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Agronomic Economic And Ecological Response Of Corn And Soybean Production Systems To Winter Cover Cropping And Minimum Tillage Management In The Mississippi Alluvial Valley
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Book Synopsis Agronomic, Economic, and Ecological Response of Corn and Soybean Production Systems to Winter Cover Cropping and Minimum Tillage Management in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley by : Thomas Beauregard Badon
Download or read book Agronomic, Economic, and Ecological Response of Corn and Soybean Production Systems to Winter Cover Cropping and Minimum Tillage Management in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley written by Thomas Beauregard Badon and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 73 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winter fallow corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production systems are susceptible to erosion and agrochemical transport. This research determined the effects of Cover Crop Minimum Tillage (CCMT) on erosion and agrochemical transport from corn-soybean rotations at field scale, while assessing impacts to agroeconomics and irrigation in Mississippi’s Delta Region. CCMT did not affect total suspended solids (p = 0.53), total inorganic phosphorus (TIP) (p = 0.30), or total nitrogen (TN) (p = 0.25) loads, but did reduce TIP (p = 0.018), TN (p = 0.011), and nitrate-nitrite (p = 0.007) concentrations. An economic loss of $281/ha with no effect on yield (p = 0.09), irrigation use efficiency (p = 0.38), or consumptive water use (p = 0.83) was observed. CCMT will not improve profitability of corn-soybean rotations in the Delta and transitioning from fallowing to CCMT will have varying effects on erosion and agrochemical transport.
Book Synopsis Impact of Winter Cover Crops and Nitrogen Recommendations for a Corn-soybean Rotation in Northeast Arkansas by : Brayden William Burns
Download or read book Impact of Winter Cover Crops and Nitrogen Recommendations for a Corn-soybean Rotation in Northeast Arkansas written by Brayden William Burns and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Research plots were established on production farms in no-tillage, corn-soybean rotations following a winter cover crop. Yield optimum nitrogen rates (69.7 to 214.1 kg N ha−1) were consistently less than the University of Arkansas' recommendation of 247 kg N ha−1. Dynamic N-recommendation systems like N-Star, and measures of pre-sidedress available nitrogen reduced recommended N-application rate with little risk of insufficent N-supply. The Soil Health Tool recommended greater N-reductions but had a greater risk of N-insufficiency. In addition to soil N-tests, remote sensing indices proved to be useful nitrogen management tools. During the V8 growth stage, regressions of corn grain yield by index value produced R2 values of 0.84, 0.89, and 0.89 for Red-Edge Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, Chlorophyll Index Green, and the Green Normalized Vegetation Index, respectively. Through dynamic recommendation systems and remote sensing, nitrogen use efficiency in conservation systems may be improved without compromising agronomic or economic goals.
Book Synopsis Winter Cereal Cover Crops and Nitrogen Management Practices for Increasing Farm Profit and Minimizing Nitrogen Losses in Corn-soybean Agroecosystems by : Oladapo Adeyemi
Download or read book Winter Cereal Cover Crops and Nitrogen Management Practices for Increasing Farm Profit and Minimizing Nitrogen Losses in Corn-soybean Agroecosystems written by Oladapo Adeyemi and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winter cereal cover crops (WCCCs) could provide extra profit by being harvested as forage or for biofuel purposes, could benefit soil, and the following cash crops, and are considered an effective practice in reducing the nitrate-N (NO3-N) leaching especially in corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) fields. The extend at which WCCCs and their residue management (e.g. harvesting vs. terminating at different times) improve farm profit, influence the following cash crop, especially corn is less studied. Also, literature is scant on the residue management effects on NO3-N leaching potential and its tradeoff with soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions especially in Alfisols with claypans. Two trials (chapter 1-2) were conducted to evaluate the time of harvest of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) or winter cereal rye (WCR; Secale cereale L.) to determine the best time of harvest for maximizing profit through improving biomass production at high quality. In chapter 1, a five site-yr trial was conducted in Colorado (CO) and Illinois (IL) to evaluate the effect of harvest date on WCR forage yield, quality, and its economic performance. From March to April, WCR dry matter (DM) yield increased exponentially in CO and linearly in IL. The DM yield at DOY 112-116 in CO was 6.9, 5.0, and 5.2 Mg ha-1 in 2018, 2019, and 2020, respectively compared to 4.7 and 2.7 Mg ha-1 in IL in 2019 and 2020. Delayed harvesting increased acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) concentrations and decreased crude protein (CP), total digestible nutrients (TDN), and relative feed quality (RFQ). Yield-quality trade-off showed that forage yield increased rapidly but forage quality declined after DOY 105-108. Economic analysis, including cost of nutrient removal and 10% corn yield penalty following WCR production revealed harvesting WCR biomass as forage was economically feasible in four out of five site-yrs at hay price over 132 $ Mg-1. Eliminating corn yield penalty indicated profitability in four site-yrs at hay price of ≥110 $ Mg-1 and removing nutrient removal costs made all site-yrs profitable at hay price of ≥110 $ Mg-1. It was concluded that harvesting WCR biomass can be a profitable and effective strategy for sustainable intensification that can offer environmental stewardship and economic benefit. In chapter 2, a four-year trial was conducted in the 2017-2018, 2018-2029, 2019-2020, and 2020- 2021 growing seasons to evaluate the effect of harvesting time (late-March to mid-May considering the growth stage) on winter wheat biomass yield, quality, and farm profit in single season corn vs. wheat-corn rotation. A delay in harvest of wheat resulted in increased DM biomass and lower CP and RFQ. The RFQ that was suitable for dairy production occurred at GDD of 1849 in which the DM biomass was 6.2 Mg ha-1 leading to $1526.46 ha-1 income. The RFQ for heifer production was 126 at 2013 GDD in which the DM biomass was 6.8 Mg ha-1 leading to $1290.85 ha-1 income. These results suggested that wheat-corn rotation could provide extra income while covering the soil year-round. A series of trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of cover crop (CC) and nitrogen (N) management on (i) corn growth, (ii) grain yield and yield components, (iii) the economic optimum N rate (EONR) for corn and farm profit, (iv) N removal, and balances, (v) N use metrics, (vi) soil NO3-N and ammonium-N (NH4-N), along with (vii) N2O emissions and factors associated with it. In chapter 3, an experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with split plot arrangement and four replicates to study winter wheat cover crop management practices on corn growth, production, N requirement, soil N, and farm profit. The main plots were four CC treatments: no CC (control), early terminated wheat CC (four weeks to corn planting; ET), late terminated wheat CC (just prior to corn planting; LT), and harvested wheat CC (residue removal; RR), and the subplots were six N fertilizer application rates (0-280 kg N ha-1 ) for 2018 and 2019 and seven N fertilizer application rates (0-336 kg N ha-1 ) for 2020 and 2021. Wheat cover crop management influenced corn grain yield where fallow was consistently high yielding while RR decreased corn grain yield drastically due to its negative effects on the corn plant population. All cover crop treatments immobilized N as shown by lower corn grain yields at zero-N control compared to the fallow treatment. The EONR generally ranged from 151.4 kg ha-1 to 206.4 kg ha-1 in fallow, 192.8 kg ha-1 to 275.8 kg ha-1 in ET, 225 kg ha-1 to 325 kg ha-1 in LT, and 175.3 kg ha-1 to 257.5 kg ha-1 in RR. At the EONR, corn grain yields ranged from 12.2 Mg ha-1 to 13.7 Mg ha-1 in the fallow treatment, 9.7 Mg ha-1 to 13.0 Mg ha-1 in the ET, 9.51 Mg ha-1 to 13.3 Mg ha-1 in the LT, and 8.2 Mg ha-1 to 10.5 Mg ha-1 in the RR treatment. Adding N beyond EONR resulted in a drastic increase in end of season soil N which could be subject to leaching emphasizing targeting EONR is critical for avoiding high N leaching and that if N is applied at rates beyond EONR, then cover cropping becomes even a more critical practice to avoid N losses. In chapter 4 and 5, we evaluated whether splitting N fertilization along with the two (no-cover crop vs. early termination; ET) (chapter 4) or four above-mentioned cover crops treatments (chapter 5) could improve corn production and farm profit through improved N use efficiency (NUE). Therefore, for chapter 4, a two-yr field trail was implemented at the Agronomy Research Center in Carbondale, IL in 2018 and 2019 to evaluate whether split N application to corn changes N use efficiency (NUE) in no-cover crop vs. following an early terminated (ET) wheat cover crop. A four-replicated randomized completed block design with split plot arrangements were used. Main treatments were a no cover crop (control) vs. ET and subplots were five N timing applications to succeeding corn: (1) 168 kg N ha-1 at planting; (2) 56 kg N ha-1 at planting + 112 kg N ha-1 at sidedress; (3) 112 kg N ha-1 at planting + 56 kg N ha-1 at sidedress (4) 168 kg N ha-1 at sidedress, and (5) zero kg N ha-1 (control). Corn yield was higher in 2018 than 2019 reflecting more timely precipitation in that year. Grain yield declined by 12.6% following the wheat cover crop compared to no cover crop control indicating corn yield penalty when wheat was planted prior to corn. In 2018, a year with timely and sufficient rainfall, there were no differences among N application timing while in 2019, delaying the N addition improved NUE and corn grain yield due to excessive rainfall early in the season reflecting on N losses. Overall, our findings elucidate necessity of revisiting guidelines for current N management practices in Midwestern United States and incorporating cover crop component into MRTN prediction tool. For chapter 5, a four-year trial conducted with a split plot arrangement and four replicates. Main plots were four cover crop management [no cover crop control (fallow); ET, late termination (LT), and residue removal at late termination (RR) and five N fertilizer application timings (all at planting, most at planting + sidedress; half-half; less at planting and more at sidedress; and all sidedress). Our results indicated that RR resulted in corn population and grain yield reduction compared to other treatments. Fallow was consistently high-yielding and 112-56 N management during the first two years for fallow worked the best (10.1 Mg ha-1 ). In 2020 and 2021, both applying all N upfront or sidedressing yielded similar for fallow giving growers options with N timing. For both ET and LT, in all years, delaying the N addition to sidedress timing resulted in high yields (9.1 - 11.7 Mg ha-1 ). Some N addition upfront plus sidedressing the rest (56-168) resulted in the highest yield in ET in 2021 (11.6 Mg ha-1 ). For RR, split application of N (56-112 or 56-168) was consistently most productive in all years (8.7 Mg ha-1 ) suggesting that there is an advantage to sidedressing than upfront N application in cover crop systems. The high productive N management practices generally resulted in higher NUE (24.0 - 38.6 kg grain kg N-1 ) and lower N balance (20.6 - 50.2 kg ha-1 for 2018-2019, and 74 - 106.4 kg ha-1 for 2020-2021) which are critical to achieve not only for farm profit but also minimizing environmental footprints. Except for N0, N balance was positive in all treatments in all years indicating the inefficiency of fertilizer N that was corroborated by low NUE and PFP data. We concluded that to optimize corn production and reducing nutrient loss, split N addition or sidedressing N is most suitable especially in cover cropping systems. For chapter six, a four-times replicated randomized complete block design trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of winter wheat cover crop management practices (ET, LT, and RR) vs. a no-cover crop control (fallow) on corn grain yield, N removal and balances, soil N dynamics, soil volumetric water content (VWC) and temperature dynamics, N2O-N emissions, yield-scaled N2O-N emissions, and factors that drive N2O-N and corn grain yield in 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 growing seasons in a silt loam soil with clay and fragipans. Our results indicated that corn grain yield decreased by both ET and RR as compared to the fallow and LT. Soil temperature was similar among all treatments, but soil VWC was higher in LT and ET than fallow and RR. The LT treatment always had lower soil NO3-N than the other treatments in both years. In 2021, the ET also had less soil nitrate-N than fallow and RR. Averaged over the two years, cumulative soil N2O-N was higher in LT (14.85 kg ha-1 ) and ET (12.85 kg ha-1 ) than RR (11.10 kg ha-1 ) and fallow (7.65 kg ha-1 ) indicating while these treatments are effective in reducing NO3-N leaching, they could increase soil N2O-N emissions. Principal component analysis indicated that higher N2O-N emissions in LT and ET was related to higher VWC suggesting at optimal N management scenarios, other factors than soil N drive N2O-N emissions. In this study, fallow had the least yield-scaled N2O-N emissions followed by RR. The yield-scaled emissions were similar between ET and LT. These results indicate the importance of evaluating N2O-N emissions in cereal cover crops prior to corn for informing best management practice for winter cereal cover crop adoption. Future studies should focus on manipulating cover crop management to capture residual N without creating microclimates with high VWC to avoid increase of N2O-N emissions. While a lot is known about CC effects on the following cash crop, less is known about rotational benefits of late terminated (planting green) wheat and nitrogen (N) management on the following WCR and soybean in rotation. Therefore, for chapter 7, a trial was conducted with a split plot arrangement in a randomized complete block design set up. The main plots were two cover crop treatments (a no cover crop control vs. LT) and the subplots were three N rates [0 (N0), 224 (N224), and 336 (N336) kg N ha-1 ). Each treatment was replicated four times and rye and soybean was planted in all of the plots in rotation. Our results indicated wheat, when terminated late, can uptake 50-80 kg N ha-1 and result in belowground:aboveground ratio of 0.18 in which belowground had much higher C:N than the aboveground biomass. The soil NO3-N was affected by wheat presence and often reduced due to wheat N uptake and also N immobilization negatively affecting the following corn especially at both N0 and N224. Nitrogen fertilization at 336 kg N ha-1 resulted in high end of season N, reduced NUE, increased N balance, and thus, potential for N loss especially in the fallow treatment. The end of season N was lower and NUE was higher in LT which was coincided with reduced rye N uptake in LT suggesting wheat effect lingers longer than just during the corn season and could potentially reduce N loss potential during the fallow period following corn harvest. Soybean yields were higher in LT than the fallow which could be due to (i) higher rye biomass in fallow or (ii) positive legacy effect of wheat in rotation. Improved soybean yields could offset some of the economic loss during the corn phase and push growers in the Midwestern USA to be willing to adopt cover cropping to minimize N loss while protecting soil and stay profitable. Our results from chapter 3-7, indicate a need to change in cover crop management strategy to make it more user friendly with lower costs. In general, in the Midwestern USA, growers are reluctant to plant WCR especially prior to corn due to N immobilization and establishment issues. Precision planting of WCR or --Skipping the corn row‖ (STCR) can minimize some issues associated with WCR ahead of corn while reducing cover crop seed costs. The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of --STCR‖ vs. normal planting of WCR at full seeding rate (NP) on WCR biomass, nutrient uptake, and composition in three site-yrs (ARC2019, ARC2020, BRC2020). Our results indicated no differences in cover crop dry matter (DM) biomass production between the STCR (2.40 Mg ha-1 ) and NP (2.41 Mg ha-1 ) supported by similar normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI) and plant height for both treatments. Phosphorus, potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) accumulation in aboveground biomass was only influenced by site-yr and both STCR and NP removed similar amount of P, K, Ca, and Mg indicating STCR could be as effective as NP in accumulating nutrients. Aboveground carbon (C) content (1086.26 kg h-1 average over the two treatments) was similar between the two treatments and only influenced by site-yr differences. Lignin, lignin:N, and C:N ratios were higher in STCR than NP in one out of three site-years (ARC2019) indicating greater chance of N immobilization when WCR was planted later than usual. Implementing STCR saved 8.4 $ ha-1 for growers and could incentivize growers to adopt this practice. Future research should evaluate corn response to STCR compared with NP and assess if soil quality declines by STCR practice over time.
Download or read book Proceedings ... written by and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 471 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Increasing tropical soybean production with improved cropping systems and management; Soybean response to intercropping with cassava; Soybean in rice-based farming systems: the IRRI experience; Soybean sole cropping ind intercropping in temperature and subtropical environments; Yield stability of sole-crop and intercrop planting system; Soybean-coconut intercropping; Soybean intercropping with rubber and oil palm; Minimum tillage soybean following rice in Thailand; Soybean cropping systems in Tamil Nadu, India; Soybean cropping systems in Southern India; The potential of soybean in Indian cropping systems; Cropping systems and soybean production in Bangladesh; Breeding soybean for chinese cropping systems; Soybean cropping systems in Taiwan; Intensifying land and nutrient equivalent ratios by intercropping corn and soybean in Egypt; Soybean-based cropping systems in Korea; Soybean cropping systems in Thailand: technical and socio-economic aspects; Soybean breeding for multiple and intensive cropping systems in Indonesia; Early maturing soybean for intensive cropping systems; Strategies for bredding soybean for intercropping and multiple cropping systems; Breeding tropical soybean for superior seed longevity anf for nodulation with indigenous rhizobia; Soybean breeding for the brazilian tropics; Breeding for soybean virus resistance; Breeding for nematode and insect resistance; T-DNA transfer in soybean; Saturated soil culture: an innovative water management option for soybean in the tropics and subtropics; Soybean genotypic responses for minimum and maximum input in different seasons; Maximum yield and maximum economic yield for soybean; Agronomic requirements for wet and dry seasons soybean; Soybean weed control; The influence of planting method and mulching on soybean seed yield; The development and testing of a manual soybean seeder; Wheat-soybean double-crop management in Missouri; Recent advances in soybean rust research; Differential reactions of Phakopsora Pachyrhizi on soybean in Taiwan; Soybean disease control strategies for the tropics and subtropics; The beanfly pest complex of tropical soybean; Development cost effective rhizobium technology for the tropics and subtropics; Quantifying N2 fixation in field-grown soybeans using 15N isotope dilution; Response of soybean to supplemental nitrogen after flowering; Soil tests for predicting soybean phosphorus and potassium requeriments; Soybean tolerance to manganese in the tropics; Soybean nodulation guide; The physiology of soybean yield improvement; Soybean adaptation to photo-termal environments and implications for screening germplasm; Photoperiod and temperature effects on the growth and reproductive behavior of less photoperiod-sensitive soybean; Adaptation of soybean to subtropical and tropical environments in Australia; Effect of water stress on soybean metabolism; Yield respons of selected soybean cultivars to water stress during different reproductive growth periods; Physiological requirements of soybean in tropical cropping systems; The economics of small and large-scale soybean production in the Philippines; The economics of soybean in Indonesia; The development of multi-cropping systems and soybean production in the Asian-Pacific region; Improved soybean cultivars in Tanzania; Soybean in Burkina Faso: Agronomics Studies and development prospects; Soybean in the Ivory Coast; Irrigated soybean production in Egypt; Soybean in rice-fallows in the sunderbans; The FAO soybean development programme.
Book Synopsis Cover Crops and Irrigation Impacts on Corn and Soybean Production in the Mid-Southern USA by : Dillon Aaron Russell
Download or read book Cover Crops and Irrigation Impacts on Corn and Soybean Production in the Mid-Southern USA written by Dillon Aaron Russell and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reducing groundwater withdrawals from the Mississippi River Valley Alluvial Aquifer is imperative to sustain future irrigated cropping systems in the mid-southern USA. This research was conducted to determine the impacts of cover crops and irrigation sensor thresholds on corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) production, water productivity, irrigation water use efficiency, and soil physical properties in the Mississippi Delta. The cover crop treatments included cereal rye (Secale cereale L.), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa R.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-radish (Raphanus sativus L.)-turnip (Brassica rapa L.) mix, and no cover crop. The irrigation thresholds included -40 kPa, -90 kPa, and no irrigation. In 2020, cover crops and irrigation thresholds showed minimal impacts on most of the measured parameters but showed improvements as the study progressed. After two years, it was determined that long-term evaluations are needed to make a recommendation to producers in the mid-southern USA.
Book Synopsis The Effect of Cover Crop, Tillage Method, and Residue Management on Soybean Yield in South Mississippi by : Carl H. Hovermale
Download or read book The Effect of Cover Crop, Tillage Method, and Residue Management on Soybean Yield in South Mississippi written by Carl H. Hovermale and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 4 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Maintaining Agronomics, Economics, and Furrow-irrigation Efficiency in Mid-southern USA Soybean Conservation Production Systems by : Corey Bryant
Download or read book Maintaining Agronomics, Economics, and Furrow-irrigation Efficiency in Mid-southern USA Soybean Conservation Production Systems written by Corey Bryant and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 83 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mid-southern USA soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] producers are being pushed to increase adoption of conservation tillage systems as a means of increasing the application efficiency of gravity flow irrigation systems. This research was conducted to determine whether the efficiency of furrow-irrigation systems could be manipulated through conservation tillage systems while maintaining soybean productivity and profitability. Three experiments were conducted near Stoneville, MS on a Dubbs silt loam (Fine-silty, mixed, active, thermic Typic Hapludalfs) to determine the effects of reducing tillage and increasing ground cover residues on irrigation application efficiency, irrigation water use efficiency, soybean grain yield, and net returns above specified costs. In experiment 1, transitioning from conventional tillage to a conservation tillage system had no adverse effect on irrigation application efficiency, irrigation water use efficiency, soybean grain yield, or net returns above specified costs when subsoiling was included. For experiment 2, replacing subsoiling with a cereal rye or tillage radish cover crop in a conservation tillage system either had no effect or reduced irrigation application efficiency, irrigation water use efficiency, soybean grain yield, and net returns above specified costs up to 41%. In experiment 3, independent of cover crop, reducing tillage to only furrow creation had no adverse effect on irrigation application efficiency, irrigation water use efficiency, soybean grain yield, and net returns above specified costs relative to a conservation tillage system with subsoiling. Conservation tillage systems that include subsoiling maximize irrigation application efficiency and irrigation water use efficiency while minimizing adverse effects on yield and net returns relative to conservation tillage systems that further reduce tillage and/or increase ground coverage with cover crops. Our data indicate that soybean producers in the mid-southern USA maximize furrow-irrigation functionality, yield, and profitability while minimizing risk by transitioning from a conventional tillage system to a conservation tillage system with subsoiling.
Book Synopsis Influence of Tillage and Cover Crop on Soil Nitrous Oxide Emission in Corn and Winter Cereal Rye by : Madhabi Tiwari
Download or read book Influence of Tillage and Cover Crop on Soil Nitrous Oxide Emission in Corn and Winter Cereal Rye written by Madhabi Tiwari and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Food production security and resiliency require combination of agricultural management practices that are environmentally friendly and economically viable. Cover crops and tillage are two typical management practices that influence corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) production in Illinois and the Midwest, USA. Finding practices that could potentially reduce nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and sequester carbon (C) in the soil can improve agricultural resiliency to climate change. Generally, shifting from reduced tillage (RT) to no-till (NT) improves soil structure and decreases C emissions or sequesters soil C but might increase N2O emissions. Including a legume cover crop such as hairy vetch (Vicia villosa L.) before corn is preferred to winter cereal cover crops (WCCCs) to avoid yield penalty in corn and ensure high grain production. Winter cereal cover crops such as winter cereal rye (Secale cereale) (WCR) could potentially decrease soil N2O emissions during fallow period by capturing residual N and reducing soil moisture. These conditions could change in soils with legacy tillage (RT vs. NT) effects due to changes in soil physical, chemical, and biological over time. We utilized a medium-term (six-year-old) trial to test several hypotheses. We hypothesized that RT increases the soil temperature, accelerates soil organic matter mineralization, and especially in combination with hairy vetch could increase soil N in the soil leading to increased corn grain yield and N2O emission (Chapter 1). We also hypothesized that WCR takes up residual N after harvesting corn, decrease soil N, use soil moisture, and therefore, could decrease soil N2O emission (Chapter 2). For study 1 (Chapter 1), our objective was to evaluate the influence of cover crop (hairy vetch) vs. a no CC control and tillage systems (RT vs. NT) on (i) corn yield, N uptake, removal, and N balance; (ii) N2O emissions during corn season; (iii) yield scaled N2O emissions on a long-term (eight years) tillage × cover cropping system during the corn growing season in 2019 and 2021. We also analyzed factors that influence N2O emissions via principal component analysis in corn season. In corn growing seasons, we found that corn grain yield was higher in RT than NT reflecting on more N in the soil in RT than NT. Hairy vetch increased corn grain yield, soil N, and N2O-N indicating increased corn grain yield by hairy vetch N contribution let to higher N loss. Yield-scaled N2O-N emissions in NT-2019 (3696.4 g N2O-N Mg-1) were twofold higher than RT-2019 (1872.7 g N2O-N Mg-1) and almost fourfold higher than NT-2021 and RT-2021 indicating in a wet year like 2019, yield-scaled N2O-N emissions were higher in NT than RT. Principal component analysis indicated N2O-N fluxes were less driven by soil N and more by environmental conditions and N balances reflecting on N application at planting in this trial. The objectives for chapter 2 were to evaluate the legacy effect of tillage (RT vs. NT) and cover crops (WCR vs. a no cover crop control) on soil nitrate-N (NO3-N), volumetric water content (VWC), temperature, and N2O emission trends during a fallow period after corn in a six-yr trial. In spring 2020 we also estimated WCR biomass and N uptake as affected by tillage practices and compared WCR biomass to weeds in the no cover crop treatment. In rye growing season, winter cereal rye biomass was 55% higher than weeds in the fallow treatment. A linear positive relation between WCR biomass and N uptake (R2= 0.93) and C accumulation (R2 = 0.99) indicates WCR captures more N and adds more C inputs than weeds. Winter cereal rye biomass was also higher in RT than NT reflecting on higher soil temperature and N availability in RT than NT. Soil VWC was lower in WCR plots and there was a negative linear relation between days of the year (DOY) and VWC (R2 = 0.6). Despite all these differences, soil N2O-N values were mainly less than 5 g N2O-N ha-1d-1 in all sampling dates regardless of tillage or cover crop treatment. We conclude that in poorly drained Alfisols with claypan and fragipans, NT is not an effective strategy to decrease N2O-N fluxes. Hairy vetch benefits corn grain yield and supplement N but that increases N loss through N2O-N emissions. We concluded that we should focus on decreasing N2O emissions early in corn season since majority of N is lost during that time sometimes 300 times higher than those reported during the WCR phase. Some changes in management practices that could reduce N2O losses are shifting from upfront N application to sidedress N management, terminating hairy vetch at or even after corn planting, and combine these efforts with enhanced efficiency fertilizers that control nitrification and denitrification.
Book Synopsis Cover Crop and Soil Amendment Effects on Carbon Sequestration in a Silage Corn-soybean Cropping System by : Bradley Eric Fronning
Download or read book Cover Crop and Soil Amendment Effects on Carbon Sequestration in a Silage Corn-soybean Cropping System written by Bradley Eric Fronning and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Short-term Effects of Winter Cover Crops on Soil Properties, Yield, and Partial Returns in a No-tillage Soybean Rotation by : Drew Dillion Kirkpatrick
Download or read book Short-term Effects of Winter Cover Crops on Soil Properties, Yield, and Partial Returns in a No-tillage Soybean Rotation written by Drew Dillion Kirkpatrick and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cover crops have the potential to provide many benefits including weed suppression, erosion control, and improvements to soil quality. These benefits can be affected by species, biomass accumulation, and management practices. Although large amounts of biomass are good for maximizing benefits, it can result in problems for establishing the subsequent crop. Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] accounts for over 50% of Arkansas crop hectares annually; therefore, understanding the effect that a cover crop can have on the following soybean crop is crucial to the successful implementation of cover crops within the state. A study was established to evaluate winter cover crops as an alternative to traditional Arkansas practices, such as winter fallow, as well as winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) soybean double-crop system, and the effect each cropping system has on soybean yield and partial returns. Additionally, a goal of this study was to assess a variety of cover crop species and blends as well as their effect on aboveground biomass accumulation, nutrient uptake, and stand establishment of the following soybean crop. Soil organic matter (SOM) and pH were also used to evaluate overall soil health following three full rotations of each winter treatment. Results of the study show that winter cover crops do not affect the following soybean crop establishment, but had a positive influence on soybean yield and partial returns in a no-tillage system. Except for blue lupin (Lupinus angustifolius), each cover crop treatment proved to be an equally viable alternative to a traditional double-crop system and more profitable than a winter fallow system. Cover crops not only have an immediate impact of increasing soybean yield, but cover crops also have the potential to provide long-term benefits. Previous research has shown that increased biomass production typically increases SOM and results of this study indicate that cover crop treatments produced up to four times as much aboveground biomass compared to a winter fallow management strategy. Treatments that produced the most biomass also accumulated the most aboveground nutrient contents for the macronutrients nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). There were no differences in soil health calculations, but each treatment received a "good" soil health score. Our results indicate that winter cover crops provide a promising alternative to the winter wheat soybean double-crop system and winter fallow management program and with continuous management, soil quality can be improved.
Book Synopsis Comparative Environmental Impacts of Biotechnology-derived and Traditional Soybean, Corn, and Cotton Crops by :
Download or read book Comparative Environmental Impacts of Biotechnology-derived and Traditional Soybean, Corn, and Cotton Crops written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This review supports the conclusion that overall the currently commercialized biotechnology-derived soybean, corn, and cotton crops yield environmental benefits. Furthermore, a critical analysis of the literature supports the idea that biotechnology-derived soybean, corn, and cotton pose no environmental concerns unique to or different from those historically associated with conventionally developed crop varieties.
Book Synopsis The Effects of Cover Crops in an Integrated Livestock/continuous Corn Cropping System in East-central Mississippi by : Ken Randolph Waddell
Download or read book The Effects of Cover Crops in an Integrated Livestock/continuous Corn Cropping System in East-central Mississippi written by Ken Randolph Waddell and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is growing interest within the agricultural industry on how cover crop systems affect soil health and economic productivity in integrated crop-livestock systems. This study investigated the combined effects of cover crop species; no-till and conventional till; and grazed (G) and un-grazed (UG) in a continuous corn (Zea mays) production system in east-central Mississippi. Cover crops were established in the fall of 2019 and 2020 in two separate field studies. Corn yield was not affected by grazing or tillage but was affected by cover crop species. We then compared the difference in cover crop species treatments with their respective corn yield and observed the greatest net return with the control ($252.09 ac−1). Organic matter was greater with the G area (1.03%) as compared to the UG (0.88%). Grazing resulted in bulk densities of 1.45 and 1.47 g cm3−1 for UG and G, respectively.
Book Synopsis Cover Crops and Tillage Management for Enhanced Sustainability in Corn/soybean Production in the Mississippi Delta Region of Arkansas by : David Scott Patton
Download or read book Cover Crops and Tillage Management for Enhanced Sustainability in Corn/soybean Production in the Mississippi Delta Region of Arkansas written by David Scott Patton and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Effects of Cover Crop Management on Biologically Related Soil Properties in a Mississippi Dryland Soybean System by : Sapana Pokhrel
Download or read book Effects of Cover Crop Management on Biologically Related Soil Properties in a Mississippi Dryland Soybean System written by Sapana Pokhrel and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soil microorganisms are important for the stabilization and preservation of a good soil structure. Management practices can affect the diversity and population of microorganisms, which could beneficially change soil properties and promote a more sustainable dryland system. This study was established near Pontotoc, MS on Atwood silt loam to evaluate the impacts of cover crops and fertilizer sources on selected biologically related soil properties in a no-tillage, dryland soybean system. Soil analyses included total carbon and nitrogen, permanganate oxidizable carbon (POXC), easily extractable glomalin-related soil protein (EE-GRSP), water stable aggregate (WSA) and soil pH. Cover crop biomass and percent groundcover, soybean leaf area index (LAI), plant height, and yield were also determined. Results indicated that fertilizer source did have an impact on total nitrogen, EE-GRSP and soybean yield. A positive impact on soil properties is expected with the use of cover crops if studied for a longer period of time.
Book Synopsis Model-based Environmental Impact Assessment of Agricultural Conservation Practices on Corn Production by : Garrett W. Steinbeck
Download or read book Model-based Environmental Impact Assessment of Agricultural Conservation Practices on Corn Production written by Garrett W. Steinbeck and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Corn and soybean are among the most common crops grown around the world. The U.S. Midwest region plays a major role in global corn and soybean production, and this region has consequently undergone significant environmental degradation, including soil nutrient losses to water bodies and air through leaching, runoff, and denitrification, as well as loss of habitat and biodiversity. Ecosystem models, when combined with observed data, are powerful tools for estimating the impact of management practices on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and soil organic carbon (SOC) content. The main objective of this research was to improve the calibration and validation process of the Denitrification Decomposition (DNDC) model to accurately simulate and identify alternative management practices that improve environmental and agronomic outcomes under field conditions representative of the U.S. Midwest. The model was integrated with an open-source parameter estimation and uncertainty analysis software (PEST) at the source code level, allowing for implementation of semi-automated calibration using the inverse modeling approach. Compared to model runs with default values, inverse modeling reduced the total sum of weighted square residuals by 37%, with marked improvements in the timing of peak leaching and emission fluxes. The model was run over 20-year period using historical weather and soil data and the model outputs were used to assess the impacts of conservation practices, including conservation tillage, cover crop (CC) during winter, and manure application, on SOC and GHG emissions, mainly N2O, CO2, and CH4 emissions, and crop yield. Of the six alternative management scenarios considered in the study, two used the same crop rotation as current, differing CC or manure fertilization, and the remaining four were a corn-soybean rotation with various combinations of tillage and CC incorporation. The two scenarios incorporating manure application had the highest average annual N2O emissions and SOC sequestration rates. Scenarios with CC had higher CO2 emissions compared to scenarios with no CC (NCC) incorporation, but also had higher SOC sequestration rates compared to NCC scenarios. Increased CO2 emissions with CC incorporation occurred in the spring and summer seasons with an average seasonal increase of 282 kg C/ha compared to NCC. Further, CC in combination with NT practices mitigated reduction in average annual SOC from the baseline/current practices by 42% (207 kg C/ha/yr). These findings were found to be consistent with prior field-based studies. The study highlights net benefits of incorporating manure and CC practices, the importance of factoring all major impacts to environmental and agronomic outcomes when deciding management practices to adopt, and the need to consider the effects of temporal variability in weather on management impacts on environmental outputs.
Book Synopsis Cover Crops, Drought, Yield and Risk by : Fengxia Dong
Download or read book Cover Crops, Drought, Yield and Risk written by Fengxia Dong and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Besides a variety of production and environmental benefits, cover cropping has been advocated as a mean to increase resilience to drought. We explored factors influencing farmer's adoption of cover crops and examined the effects of cover crops on soybean yield and its risk using USDA's 2018 ARMS Phase II Soybean Production Practices and Costs Report and Phase III Soybean Costs and Returns Report. Incorporating drought occurrence in current year and previous 5 years into our analysis, we find that previous occurrence of drought did not affect farmers' adoption of cover crops and the effects of cover crops on yield and its risk are mixed. Under a drought condition, cover crops reduced soybean yield and increased yield variation; but in the meantime, they reduced the risk of crop failure, or made yield less negatively skewed. The insignificant effect of previous drought on cover crop adoption and the mixture of positive and negative effects of cover crops on yield and its risk imply that farmers are divided in their acceptance of cover crops as a mean to build resilience to drought.
Download or read book Bibliography of Agriculture written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 1254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
