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Ammonia From Chloramine Decay
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Author :Gregory W. Harrington Publisher :American Water Works Association ISBN 13 :9781583212837 Total Pages :152 pages Book Rating :4.2/5 (128 download)
Book Synopsis Ammonia from Chloramine Decay by : Gregory W. Harrington
Download or read book Ammonia from Chloramine Decay written by Gregory W. Harrington and published by American Water Works Association. This book was released on 2003 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This research report focused on the evaluation of the effects of pH on the inactivation of AOB by chloramines and effects of NOM removal and pH on the rate of ammonia release from the chloramine decay. It was found that water utilities should consider employing pretreatment practices that achieve great stability of chloramine residuals. in order to offset the expenses of periodic strategies to deal with nitrification. Other alternatives to consider for nitrification control are advanced NOM removal strategies or alternative pH values for water entering the distribution system.
Author :Gregory J. Kirmeyer Publisher :American Water Works Association ISBN 13 :9781583213315 Total Pages :278 pages Book Rating :4.2/5 (133 download)
Book Synopsis Optimizing Chloramine Treatment by : Gregory J. Kirmeyer
Download or read book Optimizing Chloramine Treatment written by Gregory J. Kirmeyer and published by American Water Works Association. This book was released on 2004 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This manual recommends optimal operational criteria for chloramine application to enhance and protect distribution system water quality. It examines the chemical characteristics of chloramines, documents the use of chloramines with case studies, and provides planning, design, startup, and monitoring strategies for optimizing the use of chloramines.
Book Synopsis Ammonia Release from Chloramine Decay by : Christopher C. Bone
Download or read book Ammonia Release from Chloramine Decay written by Christopher C. Bone and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :Richard Louis Valentine Publisher :American Water Works Association ISBN 13 :0898679451 Total Pages :174 pages Book Rating :4.8/5 (986 download)
Book Synopsis Chloramine Decomposition in Distribution System and Model Waters by : Richard Louis Valentine
Download or read book Chloramine Decomposition in Distribution System and Model Waters written by Richard Louis Valentine and published by American Water Works Association. This book was released on 1998 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Fundamentals and Control of Nitrification in Chloraminated Drinking Water Distribution Systems (M56) by : AWWA Staff
Download or read book Fundamentals and Control of Nitrification in Chloraminated Drinking Water Distribution Systems (M56) written by AWWA Staff and published by American Water Works Association. This book was released on 2011-01-12 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This brand new manual was written because of the increased use of chloramine as a residual disinfectant in drinking water distribution systems and the ubiquitous presence of nitrifying bacteria in the environment. Chapters cover background information on the occurrence and microbiology of nitrification in various water environments and provide current practical approaches to nitrification prevention and response. This manual provides a compendium of the current state-of-the-art knowledge, however with quickly developing new advances in nitrification, more writings will be forthcoming. Each chapter can be read independently.
Book Synopsis Ammonia Release from Chloramine Decay by : Alicia Irene Kandou
Download or read book Ammonia Release from Chloramine Decay written by Alicia Irene Kandou and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans Publisher :IARC ISBN 13 :9789283212843 Total Pages :540 pages Book Rating :4.2/5 (128 download)
Book Synopsis Some Drinking-water Disinfectants and Contaminants, Including Arsenic by : IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans
Download or read book Some Drinking-water Disinfectants and Contaminants, Including Arsenic written by IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans and published by IARC. This book was released on 2004 with total page 540 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A working group of 23 experts from 13 countries met in Lyon to evaluate the evidence for carcinogenicity of arsenic (mostly naturally occurring) as a contaminant of drinking-water, and of the water-disinfectant chloramine. The working group also evaluated or re-evaluated four chlorination by-products found in drinking-water, namely chloral hydrate, di- and trichloroacetic acids, and 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (also known as MX). High-level exposure to arsenic in drinking-water occurs in some regions such as China, Latin America, Bangladesh and West Bengal. The Working Group reviewed epidemiological studies of human cancer (mainly ecological studies in Taiwan and Chile, and several case-control and cohort studies) in relation to arsenic in drinking-water. Arsenic in drinking-water (primarily inorganic, as arsenate and to a lesser extent arsenite) was evaluated as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1) on the basis of sufficient evidence for an increased risk for cancer of the urinary bladder, lung and skin. Studies on inorganic arsenic in experimental animals provided limited evidence for its carcinogenicity, but sufficient evidence was found in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of dimethylarsinic acid (an organic form of arsenic), which produced urinary bladder tumours in rats and lung tumours in mice after oral administration.
Book Synopsis Ammonia Oxidation by a Nitrifying Community Containing Novel Ammonia Oxidizing Archaea by : Andrew Jared Olson
Download or read book Ammonia Oxidation by a Nitrifying Community Containing Novel Ammonia Oxidizing Archaea written by Andrew Jared Olson and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 59 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The disinfection properties of chlorine have long been known. These properties have been leveraged in the disinfection of drinking water. However, in the presence of organic matter, chlorine can form potentially carcinogenic disinfection by-products (DBPs). As a result, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency promulgated the Stage I and Stage II Disinfectants/Disinfection By-Products Rules, limiting the amount of DBPs that can be present in a distribution system. An economical solution for many drinking water utilities to meet these new regulations was to use to chloramine as a secondary disinfectant. However, chloramines are not without their own disadvantages: free ammonia is added during chloramine formation and released by chloramine decay. This free ammonia can then be used as an energy source by indigenous microoganisms during nitrification. Nitrification can have deleterious effects on drinking water such as decreased disinfectant residual, pH, dissolved oxygen, and alkalinity, as well as an increase in nitrite, nitrate, and heterotrophic bacteria. This study uses effluent from a nitrifying reactor simulating premise plumbing to quickly establish a nitrifying community in glass bead packed bed reactors. Importantly, ammonia oxidizing archaea have been identified in both systems while no known ammonia oxidizing bacteria have been found. Once this nitrifying community was established, the reactors were used as batch reactors with effluent recycle to measure ammonia oxidation during a two hour batch phase. A least squares regression analysis was performed to generate the kinetic constants v max and K m for the nitrifying community in the packed bed reactors. v max was calculated to be 2.23 hr -1. K m was calculated to be 2.35 mg L -1. This work will aid in the effort to characterize the nitrifying population in a premise plumbing system and mitigate nitrification in drinking water.
Book Synopsis Maintaining Distribution System Residuals Through Booster Chlorination by : James G. Uber
Download or read book Maintaining Distribution System Residuals Through Booster Chlorination written by James G. Uber and published by IWA Publishing (International Water Assoc). This book was released on 2004 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The goal of this project was to discuss the potential advantages associated with booster disinfection, the kinetics of chlorine decay and trihalomethane (THM) formation under rechlorination conditions, and the use of network hydraulic and water quality models to locate booster disinfection stations and determine their dose characteristics. The following are highlights from the research: A laboratory procedure was proposed for analyzing chlorine decay under simulated booster conditions. An initial set of experiments evaluated disinfectant decay under booster conditions, and found it to be dependent on both the magnitude and time of the boost dose. THM formation under booster conditions showed no long-term reduction for any set of results, indicating THM formation is not solely dependent on disinfectant concentration. In booster chloramination, boosting with chlorine appeared to be very successful at producing and maintaining a low ammonia concentration by recombining with the ammonia formed from chloramine decay. A second-order model, including a reaction component that represents natural organic matter, was developed to describe chlorine decay and THM formation under booster conditions. A method was developed to determine good locations and schedules for multiple booster doses by a systematic evaluation of alternative designs using network models. By exploring the disinfection decay kinetics under rechlorination, and developing methods for booster chlorination systems design, the project results will assist utilities and consultants in making better use of booster disinfection as a residual maintenance approach. Originally published by AwwaRF for its subscribers in 2003
Book Synopsis Comprehensive Water Quality and Purification by :
Download or read book Comprehensive Water Quality and Purification written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-09-24 with total page 1537 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Comprehensive Water Quality and Purification, Four Volume Set provides a rich source of methods for analyzing water to assure its safety from natural and deliberate contaminants, including those that are added because of carelessness of human endeavors. Human development has great impact on water quality, and new contaminants are emerging every day. The issues of sampling for water analysis, regulatory considerations, and forensics in water quality and purity investigations are covered in detail. Microbial as well as chemical contaminations from inorganic compounds, radionuclides, volatile and semivolatile compounds, disinfectants, herbicides, and pharmaceuticals, including endocrine disruptors, are treated extensively. Researchers must be aware of all sources of contamination and know how to prescribe techniques for removing them from our water supply. Unlike other works published to date that concentrate on issues of water supply, water resource management, hydrology, and water use by industry, this work is more tightly focused on the monitoring and improvement of the quality of existing water supplies and the recovery of wastewater via new and standard separation techniques Using analytical chemistry methods, offers remediation advice on pollutants and contaminants in addition to providing the critical identification perspective The players in the global boom of water purification are numerous and varied. Having worked extensively in academia and industry, the Editor-in-Chief has been careful about constructing a work for a shared audience and cause
Author :National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Publisher :National Academies Press ISBN 13 :030949382X Total Pages :291 pages Book Rating :4.3/5 (94 download)
Book Synopsis Management of Legionella in Water Systems by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Download or read book Management of Legionella in Water Systems written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2020-02-20 with total page 291 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Legionnaires' disease, a pneumonia caused by the Legionella bacterium, is the leading cause of reported waterborne disease outbreaks in the United States. Legionella occur naturally in water from many different environmental sources, but grow rapidly in the warm, stagnant conditions that can be found in engineered water systems such as cooling towers, building plumbing, and hot tubs. Humans are primarily exposed to Legionella through inhalation of contaminated aerosols into the respiratory system. Legionnaires' disease can be fatal, with between 3 and 33 percent of Legionella infections leading to death, and studies show the incidence of Legionnaires' disease in the United States increased five-fold from 2000 to 2017. Management of Legionella in Water Systems reviews the state of science on Legionella contamination of water systems, specifically the ecology and diagnosis. This report explores the process of transmission via water systems, quantification, prevention and control, and policy and training issues that affect the incidence of Legionnaires' disease. It also analyzes existing knowledge gaps and recommends research priorities moving forward.
Book Synopsis Drinking Water Distribution Systems by : National Research Council
Download or read book Drinking Water Distribution Systems written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2007-01-22 with total page 405 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Protecting and maintaining water distributions systems is crucial to ensuring high quality drinking water. Distribution systems-consisting of pipes, pumps, valves, storage tanks, reservoirs, meters, fittings, and other hydraulic appurtenances-carry drinking water from a centralized treatment plant or well supplies to consumers' taps. Spanning almost 1 million miles in the United States, distribution systems represent the vast majority of physical infrastructure for water supplies, and thus constitute the primary management challenge from both an operational and public health standpoint. Recent data on waterborne disease outbreaks suggest that distribution systems remain a source of contamination that has yet to be fully addressed. This report evaluates approaches for risk characterization and recent data, and it identifies a variety of strategies that could be considered to reduce the risks posed by water-quality deteriorating events in distribution systems. Particular attention is given to backflow events via cross connections, the potential for contamination of the distribution system during construction and repair activities, maintenance of storage facilities, and the role of premise plumbing in public health risk. The report also identifies advances in detection, monitoring and modeling, analytical methods, and research and development opportunities that will enable the water supply industry to further reduce risks associated with drinking water distribution systems.
Book Synopsis Environmental Chemistry by : Jorge G. Ibanez
Download or read book Environmental Chemistry written by Jorge G. Ibanez and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-05-27 with total page 345 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents chemical analyses of our most pressing waste, pollution, and resource problems for the undergraduate or graduate student. The distinctive holistic approach provides both a solid ground in theory, as well as a laboratory manual detailing introductory and advanced experimental applications. The laboratory procedures are presented at microscale conditions, for minimum waste and maximum economy. This work fulfills an urgent need for an introductory text in environmental chemistry combining theory and practice, and is a valuable tool for preparing the next generation of environmental scientists.
Book Synopsis Long-Term Effects of Disinfection Changes on Water Quality by : John E. Dyksen
Download or read book Long-Term Effects of Disinfection Changes on Water Quality written by John E. Dyksen and published by American Water Works Association. This book was released on 2007 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In response to many U.S. water utilities that are considering changing disinfectants from chlorine to alternative disinfectants, this research has been undertaken to gain knowledge of long-term effects.
Book Synopsis Water Chlorination and Chloramination Practices and Principles, 2nd Ed. (M20) by : AWWA Staff
Download or read book Water Chlorination and Chloramination Practices and Principles, 2nd Ed. (M20) written by AWWA Staff and published by American Water Works Association. This book was released on 2011-01-12 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Drinking Water Distribution Systems by : National Research Council
Download or read book Drinking Water Distribution Systems written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2006-12-22 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Protecting and maintaining water distributions systems is crucial to ensuring high quality drinking water. Distribution systems-consisting of pipes, pumps, valves, storage tanks, reservoirs, meters, fittings, and other hydraulic appurtenances-carry drinking water from a centralized treatment plant or well supplies to consumers' taps. Spanning almost 1 million miles in the United States, distribution systems represent the vast majority of physical infrastructure for water supplies, and thus constitute the primary management challenge from both an operational and public health standpoint. Recent data on waterborne disease outbreaks suggest that distribution systems remain a source of contamination that has yet to be fully addressed. This report evaluates approaches for risk characterization and recent data, and it identifies a variety of strategies that could be considered to reduce the risks posed by water-quality deteriorating events in distribution systems. Particular attention is given to backflow events via cross connections, the potential for contamination of the distribution system during construction and repair activities, maintenance of storage facilities, and the role of premise plumbing in public health risk. The report also identifies advances in detection, monitoring and modeling, analytical methods, and research and development opportunities that will enable the water supply industry to further reduce risks associated with drinking water distribution systems.
Book Synopsis Fundamentals and Control of Nitrification in Chloraminated Drinking Water Distribution Systems by : American Water Works Association
Download or read book Fundamentals and Control of Nitrification in Chloraminated Drinking Water Distribution Systems written by American Water Works Association and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new manual provides a compendium of the current state-of-the-art knowledge regarding the increased use of chloramine as a residuals in drinking water distribution systems. Chapters cover background information on the occurrence and microbiology of nitrification in various water environments and provide current practical approaches to nitrification prevention and response.
