Americanization And Anti Americanism

Download Americanization And Anti Americanism full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Americanization And Anti Americanism ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

Americanization and Anti-Americanism

Author : Alexander Stephan
Publisher : Berghahn Books
ISBN 13 : 9781571816733
Total Pages : 326 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (167 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Americanization and Anti-Americanism by : Alexander Stephan

Download or read book Americanization and Anti-Americanism written by Alexander Stephan and published by Berghahn Books. This book was released on 2005 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ongoing discussions about globalization, American hegemony and September 11 and its aftermath have moved the debate about the export of American culture and cultural anti-Americanism to center stage of world politics. At such a time, it is crucial to understand the process of culture transfer and its effects on local societies and their attitudes toward the United States. This volume presents Germany as a case study of the impact of American culture throughout a period characterized by a totalitarian system, two unusually destructive wars, massive ethnic cleansing, and economic disaster. Drawing on examples from history, culture studies, film, radio, and the arts, the authors explore the political and cultural parameters of Americanization and anti-Americanism, as reflected in the reception and rejection of American popular culture and, more generally, in European-American relations in the "American Century." Alexander Stephan is Professor of German, Ohio Eminent Scholar, and Senior Fellow of the Mershon Center for the Study of International Security and Public Policy at Ohio State University, where he directs a project on American culture and anti-Americanism in Europe and the world.

Uncouth Nation

Author : Andrei S. Markovits
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 0691173516
Total Pages : 297 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (911 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Uncouth Nation by : Andrei S. Markovits

Download or read book Uncouth Nation written by Andrei S. Markovits and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2016-12-13 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: No survey can capture the breadth and depth of the anti-Americanism that has swept Europe in recent years. From ultraconservative Bavarian grandmothers to thirty-year-old socialist activists in Greece, from globalization opponents to corporate executives--Europeans are joining in an ever louder chorus of disdain for America. For the first time, anti-Americanism has become a European lingua franca. In this sweeping and provocative look at the history of European aversion to America, Andrei Markovits argues that understanding the ubiquity of anti-Americanism since September 11, 2001, requires an appreciation of such sentiments among European elites going back at least to July 4, 1776. While George W. Bush's policies have catapulted anti-Americanism into overdrive, particularly in Western Europe, Markovits argues that this loathing has long been driven not by what America does, but by what it is. Focusing on seven Western European countries big and small, he shows how antipathies toward things American embrace aspects of everyday life--such as sports, language, work, education, media, health, and law--that remain far from the purview of the Bush administration's policies. Aggravating Europeans' antipathies toward America is their alleged helplessness in the face of an Americanization that they view as inexorably befalling them. More troubling, Markovits argues, is that this anti-Americanism has cultivated a new strain of anti-Semitism. Above all, he shows that while Europeans are far apart in terms of their everyday lives and shared experiences, their not being American provides them with a powerful common identity--one that elites have already begun to harness in their quest to construct a unified Europe to rival America.

Anti-americanism in Latin America and the Caribbean

Author : Alan McPherson
Publisher : Berghahn Books
ISBN 13 : 1845451422
Total Pages : 314 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (454 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Anti-americanism in Latin America and the Caribbean by : Alan McPherson

Download or read book Anti-americanism in Latin America and the Caribbean written by Alan McPherson and published by Berghahn Books. This book was released on 2006-03 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Whether rising up from fiery leaders such as Venezuela’s Hugo Chavez and Cuba’s Fidel Castro or from angry masses of Brazilian workers and Mexican peasants, anti U.S. sentiment in Latin America and the Caribbean today is arguably stronger than ever. It is also a threat to U.S. leadership in the hemisphere and the world. Where has this resentment come from? Has it arisen naturally from imperialism and globalization, from economic and social frustrations? Has it served opportunistic politicians? Does Latin America have its own style of anti Americanism? What about national variations? How does cultural anti Americanism affect politics, and vice versa? What roles have religion, literature, or cartoons played in whipping up sentiment against ‘el yanqui’? Finally, how has the United States reacted to all this? This book brings leaders in the field of U.S. Latin American relations together with the most promising young scholars to shed historical light on the present implications of hostility to the United States in Latin America and the Caribbean. In essays that carry the reader from Revolutionary Mexico to Peronist Argentina, from Panama in the nineteenth century to the West Indies’ mid century independence movement, and from Colombian drug runners to liberation theologists, the authors unearth little known campaigns of resistance and probe deeper into episodes we thought we knew well. They argue that, for well over a century, identifying the United States as the enemy has rung true to Latin Americans and has translated into compelling political strategies. Combining history with political and cultural analysis, this collection breaks the mold of traditional diplomatic history by seeing anti Americanism through the eyes of those who expressed it. It makes clear that anti Americanism, far from being a post 9/11 buzzword, is rather a real force that casts a long shadow over U.S. Latin American relations.

The Rise of Anti-Americanism

Author : Brendon O'Connor
Publisher : Psychology Press
ISBN 13 : 9780415369060
Total Pages : 244 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (69 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Rise of Anti-Americanism by : Brendon O'Connor

Download or read book The Rise of Anti-Americanism written by Brendon O'Connor and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2006 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume brings together an international team of well-known scholars from the US, UK and Australia to examine the rise of anti-Americanism.

The American Enemy

Author : Philippe Roger
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 0226723690
Total Pages : 537 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (267 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The American Enemy by : Philippe Roger

Download or read book The American Enemy written by Philippe Roger and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2006-11 with total page 537 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Georges-Louis Buffon, an eighteenth-century French scientist, was the first to promote the widespread idea that nature in the New World was deficient; in America, which he had never visited, dogs don't bark, birds don't sing, and—by extension—humans are weaker, less intelligent, and less potent. Thomas Jefferson, infuriated by these claims, brought a seven-foot-tall carcass of a moose from America to the entry hall of his Parisian hotel, but the five-foot-tall Buffon remained unimpressed and refused to change his views on America's inferiority. Buffon, as Philippe Roger demonstrates here, was just one of the first in a long line of Frenchmen who have built a history of anti-Americanism in that country, a progressive history that is alternately ludicrous and trenchant. The American Enemy is Roger's bestselling and widely acclaimed history of French anti-Americanism, presented here in English translation for the first time. With elegance and good humor, Roger goes back 200 years to unearth the deep roots of this anti-Americanism and trace its changing nature, from the belittling, as Buffon did, of the "savage American" to France's resigned dependency on America for goods and commerce and finally to the fear of America's global domination in light of France's thwarted imperial ambitions. Roger sees French anti-Americanism as barely acquainted with actual fact; rather, anti-Americanism is a cultural pillar for the French, America an idea that the country and its culture have long defined themselves against. Sharon Bowman's fine translation of this magisterial work brings French anti-Americanism into the broad light of day, offering fascinating reading for Americans who care about our image abroad and how it came about. “Mr. Roger almost single-handedly creates a new field of study, tracing the nuances and imagery of anti-Americanism in France over 250 years. He shows that far from being a specific reaction to recent American policies, it has been knit into the very substance of French intellectual and cultural life. . . . His book stuns with its accumulated detail and analysis.”—Edward Rothstein, New York Times “A brilliant and exhaustive guide to the history of French Ameriphobia.”—Simon Schama, New Yorker

Confronting America

Author : Alessandro Brogi
Publisher : UNC Press Books
ISBN 13 : 0807877743
Total Pages : 549 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (78 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Confronting America by : Alessandro Brogi

Download or read book Confronting America written by Alessandro Brogi and published by UNC Press Books. This book was released on 2011-07-15 with total page 549 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Throughout the Cold War, the United States encountered unexpected challenges from Italy and France, two countries with the strongest, and determinedly most anti-American, Communist Parties in Western Europe. Based primarily on new evidence from communist archives in France and Italy, as well as research archives in the United States, Alessandro Brogi's original study reveals how the United States was forced by political opposition within these two core Western countries to reassess its own anticommunist strategies, its image, and the general meaning of American liberal capitalist culture and ideology. Brogi shows that the resistance to Americanization was a critical test for the French and Italian communists' own legitimacy and existence. Their anti-Americanism was mostly dogmatic and driven by the Soviet Union, but it was also, at crucial times, subtle and ambivalent, nurturing fascination with the American culture of dissent. The staunchly anticommunist United States, Brogi argues, found a successful balance to fighting the communist threat in France and Italy by employing diplomacy and fostering instances of mild dissent in both countries. Ultimately, both the French and Italian communists failed to adapt to the forces of modernization that stemmed both from indigenous factors and from American influence. Confronting America illuminates the political, diplomatic, economic, and cultural conflicts behind the U.S.-communist confrontation.

Conflicted Memories

Author : Konrad H. Jarausch
Publisher : Berghahn Books
ISBN 13 : 0857453602
Total Pages : 308 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (574 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Conflicted Memories by : Konrad H. Jarausch

Download or read book Conflicted Memories written by Konrad H. Jarausch and published by Berghahn Books. This book was released on 2007-05-01 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite the growing interest in general European history, the European dimension is surprisingly absent from the writing of contemporary history. In most countries, the historiography on the 20th century continues to be dominated by national perspectives. Although there is cross-national work on specific topics such as occupation or resistance, transnational conceptions and narratives of contemporary European history have yet to be worked out. This volume focuses on the development of a shared conception of recent European history that will be required as an underpinning for further economic and political integration so as to make lasting cooperation on the old continent possible. It tries to overcome the traditional national framing that ironically persists just at a time when organized efforts to transform Europe from an object of debate to an actual subject have some chance of succeeding in making it into a polity in its own right.

Confronting the American Dream

Author : Michel Gobat
Publisher : Duke University Press
ISBN 13 : 0822387182
Total Pages : 391 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (223 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Confronting the American Dream by : Michel Gobat

Download or read book Confronting the American Dream written by Michel Gobat and published by Duke University Press. This book was released on 2005-12-27 with total page 391 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Michel Gobat deftly interweaves political, economic, cultural, and diplomatic history to analyze the reactions of Nicaraguans to U.S. intervention in their country from the heyday of Manifest Destiny in the mid–nineteenth century through the U.S. occupation of 1912–33. Drawing on extensive research in Nicaraguan and U.S. archives, Gobat accounts for two seeming paradoxes that have long eluded historians of Latin America: that Nicaraguans so strongly embraced U.S. political, economic, and cultural forms to defend their own nationality against U.S. imposition and that the country’s wealthiest and most Americanized elites were transformed from leading supporters of U.S. imperial rule into some of its greatest opponents. Gobat focuses primarily on the reactions of the elites to Americanization, because the power and identity of these Nicaraguans were the most significantly affected by U.S. imperial rule. He describes their adoption of aspects of “the American way of life” in the mid–nineteenth century as strategic rather than wholesale. Chronicling the U.S. occupation of 1912–33, he argues that the anti-American turn of Nicaragua’s most Americanized oligarchs stemmed largely from the efforts of U.S. bankers, marines, and missionaries to spread their own version of the American dream. In part, the oligarchs’ reversal reflected their anguish over the 1920s rise of Protestantism, the “modern woman,” and other “vices of modernity” emanating from the United States. But it also responded to the unintended ways that U.S. modernization efforts enabled peasants to weaken landlord power. Gobat demonstrates that the U.S. occupation so profoundly affected Nicaragua that it helped engender the Sandino Rebellion of 1927–33, the Somoza dictatorship of 1936–79, and the Sandinista Revolution of 1979–90.

Slow Anti-Americanism

Author : Edward Schatz
Publisher : Stanford University Press
ISBN 13 : 1503614336
Total Pages : 253 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (36 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Slow Anti-Americanism by : Edward Schatz

Download or read book Slow Anti-Americanism written by Edward Schatz and published by Stanford University Press. This book was released on 2021-01-26 with total page 253 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Negative views of the United States abound, but we know too little about how such views affect politics. Drawing on careful research on post-Soviet Central Asia, Edward Schatz argues that anti-Americanism is best seen not as a rising tide that swamps or as a conflagration that overwhelms. Rather, "America" is a symbolic resource that resides quietly in the mundane but always has potential value for social and political mobilizers. Using a wide range of evidence and a novel analytic framework, Schatz considers how Islamist movements, human rights activists, and labor mobilizers across Central Asia avail themselves of this fact, thus changing their ability to pursue their respective agendas. By refocusing our analytic gaze away from high politics, he affords us a clearer view of the slower-moving, partially occluded, and socially embedded processes that ground how "America" becomes political. In turn, we gain a nuanced appreciation of the downstream effects of US foreign policy choices and a sober sense of the challenges posed by the politics of traveling images. Most treatments of anti-Americanism focus on politics in the realm of presidential elections and foreign policies. By focusing instead on symbols, Schatz lays bare how changing public attitudes shift social relations in politically significant ways, and considers how changing symbolic depictions of the United States recombine the raw material available for social mobilizers. Just like sediment traveling along waterways before reaching its final destination, the raw material that constitutes symbolic America can travel among various social groups, and can settle into place to form the basis of new social meanings. Symbolic America, Schatz shows us, matters for politics in Central Asia and beyond.

Anti-Intellectualism in American Life

Author : Richard Hofstadter
Publisher : Vintage
ISBN 13 : 0307809676
Total Pages : 465 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (78 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Anti-Intellectualism in American Life by : Richard Hofstadter

Download or read book Anti-Intellectualism in American Life written by Richard Hofstadter and published by Vintage. This book was released on 2012-01-04 with total page 465 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winner of the 1964 Pulitzer Prize in Nonfiction Anti-Intellectualism in American Life is a book which throws light on many features of the American character. Its concern is not merely to portray the scorners of intellect in American life, but to say something about what the intellectual is, and can be, as a force in a democratic society. "As Mr. Hofstadter unfolds the fascinating story, it is no crude battle of eggheads and fatheads. It is a rich, complex, shifting picture of the life of the mind in a society dominated by the ideal of practical success." —Robert Peel in the Christian Science Monitor

America Against the World

Author : Andrew Kohut
Publisher : Macmillan
ISBN 13 : 0805077219
Total Pages : 283 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (5 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis America Against the World by : Andrew Kohut

Download or read book America Against the World written by Andrew Kohut and published by Macmillan. This book was released on 2006-05-02 with total page 283 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Publisher Description

The French Way

Author : Richard F. Kuisel
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 0691161984
Total Pages : 513 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (911 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The French Way by : Richard F. Kuisel

Download or read book The French Way written by Richard F. Kuisel and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2012 with total page 513 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How the French have used American culture to define a unique modern identity There are over 1,000 McDonald's on French soil. Two Disney theme parks have opened near Paris in the last two decades. And American-inspired vocabulary such as "le weekend" has been absorbed into the French language. But as former French president Jacques Chirac put it: "The U.S. finds France unbearably pretentious. And we find the U.S. unbearably hegemonic." Are the French fascinated or threatened by America? They Americanize yet are notorious for expressions of anti-Americanism. From McDonald's and Coca-Cola to free markets and foreign policy, this book looks closely at the conflicts and contradictions of France's relationship to American politics and culture. Richard Kuisel shows how the French have used America as both yardstick and foil to measure their own distinct national identity. They ask: how can we be modern like the Americans without becoming like them? France has charted its own path: it has welcomed America's products but rejected American policies; assailed America's "jungle capitalism" while liberalizing its own economy; attacked "Reaganomics'" while defending French social security; and protected French cinema, television, food, and language even while ingesting American pop culture. Kuisel examines France's role as an independent ally of the United States—in the reunification of Germany and in military involvement in the Persian Gulf and Bosnia—but he also considers the country's failures in influencing the Reagan, Bush, and Clinton administrations. Whether investigating France's successful information technology sector or its spurning of American expertise during the AIDS epidemic, Kuisel asks if this insistence on a French way represents a growing distance between Europe and the United States or a reaction to American globalization. Exploring cultural trends, values, public opinion, and political reality, The French Way delves into the complex relationship between two modern nations.

The Legacies of Two World Wars

Author : Lothar Kettenacker
Publisher : Berghahn Books
ISBN 13 : 0857452231
Total Pages : 331 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (574 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Legacies of Two World Wars by : Lothar Kettenacker

Download or read book The Legacies of Two World Wars written by Lothar Kettenacker and published by Berghahn Books. This book was released on 2011-08-01 with total page 331 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The US invasion of Iraq in 2003 was done mainly, if one is to believe US policy at the time, to liberate the people of Iraq from an oppressive dictator. However, the many protests in London, New York, and other cities imply that the policy of “making the world safe for democracy” was not shared by millions of people in many Western countries. Thinking about this controversy inspired the present volume, which takes a closer look at how society responded to the outbreaks and conclusions of the First and Second World Wars. In order to examine this relationship between the conduct of wars and public opinion, leading scholars trace the moods and attitudes of the people of four Western countries (Great Britain, France, Germany and Italy) before, during and after the crucial moments of the two major conflicts of the twentieth century. Focusing less on politics and more on how people experienced the wars, this volume shows how the distinction between enthusiasm for war and concern about its consequences is rarely clear-cut.

Anti-Americanism in Europe

Author : Russell A. Berman
Publisher : Hoover Press
ISBN 13 : 0817945121
Total Pages : 214 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (179 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Anti-Americanism in Europe by : Russell A. Berman

Download or read book Anti-Americanism in Europe written by Russell A. Berman and published by Hoover Press. This book was released on 2004 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Since September 11, 2001, the attitudes of Europeans toward the United States have grown increasingly more negative. For many in Europe, the terrorist attack on New York City was seen as evidence of how American behavior elicits hostility - and how it would be up to Americans to repent and change their ways. In this revealing look at the deep divide that has emerged, Russell A. Berman explores the various dimensions of contemporary European anti-Americanism."--BOOK JACKET.Title Summary field provided by Blackwell North America, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Seducing the French

Author : Richard F. Kuisel
Publisher : Univ of California Press
ISBN 13 : 9780520918412
Total Pages : 316 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (184 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Seducing the French by : Richard F. Kuisel

Download or read book Seducing the French written by Richard F. Kuisel and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 1993-04-20 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When Coca-Cola was introduced in France in the late 1940s, the country's most prestigious newspaper warned that Coke threatened France's cultural landscape. This is one of the examples cited in Richard Kuisel's engaging exploration of France's response to American influence after World War II. In analyzing early French resistance and then the gradual adaptation to all things American that evolved by the mid-1980s, he offers an intriguing study of national identity and the protection of cultural boundaries. The French have historically struggled against Americanization in order to safeguard "Frenchness." What would happen to the French way of life if gaining American prosperity brought vulgar materialism and social conformity? A clash between American consumerism and French civilisation seemed inevitable. Cold War anti-Communism, the Marshall Plan, the Coca-Cola controversy, and de Gaulle's efforts to curb American investment illustrate ways that anti-Americanization was played out. Kuisel also raises issues that extend beyond France, including the economic, social, and cultural effects of the Americanized consumer society that have become a global phenomenon. Kuisel's lively account reaches across French society to include politicians, businessmen, trade unionists, Parisian intelligentsia, and ordinary citizens. The result reveals much about the French—and about Americans. As Euro Disney welcomes travellers to its Parisian fantasyland, and with French recently declared the official language of France (to defend it from the encroachments of English), Kuisel's book is especially relevant.

How The World Was Won: The Americanization of Everywhere

Author : Peter Conrad
Publisher : Thames & Hudson
ISBN 13 : 0500772274
Total Pages : 449 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (7 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis How The World Was Won: The Americanization of Everywhere by : Peter Conrad

Download or read book How The World Was Won: The Americanization of Everywhere written by Peter Conrad and published by Thames & Hudson. This book was released on 2014-12-09 with total page 449 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From politics and war, to jeans and sneakers: a look at America’s influence on the world from an international perspective On the day after 9/11, foreign newspapers ran headlines announcing “We Are All Americans Now.” Though the sentiment was not new, it was also not quite the same as when Henry Luce announced in 1941, the inauguration of what he called “the American Century,” during which the US was to raise all men “from the level of the beasts to what the Psalmist calls a little lower than angels.” When America suddenly emerged as a global power in the postwar period, the world—with pockets of resistance from France, Russia, and Japan in particular—was happy to be remade in the US image. America dazzled, and sometimes intimidated, older, staler, less innovative cultures. The affluence it placed on display was something to which most other countries aspired, and it was this fantasy that helped win the Cold War. Fast forward to today and the Chinese state news agency Xinhua, days before a possible financial default by the US government, calling for a de-Americanized world. A context for Peter Conrad’s grand tale is, inevitably, politics, war, and commerce, but for the most part he draws on his brilliant repertoire of cultural skills to assess, surprise, invigorate, and delight us with his kaleidoscopic presentation of the movies and music, jeans and sneakers, food and refrigerators, novels and paintings that have shaped so much of the world in our lifetimes.

Global Perspectives on the United States

Author : Virginia Dominguez
Publisher : University of Illinois Press
ISBN 13 : 9780252082337
Total Pages : 344 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (823 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Global Perspectives on the United States by : Virginia Dominguez

Download or read book Global Perspectives on the United States written by Virginia Dominguez and published by University of Illinois Press. This book was released on 2017-04-15 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This daring collaborative effort showcases dialogues between international scholars engaged with the United States from abroad. The writers investigate the analytic methods and choices that label certain talk, images, behaviors, and allusions as "American" and how to read the data on such material. The editors present the essays in pairs that overlap in theme or region. Each author subsequently comments on the other's work. A third scholar or team of scholars from a different discipline or geographic location then provides another level of analysis. Contributors: Andrzej Antoszek, Sophia Balakian, Zsófia Bán, Sabine Bröck, Ian Condry, Kate Delaney, Jane C. Desmond, Virginia R. Dominguez, Ira Dworkin, Richard Ellis, Guillermo Ibarra, Seyed Mohammad Marandi, Giorgio Mariani, Ana Mauad, Loes Nas, Edward Schatz, Manar Shorbagy, Kristin Solli, Amy Spellacy, and Michael Titlestad.