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Alkylation Of Isobutane With Light Olefins Using Mesoporous Superacidic Catalysts
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Book Synopsis Alkylation of Isobutane with Light Olefins Using Mesoporous Superacidic Catalysts by : Philip Kletnieks
Download or read book Alkylation of Isobutane with Light Olefins Using Mesoporous Superacidic Catalysts written by Philip Kletnieks and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis New Chemistry with Solid-acid Catalysts in the Alkylation of Isobutane with Olefins by : American Chemical Society. Division of Petroleum Chemistry
Download or read book New Chemistry with Solid-acid Catalysts in the Alkylation of Isobutane with Olefins written by American Chemical Society. Division of Petroleum Chemistry and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Sulfuric Acid Alkylation of Isobutane with Light Olefins by : Yongkeat Srichanachaikul
Download or read book The Sulfuric Acid Alkylation of Isobutane with Light Olefins written by Yongkeat Srichanachaikul and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 378 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Development of Clean Catalyst for Alkylation of Isobutane with 2-butene by :
Download or read book Development of Clean Catalyst for Alkylation of Isobutane with 2-butene written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The alkylation of isobutane with light olefins is a reaction of considerable interest and plays an important role in the petroleum industry, since it produces branched C 8 paraffins that inherently possess higher octane number. However, current processes with HF and H 2 SO 4 have been limited due to their toxic nature. For this reason, the replacement of these catalysts with clean catalyst is favorable. One of clean catalysts, ZSM-12 zeolite was prepared using TEA + as organic template. Among the various parameters that affect the crystallization of ZSM-12, aluminum content of the gel, OH-/SiO 2 and TEA + /SiO 2 ratios were the important determinants. Aluminum rich ZSM-12 with Si/Al ratio of 30 was successfully synthesized. Alkylation of isobutane with 2-butene was carried out over large pore zeolites with various pore structures. Under identical reaction conditions, Beta and ZSM-12 were shown to outperform other zeolites. This higher stability is believed to be a result of their specific pore architecture. For the selectivity toward the individual TMP and DMH compounds, pore architecture also plays a significant role in determining these selectivities. The influence of Si/Al ratios has been studied using directly synthesized beta zeolites. The zeolites prepared possess comparable structural properties but differ in acid site density. In contrast to the common belief that a higher aluminum content zeolite is more stable, optimum Si/Al ratios of beta was observed. This unpredicted result could be attributed to the existence of an optimal level of acidity, which minimizes the formation of coking materials. The deactivation pathway of one-dimensional zeolites, namely LTL and ZSM-12, has been investigated. During the reaction, both zeolites displayed different product distribution with loss of catalytic activity. The results supported the fact that LTL deactivated mainly by pore blockage but ZSM-12 deactivated due to site coverage. A study of the alkylation in ionic liquid has been conducted using in 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium halides-aluminum chloride encompassing various alkyl-group (butyl-, hexyl- and octyl- ) and halides (Cl, Br and I) on its cation and anion, respectively. Among the ionic liquids, [C 8 mim]Br-AlCl 3 showed outstanding catalytic performance, due to the higher inherent acidity and solubility relative to others.
Book Synopsis New Chemistry with Solid-acid Catalysts in the Alkylation of Isobutane with Olefins by : H.J. Lovink
Download or read book New Chemistry with Solid-acid Catalysts in the Alkylation of Isobutane with Olefins written by H.J. Lovink and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Alkylation with Olefins by : Aleksandr Vasilʹevich Topchiev
Download or read book Alkylation with Olefins written by Aleksandr Vasilʹevich Topchiev and published by . This book was released on 1964-01-01 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Catalytic Activation and Functionalisation of Light Alkanes by : E.G. Derouane
Download or read book Catalytic Activation and Functionalisation of Light Alkanes written by E.G. Derouane and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 482 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Light alkanes tend to be resistant to many forms of activation. The horizontal approach of the present book covers homogeneous, heterogeneous and biological catalysis, thus allowing readers to gain an awareness of progress and ideas in research areas different from their own. The book contains both general chapters, giving an overview of the subject, and specialised contributions that deal with the details and state of the art. A specialist report is also included which gives a critical insight into current progress and discusses future prospects and major challenges. Audience: Newcomers and senior researchers in the field of alkane activation. The mixed theoretical and practical approach will be of interest to researchers and industrialists alike.
Book Synopsis Supercritical Alkylation of Isobutane with 1-butene Using Solic Acid Catalysts by : Iain Hunter Stewart
Download or read book Supercritical Alkylation of Isobutane with 1-butene Using Solic Acid Catalysts written by Iain Hunter Stewart and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Supercritical Alkylation of Isobutane with 1-butene Using Solid Acid Catalysts by : Iain Hunter Stewart
Download or read book Supercritical Alkylation of Isobutane with 1-butene Using Solid Acid Catalysts written by Iain Hunter Stewart and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Kinetics of Alkylation of Isobutane with Propylene Using a Sulfuric Acid Catalyst by : John Randolph Langley
Download or read book The Kinetics of Alkylation of Isobutane with Propylene Using a Sulfuric Acid Catalyst written by John Randolph Langley and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 518 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Understanding the Roles of Bronsted Acid and Nickel Sites in Microporous and Mesoporous Light Olefin Oligomerization Catalysts by : Anton Mlinar
Download or read book Understanding the Roles of Bronsted Acid and Nickel Sites in Microporous and Mesoporous Light Olefin Oligomerization Catalysts written by Anton Mlinar and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 123 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The oligomerization of propene to produce higher molecular weight molecules was investigated as a model reaction pathway for the synthesis of liquid transportation fuels and fuel additives from C2 to C5 light olefins. In this scheme, light olefins could come from a variety of sources including the cracking of petroleum, as a byproduct in the production of hydrocarbons from synthesis gas during Fisher-Tropsch synthesis, or from the dehydration of alcohols created during biomass fermentation. Transformation of these light olefins into heavier molecules could allow for future production of transportation fuels from many carbon-rich sources, including natural gas, coal, and biomass, instead of the current system that relies almost exclusively on petroleum. Microporous and mesoporous Brønsted acidic and exchanged nickel materials are the most common heterogeneous catalysts for the oligomerization of light olefins into heavier products. Much is unknown about the role of the catalyst in influencing the oligomer size and the degree of oligomer branching - both characteristics crucial to the production of high quality liquid fuels - making the selection and design of appropriate oligomerization catalysts challenging. It was therefore the goal of this dissertation to establish how the catalyst site, proximity of sites, and catalyst support influence the final product distribution of oligomers. The discussion begins with an examination of the role of the acid site density in the Brønsted acidic zeolite H-MFI on the activity and selectivity to propene dimers. An increase in the aluminum site density, represented by a decrease in the catalyst Si/Al ratio from 140 to 10, was determined to decrease the conversion of propene to heavier products from 75% to 10% at 548 K. Examination of the reaction pathways for oligomer formation using kinetic analyses and DFT simulations indicate that site density influences the relative rates of oligomer growth and desorption. Specifically, the high loading of hydrocarbons in zeolites with low Si/Al ratios limit oligomer growth beyond the dimer lowering the propene conversion, as fewer oligomers are formed, but also increasing dimer selectivity due to the smaller concentration of long oligomers required for secondary cracking reactions. Regardless of the Si/Al ratio in H-MFI, the activity of the Brønsted acid sites for oligomer cracking and aromatic formation limit the control over the product distribution with these catalysts. To achieve better oligomer control and limit secondary oligomer reactions, heterogeneous nickel-exchanged aluminosilicates were explored. These materials can achieve near complete conversion of ethene to oligomers with > 98% selectivity at high olefin pressures; however, the manner in which these catalysts convert light olefins into heavier products is not understood. Therefore, to determine any potential benefit to using these catalysts over Brønsted acidic zeolites, the reaction mechanism, state of nickel sites, and influence of catalyst support were investigated to determine their roles in catalyst activity and oligomer branching. A series of Ni-exchanged Na-X zeolites with various nickel loadings were successfully synthesized via aqueous ion exchange with nickel (II) nitrate and explored as propene oligomerization catalysts. Characterization of Ni-Na-X indicates that Ni remains Ni2+ both after synthesis and under reaction conditions, contrary to previous reports. Although all catalysts were > 98% selective to oligomers at 453 K and 1-5 bar propene pressure, the catalyst activity was determined to be a strong function of the nickel loading. At high nickel loadings, the catalyst is active immediately upon exposure to propene but deactivates rapidly to 0% conversion. As the nickel loading is decreased below 1 wt%, however, the catalyst exhibits low initial activity and instead activates with time on stream, before deactivating and reaching a non-zero steady-state activity after more than 2000 min of time on stream. Development of a reaction network and subsequent microkinetic model indicates that the activation period is caused by migration of Ni2+ cations from inaccessible positions of the zeolite to the supercage, where catalysis occurs. The subsequent catalyst deactivation is caused by complexation of nearby sites within the zeolite supercage leaving only isolated Ni2+ sites active at steady state. Once an understanding of the time on stream activity profile was established, the role of the support on the catalyst activity and degree of dimer branching was examined. Exchanging the non-catalytic co-cation in the zeolite, Na+ in Ni-Na-X, for other alkali metal and alkaline earth co-cations was determined to influence both the propene oligomerization activity and dimer isomer distribution. Specifically, Li+, the smallest alkali metal co-cation, and Sr2+, the largest alkaline earth co-cation examined, led to the highest dimer branching and catalyst activity per Ni2+ cation in their respective groups. It was determined that this effect was caused by both larger cations expanding the zeolite lattice and alkali metal cations present in the zeolite supercage taking up otherwise open pore volume. This led to the conclusion that space around the Ni2+ cations in the supercage is what governs catalytic activity and dimer branching in these catalysts. The realization that space around the Ni2+ site controls catalyst activity led to the exploration of larger mesoporous aluminosilicate structures as potentially more active propene oligomerization catalysts. To this end, Ni-exchanged MCM-41 and MCM-48 (pore size = 23 Å) and SBA-15 (pore size = 57 Å) were synthesized and examined as oligomerization catalysts. It was determined that the same principles established in zeolites for making an active catalyst, such as high Ni2+ dispersion, were still applicable to these larger-pored systems. As predicted, further increasing the space around the active site did increase the catalyst activity with the highest activity per Ni2+ site existing for the SBA-15 material. The decreased steric constraints from the support in these structures, however, led to increased trimer production as well as catalyst deactivation caused by heavy molecules depositing in the pores. The more open environment also resulted in less control over the degree of dimer branching causing all mesoporous catalysts to produce a 49/51 mixture of branched to linear dimers at 453 K and 1 bar propene pressure.
Book Synopsis Alkylation of Isobutane with N-butene Over Solid Catalysts by : Chin-Huang Liang
Download or read book Alkylation of Isobutane with N-butene Over Solid Catalysts written by Chin-Huang Liang and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 201 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Alkylation of Isobutane/1-butene Over Acid Functionalized Mesoporous Materials by : Wei Shen
Download or read book Alkylation of Isobutane/1-butene Over Acid Functionalized Mesoporous Materials written by Wei Shen and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: L'alkylat est un additif de choix de l'essence reformulée puisqu'il possède une densité énergétique et un indice d'octane élevés et que de plus sa combustion est propre et produit moins d'émissions. Les catalyseurs liquides commerciaux utilisés pour l'alkylation isobutane/N-butène créent des dangers significatifs pour l'environnement. De nombreux acides solides ont été essayés pour cette réaction. Aucun d'entre eux n'a connu un succès commercial en raison de la désactivation rapide du catalyseur. Cette désactivation est due à 1'adsorption préférentielle et au remplissage des pores par l'oléfine. C'est la raison pour laquelle l'application d'acides mésoporeux solides est d'intérêt. Dans cette thèse, une série de matériaux acides fonctionnalisés et mésostructurés ont été synthétisés. La force acide a pu être ajustée par l'immobilisation des groupes acides propyl-sulfoniques, arène-sulfoniques et perfluoroalkylsulfoniques. Le caractère hydrophile-hydrophobe de la surface a été ajusté par l'utilisation d'une organosilice ou par le recouvrement des OHs de la surface de la silice. Des matériaux ayant des réseaux de canaux à une dimension et à trois dimensions ont été synthétisés et comparés. Ces matériaux sont caractérisés généralement par l'analyse élémentaire, la volumétrie d'azote, le dosage acido-basique, la RMN MAS du 29Si, FT-IR, TGA, SEM et TEM . Ce sont des matériaux mésostructurés typiques possédant des groupes acides immobilisés. L'alkylation de l'isobutane par le 1-butène a été effectuée sur les matériaux synthétisés. La force acide des catalyseurs est le facteur déterminant de l'activité d'alkylation. Les matériaux modifiés avec les groupes acides perfluoroalkylsulfoniques démontrent la meilleure activité catalytique. Les organosilices mésoporeuses fonctionnalisées acides de la silice silanisée, qui possèdent une surface hydrophobe, ont mieux performé que les catalyseurs ayant une surface hydrophile. Nous croyons que cette performance supérieure est le résultat d'une concentration élevée de la paraffine dans les pores. Les solides mésoporeux acides à réseaux tridimensionnels surpassent ceux à une dimension pour la conversion des butènes et la sélectivité en TMPs. La structure mésoporeuse à trois dimensions est capable de diffuser facilement les molécules et de résister à la désactivation par le colmatage des pores. Il est suggéré que les sites acides forts comme les groupes acides perfluoroalkylsulfoniques, la structure mésoporeuse à trois dimensions et la surface hydrophobe doivent être recherchés pour concevoir un catalyseur d'alkylation.
Book Synopsis Industrial and Laboratory Alkylations by : Lyle Frederick Albright
Download or read book Industrial and Laboratory Alkylations written by Lyle Frederick Albright and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 480 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Alkylation of Isobutane with 1-butene Over Zeolite Catalysts-kinetic Modeling by : Gregorio R. Alvarez Contreras
Download or read book Alkylation of Isobutane with 1-butene Over Zeolite Catalysts-kinetic Modeling written by Gregorio R. Alvarez Contreras and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Investigations on Alkylation of Isobutane with 2-butene Using Highly Acidic Ionic Liquids as Catalysts by : Thi Le Thuy Bui
Download or read book Investigations on Alkylation of Isobutane with 2-butene Using Highly Acidic Ionic Liquids as Catalysts written by Thi Le Thuy Bui and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 181 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Master's Theses Directories written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Education, arts and social sciences, natural and technical sciences in the United States and Canada".