG emissions associated with various transportation technologies to those associated with PHEVs. Argonne researchers estimated the fuel economy and electricity use of PHEVs and alternative fuel/vehicle systems by using the Powertrain System Analysis Toolkit (PSAT) model. They examined two PHEV designs: the power-split configuration and the series configuration. The first is a parallel hybrid configuration in which the engine and the electric motor are connected to a single mechanical transmission that incorporates a power-split device that allows for parallel power paths - mechanical and electrical - from the engine to the wheels, allowing the engine and the electric motor to share the power during acceleration. In the second configuration, the engine powers a generator, which charges a battery that is used by the electric motor to propel the vehicle; thus, the engine never directly powers the vehicle's transmission. The power-split configuration was adopted for PHEVs with a 10- and 20-mile electric range because they require frequent use of the engine for acceleration and to provide energy when the battery is depleted, while the series configuration was adopted for PHEVs with a 30- and 40-mile electric range because they rely mostly on electrical power for propulsion. Argonne researchers calculated the equivalent on-road (real-world) fuel economy on the basis of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency miles per gallon (mpg)-based formulas. The reduction in fuel economy attributable to the on-road adjustment formula was capped at 30% for advanced vehicle systems (e.g., PHEVs, fuel cell vehicles [FCVs], hybrid electric vehicles [HEVs], and battery-powered electric vehicles [BEVs]). Simulations for calendar year 2020 with model year 2015 mid-size vehicles were chosen for this analysis to address the implications of PHEVs within a reasonable timeframe after their likely introduction over the next few years. For the WTW analysis, Argonne assumed a PHEV market penetration of 10% by 2020 in order to examine the impact of significant PHEV loading on the utility power sector. Technological improvement with medium uncertainty for each vehicle was also assumed for the analysis. Argonne employed detailed dispatch models to simulate the electric power systems in four major regions of the US: the New England Independent System Operator, the New York Independent System Operator, the State of Illinois, and the Western Electric Coordinating Council. Argonne also evaluated the US average generation mix and renewable generation of electricity for PHEV and BEV recharging scenarios to show the effects of these generation mixes on PHEV WTW results. Argonne's GREET model was designed to examine the WTW energy use and GHG emissions for PHEVs and BEVs, as well as FCVs, regular HEVs, and conventional gasoline internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). WTW results are reported for charge-depleting (CD) operation of PHEVs under different recharging scenarios. The combined WTW results of CD and charge-sustaining (CS) PHEV operations (using the utility factor method) were also examined and reported. According to the utility factor method, the share of vehicle miles traveled during CD operation is 25% for PHEV10 and 51% for PHEV40. Argonne's WTW analysis of PHEVs revealed that the following factors significantly impact the energy use and GHG emissions results for PHEVs and BEVs compared with baseline gasoline vehicle technologies: (1) the regional electricity generation mix for battery recharging and (2) the adjustment of fuel economy and electricity consumption to reflect real-world driving conditions. Although the analysis predicted the marginal electricity generation mixes for major regions in the United States, these mixes should be evaluated as possible scenarios for recharging PHEVs because significant uncertainties are associated with the assumed market penetration for these vehicles. Thus, the reported WTW results for PHEVs should be directly correlated with the underlying generation mix, rather than with the region linked to that mix.
Book Synopsis Emissions Impacts and Benefits of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Vehicle-to-grid Services by :
Download or read book Emissions Impacts and Benefits of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Vehicle-to-grid Services written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) have been promoted as a potential technology to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and other pollutants by using electricity instead of petroleum, and by improving electric system efficiency by providing vehicle-to-grid (V2G) services. We use an electric power system model to explicitly evaluate the change in generator dispatches resulting from PHEV deployment in the Texas grid, and apply fixed and non-parametric estimates of generator emissions rates, to estimate the resulting changes in generation emissions. Here, we find that by using the flexibility of when vehicles may be charged, generator efficiency can be increased substantially. By changing generator dispatch, a PHEV fleet of up to 15% of light-duty vehicles can actually decrease net generator NOx emissions during the ozone season, despite the additional charging load. By adding V2G services, such as spinning reserves and energy storage, CO2, SO2, and NOx emissions can be reduced even further.
Book Synopsis Costs and Emissions Associated with Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Charging in the Xcel Energy Colorado Service Territory by : Keith Parks
Download or read book Costs and Emissions Associated with Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Charging in the Xcel Energy Colorado Service Territory written by Keith Parks and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The combination of high oil costs, concerns about oil security and availability, and air quality issues related to vehicle emissions are driving interest in "plug-in" hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). PHEVs are similar to conventional hybrid electric vehicles, but feature a larger battery and plug-in charger that allows electricity from the grid to replace a portion of the petroleum-fueled drive energy. PHEVs may derive a substantial fraction of their miles from grid-derived electricity, but without the range restrictions of pure battery electric vehicles. As of early 2007, production of PHEVs is essentially limited to demonstration vehicles and prototypes. However, the technology has received considerable attention from the media, national security interests, environmental organizations, and the electric power industry. The use of PHEVs would represent a significant potential shift in the use of electricity and the operation of electric power systems. Electrification of the transportation sector could increase generation capacity and transmission and distribution (T & D) requirements, especially if vehicles are charged during periods of high demand. This study is designed to evaluate several of these PHEV-charging impacts on utility system operations within the Xcel Energy Colorado service territory.
Book Synopsis Costs and Emissions Associated with Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Charging in the Xcel Energy Colorado Service Territory by : Keith Parks
Download or read book Costs and Emissions Associated with Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Charging in the Xcel Energy Colorado Service Territory written by Keith Parks and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The combination of high oil costs, concerns about oil security and availability, and air quality issues related to vehicle emissions are driving interest in "plug-in" hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). PHEVs are similar to conventional hybrid electric vehicles, but feature a larger battery and plug-in charger that allows electricity from the grid to replace a portion of the petroleum-fueled drive energy. PHEVs may derive a substantial fraction of their miles from grid-derived electricity, but without the range restrictions of pure battery electric vehicles. As of early 2007, production of PHEVs is essentially limited to demonstration vehicles and prototypes. However, the technology has received considerable attention from the media, national security interests, environmental organizations, and the electric power industry. The use of PHEVs would represent a significant potential shift in the use of electricity and the operation of electric power systems. Electrification of the transportation sector could increase generation capacity and transmission and distribution (T & D) requirements, especially if vehicles are charged during periods of high demand. This study is designed to evaluate several of these PHEV-charging impacts on utility system operations within the Xcel Energy Colorado service territory.
Book Synopsis Preliminary Assessment of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles on Wind Energy Markets by :
Download or read book Preliminary Assessment of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles on Wind Energy Markets written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 41 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report examines a measure that may potentially reduce oil use and also more than proportionately reduce carbon emissions from vehicles. The authors present a very preliminary analysis of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) that can be charged from or discharged to the grid. These vehicles have the potential to reduce gasoline consumption and carbon emissions from vehicles, as well as improve the viability of renewable energy technologies with variable resource availability. This paper is an assessment of the synergisms between plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and wind energy. The authors examine two bounding cases that illuminate this potential synergism.
Book Synopsis Factors Affecting the Fuel Consumption of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles by :
Download or read book Factors Affecting the Fuel Consumption of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Primary Factors that Impact the Fuel Consumption of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles RICHARD 'BARNEY' CARLSON, MATTHEW G. SHIRK Idaho National Laboratory 2525 N. Fremont Ave., Idaho Falls, ID 83415, USA [email protected] Abstract Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) have proven to significantly reduce petroleum consumption as compared to conventional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICE) by utilizing electrical energy for propulsion. Through extensive testing of PHEV's, analysis has shown that the fuel consumption of PHEV's is more significantly affected than conventional vehicles by either the driver's input or by the environmental inputs around the vehicle. Six primary factors have been identified that significantly affect the fuel consumption of PHEV's. In this paper, these primary factors are analyzed from on-road driving and charging data from over 200 PHEV's throughout North America that include Hymotion Prius conversions and Hybrids Plus Escape conversions. The Idaho National Laboratory (INL) tests plug-in hybrid electric (PHEV) vehicles as part of its conduct of DOE's Advanced Vehicle Testing Activity (AVTA). In collaboration with its 75 testing partners located in 23 states and Canada, INL has collected data on 191 PHEVs, comprised of 12 different PHEV models (by battery manufacturer). With more than 1 million PHEV test miles accumulated to date, the PHEVs are fleet, track, and dynamometer tested. Six Primary Factors The six primary factors that significantly impact PHEV fuel consumption are listed below. Some of the factors are unique to plug-in vehicles while others are common for all types of vehicles. 1. Usable Electrical Energy is dictated by battery capacity, rate of depletion as well as when the vehicle was last plugged-in. With less electrical energy available the powertrain must use more petroleum to generate the required power output. 2. Driver Aggressiveness impacts the fuel consumption of nearly all vehicles but this impact is greater for high efficiency powertrains. 3. Accessory Utilization like air conditioner systems or defroster systems can use a significant amount of additional energy that is not contributing to the propulsion of the vehicle. 4. Route Type such as city, highway or mountainous driving can affect the fuel consumption since it can involve stop and go driving or ascending a step grade. 5. Cold Start / Key On includes control strategies to improve cold start emissions as well as control routines to quickly supply cabin heat. These control strategies are necessary for consumer acceptance even though fuel consumption is negatively impacted. 6. Ambient Temperature can reduce the efficiency of many powertrain components by significantly increasing fluid viscosity. For vehicles that utilize battery energy storage systems, the temperature of the battery system can greatly affect the power output capability therefore reducing its system effectiveness. The analysis of the six primary factors that impact fuel economy of PHEV's helped to identify areas of potential further development as well as may assist in informing drivers of these effects in an effort to modify driving behavior to reduce petroleum consumption.
Book Synopsis U.S. Department of Energy Vehicle Technologies Program -- Advanced Vehicle Testing Activity -- Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Review by :
Download or read book U.S. Department of Energy Vehicle Technologies Program -- Advanced Vehicle Testing Activity -- Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Review written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are under evaluation by various stake holders to better understand their capability and potential benefits. PHEVs could allow users to significantly improve fuel economy over a standard HEV and in some cases, depending on daily driving requirements and vehicle design, have the ability to eliminate fuel consumption entirely for daily vehicle trips. The cost associated with providing charge infrastructure for PHEVs, along with the additional costs for the on-board power electronics and added battery requirements associated with PHEV technology will be a key factor in the success of PHEVs. This report analyzes the infrastructure requirements for PHEVs in single family residential, multi-family residential and commercial situations. Costs associated with this infrastructure are tabulated, providing an estimate of the infrastructure costs associated with PHEV deployment.
Book Synopsis A Preliminary Assessment of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles on Wind Energy Markets by : Walter Short
Download or read book A Preliminary Assessment of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles on Wind Energy Markets written by Walter Short and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report examines a measure that may potentially reduce oil use and also more than proportionately reduce carbon emissions from vehicles. The authors present a very preliminary analysis of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) that can be charged from or discharged to the grid. These vehicles have the potential to reduce gasoline consumption and carbon emissions from vehicles, as well as improve the viability of renewable energy technologies with variable resource availability. This paper is an assessment of the synergisms between plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and wind energy. The authors examine two bounding cases that illuminate this potential synergism.
