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American Research And Competitiveness Act Of 2015
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Book Synopsis American Research and Competitiveness Act of 2015 by : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Ways and Means
Download or read book American Research and Competitiveness Act of 2015 written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Ways and Means and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Research for Competitiveness Act by : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science
Download or read book Research for Competitiveness Act written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation Publisher : ISBN 13 : Total Pages :32 pages Book Rating :4.F/5 ( download)
Book Synopsis U.S. Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act of 2015 by : United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation
Download or read book U.S. Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act of 2015 written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Research Tax Credit by : Congressional Research Service
Download or read book Research Tax Credit written by Congressional Research Service and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2014-10-03 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Technological innovation is a primary engine of long-term economic growth, and research and development (R&D) serves as the lifeblood of innovation. The federal government encourages businesses to invest more in R&D than they otherwise would in several ways, including a tax credit for increases in spending on qualified research above a base amount. This report describes the current status of the credit, summarizes its legislative history, discusses policy issues it raises, and describes legislation to modify and extend it. The report will be updated as warranted by legislative activity or other developments affecting the credit. The research credit (also known as the research and experimentation (R&E) tax credit) has never been permanent. It expired at the end of 2011 and was retroactively extended by the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 (P.L. 112-240) through the end of 2013. Since its enactment in mid- 1981, the credit has been extended 15 times and significantly modified 5 times. While the credit is usually assumed to be a single credit, it actually consists of four discrete credits: (1) a regular credit, (2) an alternative simplified credit (ASC), (3) a basic research credit, and (4) an energy research credit. A taxpayer may claim one of the first two and each of the other two, provided it meets the requirements for each. In essence, the research credit attempts to boost business investment in basic and applied research by reducing the after-tax cost of undertaking qualified research above a base amount, which in theory approximates the amount a company would invest in R&D in the absence of the credit. As a result, the credit's effectiveness hinges on the sensitivity of the demand for this research to decreases in its cost. It is unclear from available studies how sensitive that demand actually is. While most analysts and lawmakers endorse the use of tax incentives to generate increases in business R&D investment, some have some reservations about the current credit. Critics contend that it is not as effective as it could or should be because of certain problems with its design. These include a lack of permanence, uneven and inadequate incentive effects, non-refundability, and an ambiguous definition of qualified research. The House has passed two bills (H.R. 4438, the American Research and Competitiveness Act of 2014 on May 9 and H.R. 4, the Jobs for America Act on September 18) that would simplify and permanently extend the research tax credit. Under each measure, the credit would be equal to the sum of 20% of a taxpayer's qualified research expenditures (QREs) in the current tax year above 50% of average annual QREs in the previous three tax years, 20% of its basic research payments in the current tax year above 50% of average annual basic research payments in the three previous tax years, and 20% of the amounts paid or incurred by the taxpayer in the current tax year for qualified energy research conducted by an energy research consortium. The bills' estimated 10-year revenue cost is $155.5 billion. On April 3, the Senate Finance Committee marked up S. 2260, the Expiring Provisions Improvement, Reform, and Efficiency Act. Among other things, the bill would extend the existing research credit through the end of 2015. It would also change its design by allowing small, young companies that are unable to use some or all of any credit they could claim for the current tax year because of insufficient tax liability to apply up to $250,000 of their credit against their federal payroll tax liabilities. This option would be available only to companies that have been in business fewer than five years and whose annual gross receipts are less than $5 million.
Author :Congressional Research Congressional Research Service Publisher :CreateSpace ISBN 13 :9781506018447 Total Pages :36 pages Book Rating :4.0/5 (184 download)
Book Synopsis Research Tax Credit by : Congressional Research Congressional Research Service
Download or read book Research Tax Credit written by Congressional Research Congressional Research Service and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2014-12-24 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Technological innovation is a primary engine of long-term economic growth, and research and development (R&D) serves as the lifeblood of innovation. The federal government encourages businesses to invest more in R&D than they otherwise would in several ways, including a tax credit for increases in spending on qualified research above a base amount. This report describes the current status of the credit, summarizes its legislative history, discusses policy issues it raises, and describes legislation to modify and extend it. The report will be updated as warranted by legislative activity or other developments affecting the credit. The research credit (also known as the research and experimentation (R&E) tax credit) has never been permanent. It expired at the end of 2014. Since its enactment in mid-1981, the credit has been extended 16 times and significantly modified 5 times. While the credit is usually assumed to be a single credit, it actually consists of four discrete credits: (1) a regular credit, (2) an alternative simplified credit (ASC), (3) a basic research credit, and (4) an energy research credit. A taxpayer may claim one of the first two and each of the other two, provided it meets the requirements for each. In essence, the research credit attempts to boost business investment in basic and applied research by reducing the after-tax cost of undertaking qualified research above a base amount, which in theory approximates the amount a company would invest in R&D in the absence of the credit. As a result, the credit's effectiveness hinges on the sensitivity of the demand for this research to decreases in its cost. It is unclear from available studies how sensitive that demand actually is. While most analysts and lawmakers endorse the use of tax incentives to generate increases in business R&D investment, some have some reservations about the current credit. Critics contend that it is not as effective as it could or should be because of certain problems with its design. These include a lack of permanence, uneven and inadequate incentive effects, non-refundability, and an ambiguous definition of qualified research. In the 113th Congress, the House passed two bills (H.R. 4438, the American Research and Competitiveness Act of 2014, and H.R. 4, the Jobs for America Act) that would simplify and permanently extend the research tax credit. While the full Senate did not pass a similar measure, the Senate Finance Committee marked up S. 2260, the Expiring Provisions Improvement, Reform, and Efficiency Act. Among other things, the bill would extend the existing research credit through the end of 2015 and allow eligible small companies to apply up to $250,000 of any credit they could claim for the current tax year but not use because of insufficient tax liability against their federal payroll tax liabilities.
Book Synopsis The Politics Industry by : Katherine M. Gehl
Download or read book The Politics Industry written by Katherine M. Gehl and published by Harvard Business Press. This book was released on 2020-06-23 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Leading political innovation activist Katherine Gehl and world-renowned business strategist Michael Porter bring fresh perspective, deep scholarship, and a real and actionable solution, Final Five Voting, to the grand challenge of our broken political and democratic system. Final Five Voting has already been adopted in Alaska and is being advanced in states across the country. The truth is, the American political system is working exactly how it is designed to work, and it isn't designed or optimized today to work for us—for ordinary citizens. Most people believe that our political system is a public institution with high-minded principles and impartial rules derived from the Constitution. In reality, it has become a private industry dominated by a textbook duopoly—the Democrats and the Republicans—and plagued and perverted by unhealthy competition between the players. Tragically, it has therefore become incapable of delivering solutions to America's key economic and social challenges. In fact, there's virtually no connection between our political leaders solving problems and getting reelected. In The Politics Industry, business leader and path-breaking political innovator Katherine Gehl and world-renowned business strategist Michael Porter take a radical new approach. They ingeniously apply the tools of business analysis—and Porter's distinctive Five Forces framework—to show how the political system functions just as every other competitive industry does, and how the duopoly has led to the devastating outcomes we see today. Using this competition lens, Gehl and Porter identify the most powerful lever for change—a strategy comprised of a clear set of choices in two key areas: how our elections work and how we make our laws. Their bracing assessment and practical recommendations cut through the endless debate about various proposed fixes, such as term limits and campaign finance reform. The result: true political innovation. The Politics Industry is an original and completely nonpartisan guide that will open your eyes to the true dynamics and profound challenges of the American political system and provide real solutions for reshaping the system for the benefit of all. THE INSTITUTE FOR POLITICAL INNOVATION The authors will donate all royalties from the sale of this book to the Institute for Political Innovation.
Book Synopsis National Space Law by : Christian Brünner
Download or read book National Space Law written by Christian Brünner and published by Böhlau Verlag Wien. This book was released on 2008 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Durch den Start des Satelliten BRITE Austria (TUGSAT-1) im Jahr 2008 wird Osterreich erstmals "Start-Staat" im volkerrechtlichen Sinn sein. Mangels eines osterreichischen Weltraum-Gesetzes sind viele Rechtsfragen in diesem Kontext jedoch ungeklart.Im September 2006 kamen internationale Experten zu einer Konferenz in Graz zusammen, um uber Notwendigkeit und Mindestinhalte nationaler Weltraumrechts-Gesetze zu diskutieren. Konferenzbeitrage und Ergebnisse, weiterfuhrende Analysen und der mogliche Inhalt eines osterreichischen Weltraumgesetzes, dies auf der Basis eines Vergleichs mit jungsten nationalen Weltraumgesetzen in Europa, werden zum Teil auf Englisch und zum Teil auf Deutsch veroffentlicht.
Author :American Bar Association. House of Delegates Publisher :American Bar Association ISBN 13 :9781590318737 Total Pages :216 pages Book Rating :4.3/5 (187 download)
Book Synopsis Model Rules of Professional Conduct by : American Bar Association. House of Delegates
Download or read book Model Rules of Professional Conduct written by American Bar Association. House of Delegates and published by American Bar Association. This book was released on 2007 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Model Rules of Professional Conduct provides an up-to-date resource for information on legal ethics. Federal, state and local courts in all jurisdictions look to the Rules for guidance in solving lawyer malpractice cases, disciplinary actions, disqualification issues, sanctions questions and much more. In this volume, black-letter Rules of Professional Conduct are followed by numbered Comments that explain each Rule's purpose and provide suggestions for its practical application. The Rules will help you identify proper conduct in a variety of given situations, review those instances where discretionary action is possible, and define the nature of the relationship between you and your clients, colleagues and the courts.
Book Synopsis United States Code by : United States
Download or read book United States Code written by United States and published by . This book was released on 1952 with total page 1508 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis American Research and Competitiveness Act of 2014 by : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Ways and Means
Download or read book American Research and Competitiveness Act of 2014 written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Ways and Means and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Rhetoric and Bricolage in European Politics and Beyond by : Niilo Kauppi
Download or read book Rhetoric and Bricolage in European Politics and Beyond written by Niilo Kauppi and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-06-16 with total page 213 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book seeks to develop Rhetoric as a field of knowledge in an important new direction, European Union politics. The authors analyse what could be called a “European style of politics”: textual strategies and rhetorical styles evolving within and around the EU’s supranational and national institutions. By fusing rhetorical and sociological approaches, political thought and culture, the book contributes to the analysis of the ‘political’ as a way of thinking and judging the political aspect of any phenomena.
Book Synopsis The Pig Book by : Citizens Against Government Waste
Download or read book The Pig Book written by Citizens Against Government Waste and published by St. Martin's Griffin. This book was released on 2013-09-17 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The federal government wastes your tax dollars worse than a drunken sailor on shore leave. The 1984 Grace Commission uncovered that the Department of Defense spent $640 for a toilet seat and $436 for a hammer. Twenty years later things weren't much better. In 2004, Congress spent a record-breaking $22.9 billion dollars of your money on 10,656 of their pork-barrel projects. The war on terror has a lot to do with the record $413 billion in deficit spending, but it's also the result of pork over the last 18 years the likes of: - $50 million for an indoor rain forest in Iowa - $102 million to study screwworms which were long ago eradicated from American soil - $273,000 to combat goth culture in Missouri - $2.2 million to renovate the North Pole (Lucky for Santa!) - $50,000 for a tattoo removal program in California - $1 million for ornamental fish research Funny in some instances and jaw-droppingly stupid and wasteful in others, The Pig Book proves one thing about Capitol Hill: pork is king!
Author :Congressional Research Congressional Research Service Publisher :Createspace Independent Publishing Platform ISBN 13 :9781512371352 Total Pages :44 pages Book Rating :4.3/5 (713 download)
Book Synopsis The Tibetan Policy Act of 2002 by : Congressional Research Congressional Research Service
Download or read book The Tibetan Policy Act of 2002 written by Congressional Research Congressional Research Service and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2015-06-22 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Tibetan Policy Act of 2002 (TPA) is a core legislative measure guiding U.S. policy toward Tibet. Its stated purpose is "to support the aspirations of the Tibetan people to safeguard their distinct identity." Among other provisions, the TPA establishes in statute the State Department position of Special Coordinator for Tibetan Issues and defines the Special Coordinator's "central objective" as being "to promote substantive dialogue" between the government of the People's Republic of China and Tibet's exiled spiritual leader, the Dalai Lama, or his representatives. The Special Coordinator is also required, among other duties, to "coordinate United States Government policies, programs, and projects concerning Tibet"; "vigorously promote the policy of seeking to protect the distinct religious, cultural, linguistic, and national identity of Tibet"; and press for "improved respect for human rights."
Book Synopsis The Atlantic Divide in Antitrust by : Daniel J. Gifford
Download or read book The Atlantic Divide in Antitrust written by Daniel J. Gifford and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2015-02-11 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The United States and the European Union operate the world’s two most powerful systems of competition law and policy, whose enforcement and judicial institutions employ similar concepts and legal language. Yet the two regimes sometimes reach very different results on significant antitrust issues. In The Atlantic Divide in Antitrust, Daniel Gifford and Robert Kudrle show that a combination of differences in social values, political institutions, and legal precedent inhibit close convergence. The book explores the main contested areas of contemporary antitrust: mergers, price discrimination, predatory pricing, exclusive supply, conditional rebating, intellectual property, and Schumpeterian competition. The authors explore how the prevailing antitrust analyses differ in the EU and the U.S., the policy ramifications of these differences, and how the analyses used by the enforcement authorities or the courts in each of these several areas relate to each other. Several themes run through the substantive areas treated in the book: pricing incentives and constraints, welfare effects, and whether competition tends to be viewed as an efficiency generating process or as rivalry. The notorious Microsoft case offers a useful lens to examine copyright, patents, and trade secrets, and the authors take the opportunity to contemplate competition policy in dynamic, innovative industries more broadly. For the EU, competition policy has also functioned as a mechanism to bond national markets together in the EU structure; the USA, federal from the beginning, did not require this instrumental aspect in its antitrust doctrines. The Atlantic Divide concludes with forecasts and suggestions about how greater compatibility, if not convergence, might ultimately be attained.
Book Synopsis Calendars of the United States House of Representatives and History of Legislation by : United States. Congress. House
Download or read book Calendars of the United States House of Representatives and History of Legislation written by United States. Congress. House and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Publisher :National Academies Press ISBN 13 :0309478650 Total Pages :139 pages Book Rating :4.3/5 (94 download)
Book Synopsis Review and Assessment of Planetary Protection Policy Development Processes by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Download or read book Review and Assessment of Planetary Protection Policy Development Processes written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2018-10-17 with total page 139 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Protecting Earth's environment and other solar system bodies from harmful contamination has been an important principle throughout the history of space exploration. For decades, the scientific, political, and economic conditions of space exploration converged in ways that contributed to effective development and implementation of planetary protection policies at national and international levels. However, the future of space exploration faces serious challenges to the development and implementation of planetary protection policy. The most disruptive changes are associated with (1) sample return from, and human missions to, Mars; and (2) missions to those bodies in the outer solar system possessing water oceans beneath their icy surfaces. Review and Assessment of Planetary Protection Policy Development Processes addresses the implications of changes in the complexion of solar system exploration as they apply to the process of developing planetary protection policy. Specifically, this report examines the history of planetary protection policy, assesses the current policy development process, and recommends actions to improve the policy development process in the future.
Book Synopsis Competition Law by : John Charles Duns
Download or read book Competition Law written by John Charles Duns and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents extracts from the leading decisions made under the competition provisions of the Trade Practices Act 1974, and State application legislation, together with extracts from relevant Parliamentary Committees, Australian Competition and Consumer Commission publications and academic commentary.
