American Hegemony And The Postwar Reconstruction Of Science In Europe

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American Hegemony and the Postwar Reconstruction of Science in Europe

Author : John Krige
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262263416
Total Pages : 389 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (622 download)

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Book Synopsis American Hegemony and the Postwar Reconstruction of Science in Europe by : John Krige

Download or read book American Hegemony and the Postwar Reconstruction of Science in Europe written by John Krige and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2008-08-29 with total page 389 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1945, the United States was not only the strongest economic and military power in the world; it was also the world's leader in science and technology. In American Hegemony and the Postwar Reconstruction of Science in Europe, John Krige describes the efforts of influential figures in the United States to model postwar scientific practices and institutions in Western Europe on those in America. They mobilized political and financial support to promote not just America's scientific and technological agendas in Western Europe but its Cold War political and ideological agendas as well. Drawing on the work of diplomatic and cultural historians, Krige argues that this attempt at scientific dominance by the United States can be seen as a form of "consensual hegemony," involving the collaboration of influential local elites who shared American values. He uses this notion to analyze a series of case studies that describe how the U.S. administration, senior officers in the Rockefeller and Ford Foundations, the NATO Science Committee, and influential members of the scientific establishment—notably Isidor I. Rabi of Columbia University and Vannevar Bush of MIT—tried to Americanize scientific practices in such fields as physics, molecular biology, and operations research. He details U.S. support for institutions including CERN, the Niels Bohr Institute, the French CNRS and its laboratories at Gif near Paris, and the never-established "European MIT." Krige's study shows how consensual hegemony in science not only served the interests of postwar European reconstruction but became another way of maintaining American leadership and "making the world safe for democracy."

Sharing Knowledge, Shaping Europe

Author : John Krige
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262336405
Total Pages : 240 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (623 download)

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Book Synopsis Sharing Knowledge, Shaping Europe by : John Krige

Download or read book Sharing Knowledge, Shaping Europe written by John Krige and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2016-07-15 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How America used its technological leadership in the 1950s and the 1960s to foster European collaboration and curb nuclear proliferation, with varying degrees of success. In the 1950s and the 1960s, U.S. administrations were determined to prevent Western European countries from developing independent national nuclear weapons programs. To do so, the United States attempted to use its technological pre-eminence as a tool of “soft power” to steer Western European technological choices toward the peaceful uses of the atom and of space, encouraging options that fostered collaboration, promoted nonproliferation, and defused challenges to U.S. technological superiority. In Sharing Knowledge, Shaping Europe, John Krige describes these efforts and the varying degrees of success they achieved. Krige explains that the pursuit of scientific and technological leadership, galvanized by America's Cold War competition with the Soviet Union, was also used for techno-political collaboration with major allies. He examines a series of multinational arrangements involving shared technological platforms and aimed at curbing nuclear proliferation, and he describes the roles of the Department of State, the Atomic Energy Commission, and NASA. To their dismay, these agencies discovered that the use of technology as an instrument of soft power was seriously circumscribed, by internal divisions within successive administrations and by external opposition from European countries. It was successful, Krige argues, only when technological leadership was embedded in a web of supportive “harder” power structures.

Science and Technology in the Global Cold War

Author : Naomi Oreskes
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 026202795X
Total Pages : 467 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (62 download)

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Book Synopsis Science and Technology in the Global Cold War by : Naomi Oreskes

Download or read book Science and Technology in the Global Cold War written by Naomi Oreskes and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2014-10-31 with total page 467 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Investigations of how the global Cold War shaped national scientific and technological practices in fields from biomedicine to rocket science. The Cold War period saw a dramatic expansion of state-funded science and technology research. Government and military patronage shaped Cold War technoscientific practices, imposing methods that were project oriented, team based, and subject to national-security restrictions. These changes affected not just the arms race and the space race but also research in agriculture, biomedicine, computer science, ecology, meteorology, and other fields. This volume examines science and technology in the context of the Cold War, considering whether the new institutions and institutional arrangements that emerged globally constrained technoscientific inquiry or offered greater opportunities for it. The contributors find that whatever the particular science, and whatever the political system in which that science was operating, the knowledge that was produced bore some relation to the goals of the nation-state. These goals varied from nation to nation; weapons research was emphasized in the United States and the Soviet Union, for example, but in France and China scientific independence and self-reliance dominated. The contributors also consider to what extent the changes to science and technology practices in this era were produced by the specific politics, anxieties, and aspirations of the Cold War. Contributors Elena Aronova, Erik M. Conway, Angela N. H. Creager, David Kaiser, John Krige, Naomi Oreskes, George Reisch, Sigrid Schmalzer, Sonja D. Schmid, Matthew Shindell, Asif A. Siddiqi, Zuoyue Wang, Benjamin Wilson

How Knowledge Moves

Author : John Krige
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 9780226605852
Total Pages : 452 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (58 download)

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Book Synopsis How Knowledge Moves by : John Krige

Download or read book How Knowledge Moves written by John Krige and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2019-01-25 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Knowledge matters, and states have a stake in managing its movement to protect a variety of local and national interests. The view that knowledge circulates by itself in a flat world, unimpeded by national boundaries, is a myth. The transnational movement of knowledge is a social accomplishment, requiring negotiation, accommodation, and adaptation to the specificities of local contexts. This volume of essays by historians of science and technology breaks the national framework in which histories are often written. Instead, How Knowledge Moves takes knowledge as its central object, with the goal of unraveling the relationships among people, ideas, and things that arise when they cross national borders. This specialized knowledge is located at multiple sites and moves across borders via a dazzling array of channels, embedded in heads and hands, in artifacts, and in texts. In the United States, it shapes policies for visas, export controls, and nuclear weapons proliferation; in Algeria, it enhances the production of oranges by colonial settlers; in Vietnam, it facilitates the exploitation of a river delta. In India it transforms modes of agricultural production. It implants American values in Latin America. By concentrating on the conditions that allow for knowledge movement, these essays explore travel and exchange in face-to-face encounters and show how border-crossings mobilize extensive bureaucratic technologies.

The Political Economy of Postwar Reconstruction

Author : Peter Burnham
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 1349205532
Total Pages : 242 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (492 download)

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Book Synopsis The Political Economy of Postwar Reconstruction by : Peter Burnham

Download or read book The Political Economy of Postwar Reconstruction written by Peter Burnham and published by Springer. This book was released on 1990-02-19 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Science and American Foreign Relations since World War II

Author : Greg Whitesides
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108356052
Total Pages : 705 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (83 download)

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Book Synopsis Science and American Foreign Relations since World War II by : Greg Whitesides

Download or read book Science and American Foreign Relations since World War II written by Greg Whitesides and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2020-05-28 with total page 705 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The sciences played a critical role in American foreign policy after World War II. From atomic energy and satellites to the green revolution, scientific advances were central to American diplomacy in the early Cold War, as the United States leveraged its scientific and technical pre-eminence to secure alliances and markets. The growth of applied research in the 1970s, exemplified by the biotech industry, led the United States to promote global intellectual property rights. Priorities shifted with the collapse of the Soviet Union, as attention turned to information technology and environmental sciences. Today, international relations take place within a scientific and technical framework, whether in the headlines on global warming and the war on terror or in the fine print of intellectual property rights. Science and American Foreign Relations since World War II provides the historical background necessary to understand the contemporary geopolitics of science.

American Firms in Europe

Author : Hubert Bonin
Publisher : Librairie Droz
ISBN 13 : 9782600012591
Total Pages : 708 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (125 download)

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Book Synopsis American Firms in Europe by : Hubert Bonin

Download or read book American Firms in Europe written by Hubert Bonin and published by Librairie Droz. This book was released on 2009 with total page 708 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Americanization of Europe and the strategic initiatives of American firms abroad have been well studied. The expansion of American firms in Europe, however, lacked a comprehensive study. This book gathers the works of two dozen economic and business historians from across Europe, preceded by Mira Wilkins' comparative essay. The collection addresses the timetable and pace of American direct investment in Europe, the patterns followed in each country according to the specificities of each industry and service sector, and the strategies followed by the different firms. The studies go beyond the facts, scrutinizing the immaterial aspects of this business history, especially European perceptions of American firms and the essential stakes of corporate images and identities. The Europeanization of American firms is a key issue, including social relations, management, commercial policies, brand image, connections and embeddedness. The authors gauge the reaction of public authorities and lobbies (industrialists and trade unions). Graphs and tables provide data, while overviews of ads published by American affiliates fuel analyses of consumer perception.

The Oxford Handbook of Postwar European History

Author : Dan Stone
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0191625272
Total Pages : 800 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (916 download)

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Book Synopsis The Oxford Handbook of Postwar European History by : Dan Stone

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Postwar European History written by Dan Stone and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2012-05-17 with total page 800 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The postwar period is no longer current affairs but is becoming the recent past. As such, it is increasingly attracting the attentions of historians. Whilst the Cold War has long been a mainstay of political science and contemporary history, recent research approaches postwar Europe in many different ways, all of which are represented in the thirty-five chapters of this book. As well as diplomatic, political, institutional, economic, and social history, The Oxford Handbook of Postwar European History contains chapters which approach the past through the lenses of gender, espionage, art and architecture, technology, agriculture, heritage, postcolonialism, memory, and generational change, and shows how the history of postwar Europe can be enriched by looking to disciplines such as anthropology and philosophy. The Handbook covers all of Europe, with a notable focus on Eastern Europe. Including subjects as diverse as the meaning of 'Europe' and European identity, southern Europe after dictatorship, the cultural meanings of the bomb, the 1968 student uprisings, immigration, Americanization, welfare, leisure, decolonization, the Wars of Yugoslav Succession, and coming to terms with the Nazi past, the essays in this Handbook offer an unparalleled coverage of postwar European history that offers far more than the standard Cold War framework. Readers will find self-contained, state-of-the-art analyses of major subjects, each written by an acknowledged expert, as well as stimulating and novel approaches to newer topics. Combining empirical rigour and adventurous conceptual analysis, this Handbook offers in one substantial volume a guide to the numerous ways in which historians are now rewriting the history of postwar Europe.

American Hegemony

Author : Demetrios Caraley
Publisher : Academy of Political Science
ISBN 13 : 9781884853043
Total Pages : 232 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (53 download)

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Book Synopsis American Hegemony by : Demetrios Caraley

Download or read book American Hegemony written by Demetrios Caraley and published by Academy of Political Science. This book was released on 2004 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Rise of Radio Astronomy in the Netherlands

Author : Astrid Elbers
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319490796
Total Pages : 251 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (194 download)

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Book Synopsis The Rise of Radio Astronomy in the Netherlands by : Astrid Elbers

Download or read book The Rise of Radio Astronomy in the Netherlands written by Astrid Elbers and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-11-23 with total page 251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Radio astronomy was born during the Second World War, but as this book explains, the history of early Dutch radio astronomy is in several respects rather anomalous in comparison to the development of radio astronomy in other countries. The author describes how these very differences led the Netherlands to become one of the world leaders in radio astronomy. Dominated by the Leiden astronomer Jan Hendrik Oort, the field embarked on an era of success, and to this day, the country still holds a leading position. To tell this story, the book focuses on three key events in the period 1940-1970, namely the construction of the radio telescopes in Kootwijk (1948), in Dwingeloo (1956), and in Westerbork (1970). These projects show that Dutch radio astronomers must not be seen as merely scientists, but also as strategic lobbyists, networkers and organizers in a specific political and economic context. It was in the process of planning, designing and constructing these instruments that the interests of the astronomers, industrial partners, politicians and lobby groups merged to create today's existing research centers for radio astronomy.

The Hegemony of Growth

Author : Matthias Schmelzer
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107130603
Total Pages : 397 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (71 download)

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Book Synopsis The Hegemony of Growth by : Matthias Schmelzer

Download or read book The Hegemony of Growth written by Matthias Schmelzer and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2016-05-17 with total page 397 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first comprehensive historical overview of the OECD's role in the concept of economic growth becoming an international norm.

European Union Research Policy

Author : Veera Mitzner
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030413950
Total Pages : 290 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (34 download)

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Book Synopsis European Union Research Policy by : Veera Mitzner

Download or read book European Union Research Policy written by Veera Mitzner and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-06-01 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes the emergence of research policy as a key competence of the European Union (EU). It shows how the European Community (EC, the predecessor of the EU), which initially had very limited legal competence in the field, progressively developed a solid policy framework presenting science and research as indispensable tools for European economic competitiveness and growth. In the late 20th century Western Europe, hungry for growth, concerned about the American technological lead, and keen to compete in the increasingly open international markets, the argument for a joint European effort in science and technology seemed plausible. However, the EC was building its new functions in an already crowded field of European research collaboration and in a shifting political context marked by austerity, national rivalries, new societal and environmental challenges, and emerging ambivalence about science. This book conveys the contested history of one of the EU’s most successful policies. It is a story of struggle and frustration but also of a great institutional and intellectual continuity. The ideational edifice for the EC/EU research policy that was put in place during the 1960s and 1970s years proved remarkably robust. Its durability enabled the rapid takeoff of the European Commission’s initiatives in the more favorable political atmosphere of the early 1980s and the subsequent expansion of the EU research funding instruments and programs that permanently transformed the European research landscape.

The Battle for Hearts and Minds in the High North

Author : Mikael Nilsson
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004330593
Total Pages : 367 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (43 download)

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Book Synopsis The Battle for Hearts and Minds in the High North by : Mikael Nilsson

Download or read book The Battle for Hearts and Minds in the High North written by Mikael Nilsson and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2016-09-07 with total page 367 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers a detailed analysis of how the USIA conducted its propaganda campaign in Sweden during the Cold War, 1952–1969. It shows how U.S. hegemony was co-produced by Swedish journalists, scientists, labour leaders, and government officials.

British Exploitation of German Science and Technology, 1943-1949

Author : Charlie Hall
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351122533
Total Pages : 249 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (511 download)

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Book Synopsis British Exploitation of German Science and Technology, 1943-1949 by : Charlie Hall

Download or read book British Exploitation of German Science and Technology, 1943-1949 written by Charlie Hall and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-01-16 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At the end of the Second World War, Germany lay at the mercy of its occupiers, all of whom launched programmes of scientific and technological exploitation. Each occupying nation sought to bolster their own armouries and industries with the spoils of war, and Britain was no exception. Shrouded in secrecy yet directed at the top levels of government and driven by ingenuity from across the civil service and armed forces, Britain made exploitation a key priority. By examining factories and laboratories, confiscating prototypes and blueprints, and interrogating and even recruiting German experts, Britain sought to utilise the innovations of the last war to prepare for the next. This ground-breaking book tells the full story of British exploitation for the first time, sheds new light on the legacies of the Second World War, and contributes to histories of intelligence, science, warfare and power in the midst of the twentieth century.

The Royal Society and the Promotion of Science since 1960

Author : Peter Collins
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107029260
Total Pages : 357 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis The Royal Society and the Promotion of Science since 1960 by : Peter Collins

Download or read book The Royal Society and the Promotion of Science since 1960 written by Peter Collins and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2016 with total page 357 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first synoptic history of how the Royal Society faced up to the challenges of continued relevance from 1960 onwards.

Taking Nazi Technology

Author : Douglas M. O'Reagan
Publisher : Johns Hopkins University Press
ISBN 13 : 1421439840
Total Pages : 294 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (214 download)

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Book Synopsis Taking Nazi Technology by : Douglas M. O'Reagan

Download or read book Taking Nazi Technology written by Douglas M. O'Reagan and published by Johns Hopkins University Press. This book was released on 2021-03-30 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: He argues that these programs did far more than spread German industrial science: they forced businessmen and policymakers around the world to rethink how science and technology fit into diplomacy, business, and society itself.

The Historiography of Contemporary Science, Technology, and Medicine

Author : Ronald E. Doel
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134482973
Total Pages : 332 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (344 download)

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Book Synopsis The Historiography of Contemporary Science, Technology, and Medicine by : Ronald E. Doel

Download or read book The Historiography of Contemporary Science, Technology, and Medicine written by Ronald E. Doel and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2006-10-02 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book of essays presents insightful historical analyses of issues in the sciences, in technology and in medicine our contemporary world is confronting. It is about what we know--and don't yet know--about science, technology, and medicine in the recent past, and addresses new methods that historians can use to explore these developments. For historians, philosophers, and sociologistis of science, technology and medicine, the book will be a valuable guide on how to make their discipline more relevant by their researches and in their teaching.