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Alterations To Synaptic Function And Connectivity In Area Ca3 Of The Hippocampus In Mouse Models Of Mental Retardation
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Book Synopsis Alterations to Synaptic Function and Connectivity in Area CA3 of the Hippocampus in Mouse Models of Mental Retardation by : Ricardo Andres Valenzuela
Download or read book Alterations to Synaptic Function and Connectivity in Area CA3 of the Hippocampus in Mouse Models of Mental Retardation written by Ricardo Andres Valenzuela and published by Stanford University. This book was released on 2011 with total page 165 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Down Syndrome and Fragile X Syndrome are disorders of mental retardation that are characterized by cognitive impairments and changes to other physical characteristics. A goal in the study of these diseases has been to understand the mechanisms that underlie the cognitive impairments present in these two disorders of mental retardation. A great deal of effort has been made to study synaptic function and structure in these disorders of mental retardation in order to determine whether there are any alterations present. Alterations to synaptic structure and function present during these disorders may give insight to the neural basis of the cognitive impairments that are characteristic of this disorder of mental retardation. An area of the brain that may be affected by these disorders is the hippocampus. This area of the brain has been extensively studied for its role in memory and alterations to synaptic function and structure may underlie some of the memory deficits present in these disorders of mental retardation. Both Down Syndrome patients and Fragile X Syndrome patients have deficits in their performance on memory tests. Down Syndrome patients also have a reduction in the number of neurons present in the hippocampus (Carlesimo et al., 1997). Fragile X Syndrome patients had structural abnormalities in the hippocampus including an enlargement of ventricular spaces (Jakala et al., 1997). Synaptic function and structure in the hippocampus of mouse models of Down Syndrome and Fragile X Syndrome were studied in order to determine this region of the brain was affected. Electrophysiology recordings in area CA3 of the hippocampus of the Ts65Dn Down Syndrome mouse model indicated there were disruptions to synaptic connectivity, decreases in excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission, and also a reduction in intrinsic interneuron activity. Imaging studies of CA3 in the Ts65Dn mouse did not show alterations to the number of synapses or structure of synapses suggesting that the alterations found with electrophysiology recordings are the result of functional changes to synapses. Electrophysiology study of the hippocampus in mouse models of Fragile X Syndrome has shown that inhibitory function was generally intact but that excitatory axons from neurons that lacked the Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP) were less competitive at forming synapses in a mosaic expression system of the Fmr1 gene the lack of which causes the disease. These studies indicate that alterations to synaptic structure and function are present in the hippocampus of these mouse models of mental retardation. The differences however, were not the same in Down Syndrome and Fragile X Syndrome mouse models. Nonetheless, it is possible that the changes to synaptic function found in both of these mouse models leads to altered network function in the hippocampus which may, in turn, be the underlying cause of the memory deficits present in these disorders of mental retardation. The data presented in these studies indicate that the study of these mouse models of mental retardation can give insight to alterations caused by these disorders of mental retardation which may also lead to the development of new treatments.
Book Synopsis Alterations to Synaptic Function and Connectivity in Area CA3 of the Hippocampus in Mouse Models of Mental Retardation by : Ricardo Andres Valenzuela
Download or read book Alterations to Synaptic Function and Connectivity in Area CA3 of the Hippocampus in Mouse Models of Mental Retardation written by Ricardo Andres Valenzuela and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Down Syndrome and Fragile X Syndrome are disorders of mental retardation that are characterized by cognitive impairments and changes to other physical characteristics. A goal in the study of these diseases has been to understand the mechanisms that underlie the cognitive impairments present in these two disorders of mental retardation. A great deal of effort has been made to study synaptic function and structure in these disorders of mental retardation in order to determine whether there are any alterations present. Alterations to synaptic structure and function present during these disorders may give insight to the neural basis of the cognitive impairments that are characteristic of this disorder of mental retardation. An area of the brain that may be affected by these disorders is the hippocampus. This area of the brain has been extensively studied for its role in memory and alterations to synaptic function and structure may underlie some of the memory deficits present in these disorders of mental retardation. Both Down Syndrome patients and Fragile X Syndrome patients have deficits in their performance on memory tests. Down Syndrome patients also have a reduction in the number of neurons present in the hippocampus (Carlesimo et al., 1997). Fragile X Syndrome patients had structural abnormalities in the hippocampus including an enlargement of ventricular spaces (Jakala et al., 1997). Synaptic function and structure in the hippocampus of mouse models of Down Syndrome and Fragile X Syndrome were studied in order to determine this region of the brain was affected. Electrophysiology recordings in area CA3 of the hippocampus of the Ts65Dn Down Syndrome mouse model indicated there were disruptions to synaptic connectivity, decreases in excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission, and also a reduction in intrinsic interneuron activity. Imaging studies of CA3 in the Ts65Dn mouse did not show alterations to the number of synapses or structure of synapses suggesting that the alterations found with electrophysiology recordings are the result of functional changes to synapses. Electrophysiology study of the hippocampus in mouse models of Fragile X Syndrome has shown that inhibitory function was generally intact but that excitatory axons from neurons that lacked the Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP) were less competitive at forming synapses in a mosaic expression system of the Fmr1 gene the lack of which causes the disease. These studies indicate that alterations to synaptic structure and function are present in the hippocampus of these mouse models of mental retardation. The differences however, were not the same in Down Syndrome and Fragile X Syndrome mouse models. Nonetheless, it is possible that the changes to synaptic function found in both of these mouse models leads to altered network function in the hippocampus which may, in turn, be the underlying cause of the memory deficits present in these disorders of mental retardation. The data presented in these studies indicate that the study of these mouse models of mental retardation can give insight to alterations caused by these disorders of mental retardation which may also lead to the development of new treatments.
Book Synopsis Mammalian Brain Development by : Damir Janigro
Download or read book Mammalian Brain Development written by Damir Janigro and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-09-18 with total page 237 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Denis Noble Nearly a decade after completion of the first draft of the entire Human Genome sequence we are in a better position to assess the nature and the consequences of that heroic achievement, which can be seen as the culmination of the molecular biological revolution of the second half of the twentieth century. The achievement itself was celebrated at the highest levels (President and Prime Minister) on both sides of the Atlantic, and rightly so. DNA sequencing has become sufficiently c- mon now, even to the extent of being used in law courts, that it is easy to forget how technically difficult it was and how cleverly the sequencing teams solved those problems in the exciting race to finish by the turn of the century [1, 2]. The fanfares were misplaced, however, in an important respect. The metaphors used to describe the project and its biological significance gave the impression to the public at large, and to many scientists themselves, that this sequence would reveal the secrets of life. DNA had already been likened to a computer program [3]. The “genetic program” for life was therefore to be found in those sequences: A kind of map that had simply to be unfolded during development. The even more colo- ful “book of life” metaphor gave the promise that reading that book would lead to a veritable outpouring of new cures for diseases, hundreds of new drug targets, and a brave new world of medicine.
Book Synopsis Mitochondria and Brain Disorders by : Stavros Baloyannis
Download or read book Mitochondria and Brain Disorders written by Stavros Baloyannis and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2020-03-11 with total page 125 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The mitochondrion is a unique and ubiquitous organelle that contains its own genome, encoding essential proteins that are major components of the respiratory chain and energy production system. Mitochondria play a dominant role in the life and function of eukaryotic cells including neurons and glia, as their survival and activity depend upon mitochondrial energy production and supply. Besides energy production, mitochondria also play a vital role in calcium homeostasis and may induce apoptosis by excitotoxicity. Mitochondrial dysfunction is related to common neurological diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Friedreich's ataxia, Huntington's disease, and Multiple Sclerosis. An efficient treatment of mitochondrial dysfunction would open new horizons in the therapeutic perspectives of a substantial number of inflammatory and degenerative neurological disorders.
Book Synopsis Consequences of Synaptic Plasticity at Inhibitory Synapses in Mouse Hippocampal Area CA2 Under Normal and Pathological Conditions by : Kaoutsar Nasrallah
Download or read book Consequences of Synaptic Plasticity at Inhibitory Synapses in Mouse Hippocampal Area CA2 Under Normal and Pathological Conditions written by Kaoutsar Nasrallah and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The hippocampus is a region of critical importance for memory formation. Recent studies have shown that the long-overlooked hippocampal region CA2 plays a role in certain forms of memory, including social recognition. Furthermore, post-mortem studies of schizophrenic patients have revealed specific changes in area CA2. As yet, the role of CA2 neurons in the hippocampal circuitry remains poorly understood under both normal physiological and pathological conditions. By combining pharmacology, mouse genetics and electrophysiology, we investigated how CA2 pyramidal neurons (PNs) could be recruited in hippocampal circuits in mice hippocampal slices following an activity-dependent change in the strength of their inhibitory inputs. We further investigated how subsequent recruitment of CA2 PNs could modulate hippocampal output. Moreover, we examined the functional alterations of area CA2 in the Df(16)A+/- mouse model of the 22q11.2 microdeletion, a spontaneous chromosomal deletion that is the highest known genetic risk factor for developing schizophrenia. In area CA2, inhibitory synapses exert a powerful control of Schaffer collateral (SC) inputs and undergo a unique long-term depression (iLTD) mediated by delta-opioid receptor (DOR) activation. Unlike SC-CA1 synapses, SC-CA2 excitatory synapses fail to express long-term potentiation after classical induction protocols. However, we found that different patterns of activity persistently increase both the SC and the distal input net excitatory drive onto CA2 PNs via a modulation of the balance between excitation and inhibition. We demonstrated that increases in the excitatory/inhibitory ratio are direct consequences of the DOR-mediated iLTD. Interestingly, we found that the inhibition in area CA2 completely preventing CA3 PNs to activate CA2 PNs, and following iLTD, SC stimulation allows CA2 PNs to fire action potentials. Moreover, the recruitment of CA2 PNs by SC intra-hippocampal inputs after their activity-dependent disinhibition adds a delayed SC-CA2-CA1 response to the SC-CA1 monosynaptic post-synaptic potential (PSP) in CA1 and increases CA1 PN activity. Furthermore, pharmaco-genetic silencing of parvalbumin-expressing interneurons revealed that these inhibitory cells control the PSP amplitude and the firing of CA2 PNs in response to SC stimulation and are necessary for the DOR-mediated increase in excitatory/inhibitory balance between CA3 and CA2. Finally, we found several age-dependent alterations in area CA2 in Df(16)A+/- mouse model of the 22q11.2 microdeletion. These included a reduction in inhibition, an impaired activity-dependent modulation of the excitatory drive between CA3 and CA2 and a more hyperpolarized CA2 PN resting potential. These cellular disruptions may provide a potential mechanism for the social memory impairment that we observe in Df(16)A+/- adult mice. Altogether, our studies highlight the role of CA2 neurons in hippocampal circuitry. To conclude, we postulate that the recruitment of CA2 neurons in neuronal networks underlies key aspects of hippocampal function.
Book Synopsis Biology of Brain Disorders – Cellular substrates for disrupted synaptic function and experience-dependent plasticity by : Daniela Tropea
Download or read book Biology of Brain Disorders – Cellular substrates for disrupted synaptic function and experience-dependent plasticity written by Daniela Tropea and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-09-26 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Encyclopedia of Basic Epilepsy Research by :
Download or read book Encyclopedia of Basic Epilepsy Research written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2009-05-27 with total page 1853 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As a truly translational area of biomedical investigation, epilepsy research spans an extraordinary breadth of subjects and involves virtually every tool that modern neuroscience has at its disposal. The Encyclopedia of Basic Epilepsy Research provides an up to date, comprehensive reference for all epilepsy researchers. With an expert list of authors, the encyclopedia covers the full spectrum of research activities from genes and molecules to animal models and human patients. The encyclopedia's electronic format also provides unparalleled access to frequent updates and additions, while the limited edition print version provides another option for owning this content. The Encyclopedia of Basic Epilepsy Research is an essential resource for researchers of all levels and clinicians who study epilepsy. The only comprehensive reference for basic research and current activities in epilepsy Electronic format provides fast and easy access to updates and additions, with limited print version available as well Contains over 85 articles, all written by experts in epilepsy research
Book Synopsis The CA3 Region of the Hippocampus: How is it? What is it for? How does it do it? by : Enrico Cherubini
Download or read book The CA3 Region of the Hippocampus: How is it? What is it for? How does it do it? written by Enrico Cherubini and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2015-08-19 with total page 167 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The CA3 hippocampal region receives information from the entorhinal cortex either directly from the perforant path or indirectly from the dentate gyrus via the mossy fibers (MFs). According to their specific targets (principal/mossy cells or interneurons), MFs terminate with large boutons or small filopodial extensions, respectively. MF-CA3 synapses are characterized by a low probability of release and pronounced frequency-dependent facilitation. In addition MF terminals are endowed with mGluRs that regulate their own release. We will describe the intrinsic membrane properties of pyramidal cells, which can sometimes fire in bursts, together with the geometry of their dendritic arborization. The single layer of pyramidal cells is quite distinct from the six-layered neocortical arrangement. The resulting aligned dendrites provides the substrate for laminated excitatory inputs. They also underlie a precise, diversity of inhibitory control which we will also describe in detail. The CA3 region has an especially rich internal connectivity, with recurrent excitatory and inhibitory loops. In recent years both in vivo and in vitro studies have allowed to better understand functional properties of the CA3 auto-associative network and its role in information processing. This circuit is implicated in encoding spatial representations and episodic memories. It generates physiological population synchronies, including gamma, theta and sharp-waves that are presumed to associate firing in selected assemblies of cells in different behavioral conditions. The CA3 region is susceptible to neurodegeneration during aging and after stresses such as infection or injury. Loss of some CA3 neurones has striking effects on mossy fiber inputs and can facilitate the generation of pathologic synchrony within the CA3 micro-circuit. The aim of this special topic is to bring together experts on the cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating the wiring properties of the CA3 hippocampal microcircuit in both physiological and pathological conditions, synaptic plasticity, behavior and cognition.We will particularly emphasize the dual glutamatergic and GABAergic phenotype of MF-CA3 synapses at early developmental stages and the steps that regulate the integration of newly generated neurons into the adult dentate gyrus-CA3 circuit.
Book Synopsis 50th Anniversary of Adult Neurogenesis: Olfaction, Hippocampus and beyond by : Alino Martinez-Marcos
Download or read book 50th Anniversary of Adult Neurogenesis: Olfaction, Hippocampus and beyond written by Alino Martinez-Marcos and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2016-09-21 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the mid-sixties, the discovery by Altman and co-workers of neurogenesis in the adult brain changed the previous conception of the immutability of this organ during adulthood sustained among others by Cajal. This discovery was ignored up to eighty’s when Nottebohm demonstrated neurogenesis in birds. Subsequently, two main neurogenic zones were characterized: the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle and the subgranular layer of the dentate gyrus. Half century later, the exact role of new neurons in the adult brain is not completely understand. This book is composed by a number of articles by leaders in the filed covering from an historic perspective to potential therapeutic opportunities.
Book Synopsis Synaptic Modifications in Hippocampal CA3 Pyramidal Cells in an Alzheimer's Mouse Model by : Pei Zhang
Download or read book Synaptic Modifications in Hippocampal CA3 Pyramidal Cells in an Alzheimer's Mouse Model written by Pei Zhang and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Memory encoding is thought to proceed from durable changes in the activity of synaptic circuits, leading to the storage of patterns of electrical events in a sparsely distributed ensemble of neurons. Located at the entry level of hippocampal circuitry, the CA3 region is thought to be important for episodic memory encoding, especially at the initial stage of acquisition, by presumably developing an instant representation of a context. CA3 pyramidal cells receive a variety of inputs, among which the mossy fiber (Mf) inputs draw special attention for their peculiar structure and unique synapti...
Book Synopsis Handbook of the Behavioral Neurobiology of Serotonin by :
Download or read book Handbook of the Behavioral Neurobiology of Serotonin written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2020-01-23 with total page 1042 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Handbook of the Behavioral Neurobiology of Serotonin, Second Edition, builds on the success of the first edition by continuing to provide a detailed and comprehensive overview of the many facets of behavioral serotonin research. The text expands on the two key topics, behavioral control (sensory processing, ultrasonic vocalization, and melatonin and sleep control) and psychiatric disorders, including its role on psychostimulant abuse and addiction. The new edition includes two new sections on the serotonin systems interactions and the involvement of serotonin in neurological disorders and associated treatment. Serotonin is a major neurotransmitters in the serotonergic system which one of the best studied and understood transmitter systems. Both are critically involved in the organization of all behaviors and in the regulation of emotion and mood. Features two new sections on serotonin systems interactions and serotonin in neurological disorders Focuses on ionotropic and metabotropic 5-HT receptor involvement in behavior Maps receptors and receptor signaling pathways to neurochemical and behavioral outcomes Covers the interactions between serotonin, melatonin and kynurenine pathways
Book Synopsis Synaptic Plasticity and Dysfunction, Friend or Foe? by : Fereshteh S. Nugent
Download or read book Synaptic Plasticity and Dysfunction, Friend or Foe? written by Fereshteh S. Nugent and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-05-29 with total page 113 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis New Insights Into Schizophrenia-Related Neural and Behavioral Phenotypes by : Yuh-Man Sun
Download or read book New Insights Into Schizophrenia-Related Neural and Behavioral Phenotypes written by Yuh-Man Sun and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-06-01 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Index Medicus written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 1504 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vols. for 1963- include as pt. 2 of the Jan. issue: Medical subject headings.
Book Synopsis Alterations of Synaptic Plasticity at the SC-CA1 and MF-CA3 Synapses of Rat Hippocampus After Acute and Chronic Developmental Exposure to Lead by : Rifat J. Hussain
Download or read book Alterations of Synaptic Plasticity at the SC-CA1 and MF-CA3 Synapses of Rat Hippocampus After Acute and Chronic Developmental Exposure to Lead written by Rifat J. Hussain and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Behavioral Genetics of the Mouse: Volume 2, Genetic Mouse Models of Neurobehavioral Disorders by : Susanna Pietropaolo
Download or read book Behavioral Genetics of the Mouse: Volume 2, Genetic Mouse Models of Neurobehavioral Disorders written by Susanna Pietropaolo and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2014-09-25 with total page 471 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The second volume of Behavioral Genetics of the Mouse provides a comprehensive overview of the major genetically modified mouse lines used to model human neurobehavioral disorders: from disorders of perception, of autonomous and motor functions to social and cognitive syndromes, drug abuse and dependence as well as neurodegenerative pathologies. Mouse models obtained with different types of genetic manipulations (i.e. transgenic, knockout/in mice) are described in their pathological phenotypes, with a special emphasis on behavioral abnormalities. The major results obtained with many of the existing models are discussed in depth highlighting their strengths and limitations. A lasting reference, the thorough reviews offer an easy entrance into the extensive literature in this field, and will prove invaluable to students and specialists alike.
Book Synopsis Neurogenesis Editor's Pick 2021 by : Luca Bonfanti
Download or read book Neurogenesis Editor's Pick 2021 written by Luca Bonfanti and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2021-07-21 with total page 155 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
