African American Medicine In Washington Dc

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African American Medicine in Washington, D.C.

Author : Heather Butts
Publisher : Arcadia Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1625851898
Total Pages : 170 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (258 download)

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Book Synopsis African American Medicine in Washington, D.C. by : Heather Butts

Download or read book African American Medicine in Washington, D.C. written by Heather Butts and published by Arcadia Publishing. This book was released on 2014-11-18 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The true story of the black doctors and nurses who tended to Civil War soldiers in the capital. Just as African Americans fought in defense of the Union during the Civil War, African American nurses, doctors, and surgeons worked to heal those soldiers. In the nation’s capital, these brave healthcare workers created a medical infrastructure for African Americans, by African Americans. Preeminent surgeon Alexander T. Augusta fought discrimination, visited President Lincoln, testified before Congress, and aided the war effort. Washington’s Freedmen’s Hospital was formed to serve the District’s growing free African American population, eventually becoming the Howard University Medical Center. These physicians would form the National Medical Association, the largest and oldest organization representing African American doctors and patients. This book recounts the heroic lives and work of Washington’s African American medical community during the Civil War.

African American Medicine in Washington, D.C.: Healing the Capital During the Civil War Era

Author : Heather M. Butts
Publisher : History Press Library Editions
ISBN 13 : 9781540211293
Total Pages : 162 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (112 download)

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Book Synopsis African American Medicine in Washington, D.C.: Healing the Capital During the Civil War Era by : Heather M. Butts

Download or read book African American Medicine in Washington, D.C.: Healing the Capital During the Civil War Era written by Heather M. Butts and published by History Press Library Editions. This book was released on 2014-11-18 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The service of African Americans in defense of the Union during the Civil War required African American nurses, doctors and surgeons to heal those soldiers. In the nation's capital, these brave healthcare workers created a medical infrastructure for African Americans by African Americans. Preeminent surgeon Alexander T. Augusta fought discrimination, visited President Lincoln, testified before Congress and aided the war effort. Washington's Freedmen's Hospital was formed to serve the District's growing free African American population, eventually becoming the Howard University Medical Center. These physicians would form the National Medical Association, the largest and oldest organization representing African American doctors and patients. Author Heather M. Butts recounts the heroic lives and work of Washington's African American medical community during the Civil War.

Medical Apartheid

Author : Harriet A. Washington
Publisher : Vintage
ISBN 13 : 076791547X
Total Pages : 530 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (679 download)

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Book Synopsis Medical Apartheid by : Harriet A. Washington

Download or read book Medical Apartheid written by Harriet A. Washington and published by Vintage. This book was released on 2008-01-08 with total page 530 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: NATIONAL BOOK CRITICS CIRCLE AWARD WINNER • The first full history of Black America’s shocking mistreatment as unwilling and unwitting experimental subjects at the hands of the medical establishment. No one concerned with issues of public health and racial justice can afford not to read this masterful book. "[Washington] has unearthed a shocking amount of information and shaped it into a riveting, carefully documented book." —New York Times From the era of slavery to the present day, starting with the earliest encounters between Black Americans and Western medical researchers and the racist pseudoscience that resulted, Medical Apartheid details the ways both slaves and freedmen were used in hospitals for experiments conducted without their knowledge—a tradition that continues today within some black populations. It reveals how Blacks have historically been prey to grave-robbing as well as unauthorized autopsies and dissections. Moving into the twentieth century, it shows how the pseudoscience of eugenics and social Darwinism was used to justify experimental exploitation and shoddy medical treatment of Blacks. Shocking new details about the government’s notorious Tuskegee experiment are revealed, as are similar, less-well-known medical atrocities conducted by the government, the armed forces, prisons, and private institutions. The product of years of prodigious research into medical journals and experimental reports long undisturbed, Medical Apartheid reveals the hidden underbelly of scientific research and makes possible, for the first time, an understanding of the roots of the African American health deficit. At last, it provides the fullest possible context for comprehending the behavioral fallout that has caused Black Americans to view researchers—and indeed the whole medical establishment—with such deep distrust.

The Racial Divide in American Medicine

Author : Richard D. deShazo
Publisher : Univ. Press of Mississippi
ISBN 13 : 1496817710
Total Pages : 249 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (968 download)

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Book Synopsis The Racial Divide in American Medicine by : Richard D. deShazo

Download or read book The Racial Divide in American Medicine written by Richard D. deShazo and published by Univ. Press of Mississippi. This book was released on 2018-07-30 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contributions by Richard D. deShazo, John Dittmer, Keydron K. Guinn, Lucius M. Lampton, Wilson F. Minor, Rosemary Moak, Sara B. Parker, Wayne J. Riley, Leigh Baldwin Skipworth, Robert Smith, and William F. Winter The Racial Divide in American Medicine documents the struggle for equity in health and health care by African Americans in Mississippi and the United States and the connections between what happened there and the national search for social justice in health care. Dr. Richard D. deShazo and the contributors to the volume trace the dark journey from a system of slave hospitals in the state, through Reconstruction, Jim Crow, and the civil rights era, to the present day. They substantiate that current health disparities are directly linked to America’s history of separation, neglect, struggle, and disparities. Contributors reveal details of individual physicians’ journeys for recognition both as African Americans and as professionals in Mississippi. Despite discrimination by their white colleagues and threats of violence, a small but fearless group of African American physicians fought for desegregation of American medicine and society. For example, T. R. M. Howard, MD, in the all-black city of Mound Bayou led a private investigation of the Emmett Till murder that helped trigger the civil rights movement. Later, other black physicians risked their lives and practices to provide care for white civil rights workers during the civil rights movement. Dr. deShazo has assembled an accurate account of the lives and experiences of black physicians in Mississippi, one that gives full credit to the actions of these pioneers. Dr. deShazo’s introduction and the essays address ongoing isolation and distrust among black and white colleagues. This book will stimulate dialogue, apology, and reconciliation, with the ultimate goal of improving disparities in health and health care and addressing long-standing injustices in our country.

The Impacts of Racism and Bias on Black People Pursuing Careers in Science, Engineering, and Medicine

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309679540
Total Pages : 107 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (96 download)

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Book Synopsis The Impacts of Racism and Bias on Black People Pursuing Careers in Science, Engineering, and Medicine by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book The Impacts of Racism and Bias on Black People Pursuing Careers in Science, Engineering, and Medicine written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2020-12-18 with total page 107 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite the changing demographics of the nation and a growing appreciation for diversity and inclusion as drivers of excellence in science, engineering, and medicine, Black Americans are severely underrepresented in these fields. Racism and bias are significant reasons for this disparity, with detrimental implications on individuals, health care organizations, and the nation as a whole. The Roundtable on Black Men and Black Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine was launched at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in 2019 to identify key levers, drivers, and disruptors in government, industry, health care, and higher education where actions can have the most impact on increasing the participation of Black men and Black women in science, medicine, and engineering. On April 16, 2020, the Roundtable convened a workshop to explore the context for their work; to surface key issues and questions that the Roundtable should address in its initial phase; and to reach key stakeholders and constituents. This proceedings provides a record of the workshop.

Unequal Treatment

Author : Institute of Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 030908265X
Total Pages : 781 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Unequal Treatment by : Institute of Medicine

Download or read book Unequal Treatment written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2009-02-06 with total page 781 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Racial and ethnic disparities in health care are known to reflect access to care and other issues that arise from differing socioeconomic conditions. There is, however, increasing evidence that even after such differences are accounted for, race and ethnicity remain significant predictors of the quality of health care received. In Unequal Treatment, a panel of experts documents this evidence and explores how persons of color experience the health care environment. The book examines how disparities in treatment may arise in health care systems and looks at aspects of the clinical encounter that may contribute to such disparities. Patients' and providers' attitudes, expectations, and behavior are analyzed. How to intervene? Unequal Treatment offers recommendations for improvements in medical care financing, allocation of care, availability of language translation, community-based care, and other arenas. The committee highlights the potential of cross-cultural education to improve provider-patient communication and offers a detailed look at how to integrate cross-cultural learning within the health professions. The book concludes with recommendations for data collection and research initiatives. Unequal Treatment will be vitally important to health care policymakers, administrators, providers, educators, and students as well as advocates for people of color.

Black Man in a White Coat

Author : Damon Tweedy, M.D.
Publisher : Picador
ISBN 13 : 1250044642
Total Pages : 302 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (5 download)

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Book Synopsis Black Man in a White Coat by : Damon Tweedy, M.D.

Download or read book Black Man in a White Coat written by Damon Tweedy, M.D. and published by Picador. This book was released on 2015-09-08 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER • ONE OF TIME MAGAZINE'S TOP TEN NONFICTION BOOKS OF THE YEAR A LIBRARY JOURNAL BEST BOOK SELECTION • A BOOKLIST EDITORS' CHOICE BOOK SELECTION One doctor's passionate and profound memoir of his experience grappling with race, bias, and the unique health problems of black Americans When Damon Tweedy begins medical school,he envisions a bright future where his segregated, working-class background will become largely irrelevant. Instead, he finds that he has joined a new world where race is front and center. The recipient of a scholarship designed to increase black student enrollment, Tweedy soon meets a professor who bluntly questions whether he belongs in medical school, a moment that crystallizes the challenges he will face throughout his career. Making matters worse, in lecture after lecture the common refrain for numerous diseases resounds, "More common in blacks than in whites." Black Man in a White Coat examines the complex ways in which both black doctors and patients must navigate the difficult and often contradictory terrain of race and medicine. As Tweedy transforms from student to practicing physician, he discovers how often race influences his encounters with patients. Through their stories, he illustrates the complex social, cultural, and economic factors at the root of many health problems in the black community. These issues take on greater meaning when Tweedy is himself diagnosed with a chronic disease far more common among black people. In this powerful, moving, and deeply empathic book, Tweedy explores the challenges confronting black doctors, and the disproportionate health burdens faced by black patients, ultimately seeking a way forward to better treatment and more compassionate care.

Partners of the Heart

Author : Vivien T. Thomas
Publisher : University of Pennsylvania Press
ISBN 13 : 9780812216349
Total Pages : 268 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (163 download)

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Book Synopsis Partners of the Heart by : Vivien T. Thomas

Download or read book Partners of the Heart written by Vivien T. Thomas and published by University of Pennsylvania Press. This book was released on 1998-01-29 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Visitors to the Blalock Building at the Johns Hopkins University Medical Center are greeted by portraits of two great men. One, of renowned heart surgeon Alfred Blalock, speaks for itself. The other, of highschool graduate Vivien Thomas, is testimony to the incredible genius and determination of the first black man to hold a professional position at one of America's premier medical institutions. Thomas's dreams of attending medical school were dashed when the Depression hit. After spending some time as a carpenter's apprentice, Thomas took what he expected to be a temporary job as a technician in Blalock's lab. The two men soon became partners and together invented the field of cardiac surgery. Partners of the Heart is Thomas's extraordinary autobiography. Trained in laboratory techniques by Alfred Blalock and Joseph W. Beard, Thomas remained Blalock's principal technician and laboratory chief for the rest of Blalock's distinguished career. Thomas very rapidly learned to perform surgery, to do chemical determinations, and to carry out physiologic studies. He became a phenomenal technician and was able to carry out complicated experimental cardiac operations totally unassisted and to devise new ones. In addition to telling Thomas's life story, Partners of the Heart traces the beginnings of modern cardiac surgery, crucial investigations into the nature of shock, and Blalock's methods of training surgeons.

African American Doctors of World War I

Author : W. Douglas Fisher
Publisher : McFarland
ISBN 13 : 1476663157
Total Pages : 285 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (766 download)

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Book Synopsis African American Doctors of World War I by : W. Douglas Fisher

Download or read book African American Doctors of World War I written by W. Douglas Fisher and published by McFarland. This book was released on 2015-12-17 with total page 285 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In World War I, 104 African American doctors joined the United States Army to care for the 40,000 men of the 92nd and 93rd Divisions, the Army's only black combat units. The infantry regiments of the 93rd arrived first and were turned over to the French to fill gaps in their decimated lines. The 92nd Division came later and fought alongside other American units. Some of those doctors rose to prominence; others died young or later succumbed to the economic and social challenges of the times. Beginning with their assignment to the Medical Officers Training Camp (Colored)--the only one in U.S. history--this book covers the early years, education and war experiences of these physicians, as well as their careers in the black communities of early 20th century America.

An American Crisis

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309476909
Total Pages : 171 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (94 download)

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Book Synopsis An American Crisis by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book An American Crisis written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2018-08-30 with total page 171 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Black men are increasingly underrepresented in medical schools and in the medical profession. A diverse workforce is a key attribute of quality healthcare and research suggests that a diverse workforce may help to advance cultural competency and increase access to high-quality health care, especially for underserved populations. Conversely, lack of diversity in the health workforce threatens health care quality and access and contributes to health disparities. In this way, the growing absence of Black men in medicine is especially troubling, because their absence in medicine may have adverse consequences for health care access, quality, and outcomes among Black Americans and Americans overall. To better understand the factors that contribute to the low participation of Black men in the medical profession, facilitate discussion of current strategies used to increase their participation in medical education, and explore new strategies along the educational and professional pipeline that may have potential to increase participation in medicine, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and the Cobb Institute jointly convened a 2-day workshop in November 2017, in Washington, DC. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.

An American Health Dilemma

Author : W. Michael Byrd
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1135960488
Total Pages : 708 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (359 download)

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Book Synopsis An American Health Dilemma by : W. Michael Byrd

Download or read book An American Health Dilemma written by W. Michael Byrd and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2012-10-02 with total page 708 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At times mirroring and at times shockingly disparate to the rise of traditional white American medicine, the history of African-American health care is a story of traditional healers; root doctors; granny midwives; underappreciated and overworked African-American physicians; scrupulous and unscrupulous white doctors and scientists; governmental support and neglect; epidemics; and poverty. Virtually every part of this story revolves around race. More than 50 years after the publication of An American Dilemma, Gunnar Myrdal's 1944 classic about race relations in the USA, An American Health Dilemma presents a comprehensive and groundbreaking history and social analysis of race, race relations and the African-American medical and public health experience. Beginning with the origins of western medicine and science in Egypt, Greece and Rome the authors explore the relationship between race, medicine, and health care from the precursors of American science and medicine through the days of the slave trade with the harrowing middle passage and equally deadly breaking-in period through the Civil War and the gains of reconstruction and the reversals caused by Jim Crow laws. It offers an extensive examination of the history of intellectual and scientific racism that evolved to give sanction to the mistreatment, medical abuse, and neglect of African Americans and other non-white people. Also included are biographical portraits of black medical pioneers like James McCune Smith, the first African American to earn a degree from a European university, and anecdotal vignettes,like the tragic story of "the Hottentot Venus", which illustrate larger themes. An American Health Dilemma promises to become an irreplaceable and essential look at African-American and medical history and will provide an invaluable baseline for future exploration of race and racism in the American health system.

Against the Odds

Author : Wilbur H. Watson
Publisher : Transaction Publishers
ISBN 13 : 9781412816656
Total Pages : 218 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (166 download)

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Book Synopsis Against the Odds by : Wilbur H. Watson

Download or read book Against the Odds written by Wilbur H. Watson and published by Transaction Publishers. This book was released on with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Racial separatism, gender discrimination, and white dominance have historically thwarted black Americans' occupational aspirations. Access to medical education has also been limited, and mobility within the profession, leading to unequal access to health care. There have, however, been notable triumphs. In "Against the Odds, "Wilbur Watson describes successful efforts by determined individuals and small groups of black Americans, since the early nineteenth century, to establish a strong black presence in the medical profession. Changes in medical education and hospital management, desegregation of the medical establishment, and the contemporary challenges of managed-care organizations all attest to their achievements. Watson analyzes sociocultural, political, and psychological factors associated with African-American medical practice; race and gender differences in medical education and professional development; and doctor-patient relationships during and since the period of racial separatism. He discusses the policy implications of physicians' viewpoints on issues such as folk practitioners as health care providers, medical care for the poor, abortion and euthanasia, the Tuskegee syphilis experiments, and the emergence of managed-care organizations. Through in-depth interviews with older physicians and comparative analyses of their situated techniques of coping with racial discrimination and segregation, we gain insight into the effects of separatism on the minds, selves, and social interactions of African-American physicians. Finally, Watson outlines current ethics, demographic changes since desegregation, the contemporary status of black physicians, and recent changes in the socioeconomic organization of the profession of medicine. "Against the Odds "is a unique study of the history, ethnography, and social psychology of blacks in medicine. Watson successfully debunks the myth that black physicians were less competent providers than their white counterparts: a myth that persists to this day. First-person accounts, from periods of socially and legally sanctioned racial separatism and the first three decades of desegregation in the United States, bring readers closer to the physicians' lived experiences than mere social or quantitative description. This engaging account will interest those in the fields of African-American studies, medicine, and sociology.

Patient-Centered Clinical Care for African Americans

Author : Gregory L. Hall
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030264181
Total Pages : 219 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (32 download)

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Book Synopsis Patient-Centered Clinical Care for African Americans by : Gregory L. Hall

Download or read book Patient-Centered Clinical Care for African Americans written by Gregory L. Hall and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-11-27 with total page 219 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This title is an easy-to-read guide outlining specific differences in communication, clinical therapies, medications, protocols, and other critical approaches to the care of African Americans. The book discusses a wide range of disorders impacting African Americans and takes a comprehensive and evidence-based approach to the clinical support of providers that see African American patients. Recording the worst medical outcomes of any racial/ethnic group in America, African Americans have the highest mortality, longest hospital length of stay, worst compliance with medications and referrals, and the lowest trust of the healthcare system. Indeed, there are countless well-designed studies that validate verified differences in the clinical care of a number of pervasive diseases in African Americans, including hypertension, heart disease, kidney disease, obesity, cancer, and more. Despite the widespread acknowledgement of the existence of health disparities among racial/ethnic groups, the overall outcomes for African Americans are still the most shocking. From high infant mortality to death by almost any cause, African Americans have the worst data of any other racial or ethnic group. Patient-Centered Clinical Care for African Americans, a highly practical and first-of-its-kind title, illuminates these alarming issues and represents a major contribution to the clinical literature. It will be of significant interest to all physicians, clinicians, and allied health personnel.

Between Freedom and Equality

Author : Barbara Boyle Torrey
Publisher : Georgetown University Press
ISBN 13 : 1647120810
Total Pages : 280 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (471 download)

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Book Synopsis Between Freedom and Equality by : Barbara Boyle Torrey

Download or read book Between Freedom and Equality written by Barbara Boyle Torrey and published by Georgetown University Press. This book was released on 2021 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Between Freedom and Equality begins with the life of Capt. George Pointer, an enslaved African who purchased his freedom in 1793 while working for George Washington's Potomac Company. Authors Barbara Boyle Torrey and Clara Myrick Green then follow the lives of five generations of Pointer's descendants as they lived and worked on the banks of the Potomac, in the port of Georgetown, and in a rural corner of the nation's capital. By tracing the story of one family and their experiences, Between Freedom and Equality offers a moving and inspiring look at the challenges that free African Americans have faced in Washington, DC, since before the district's founding ..."--

Caring for Equality

Author : David McBride
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1442260602
Total Pages : 208 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (422 download)

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Book Synopsis Caring for Equality by : David McBride

Download or read book Caring for Equality written by David McBride and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2018-08-24 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: African Americans today continue to suffer disproportionately from heart disease, diabetes, and other health problems. In Caring for Equality David McBride chronicles the struggle by African Americans and their white allies to improve poor black health conditions as well as inadequate medical care—caused by slavery, racism, and discrimination—since the arrival of African slaves in America. Black American health progress resulted from the steady influence of what David McBride calls the health equality ideal: the principle that health of black Americans could and should be equal to that of whites and other Americans. Including a timeline, selected primary sources, and an extensive bibliographic essay, McBride’s book provides a superb starting point for students and readers who want to explore in greater depth this important and understudied topic in African American history.

African American Doctoring

Author : Marilyn Patterson-James
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 84 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (588 download)

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Book Synopsis African American Doctoring by : Marilyn Patterson-James

Download or read book African American Doctoring written by Marilyn Patterson-James and published by . This book was released on 2020-11-04 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: African American Medical Doctoring: A Snapshot in History provides some interesting information about the profession of the African American doctor's struggles and successes. There is information about the history of medicine - ancient, the beginnings of the practice in the United States. To address the many medical education issues, including educational standards for medical doctors, the American Medical Association (AMA) was established in 1847. Then, the United States was torn apart by the Civil War from April 12, 1861 to April 9, 1865, with extensive health care issues requiring medical doctors. The United States formed the Freedmen's Bureau on March 3, 1865 to address the medical needs of the former slaves.Despite the good intentions of the Freedmen's Bureau, medical treatment of the freedmen was severely deficient. Most southern white doctors and nurses would not treat freedmen. By 1872, Congress abandoned the programs of the Bureau. Yet, African American Medical Doctoring: A Snapshot in History includes information about those African American Civil War physicians who practiced their profession in the Union Army; and later one of these military physicians would head a VA hospital.The medical school era began to flourish in the early 1900s, which included the establishment of at least 11 medical schools for AfricanAmericans between 1868 and 1904. The Johns Hopkins University School t Medicine in Baltimore, Maryland opened in 1893 and served as the standard barrier for medical education and as a medical research university. With medical school standards put in place, many sub-standard medial schools closed, including most of the African American medical schools, known as Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs).By 1900, 2,500 students graduated from medical schools, with almost all of them white males. These developments to set standards for medical doctors' certifications (in addition to being the first of the professional professions to require licensing) were led by Abraham Flexner and Sir William Osler, which affected the medical schools in the United States and Canada. Information about the mentioned individuals is discussed in the book.Before concluding this study, there is a brief history about the HBCUs - yesterday and today; a brief discussion about the "Compromise" speech by Booker T. Washington at the Atlanta exposition and its influence on the socio-economic growth of African American physicians in the United States; information about African American collegiate and professional fraternity founders who were medical doctors; the pioneering physicians involved in the establishment of the National Medical Association (NMA).The study ends with an analysis of efforts to increase the number of African American medical doctors; and, makes several recommendations for ways to increase the number of African American medical doctors in proportion to the percentage of their population in the United States.

Doctoring Freedom

Author : Gretchen Long
Publisher : Univ of North Carolina Press
ISBN 13 : 0807835838
Total Pages : 250 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (78 download)

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Book Synopsis Doctoring Freedom by : Gretchen Long

Download or read book Doctoring Freedom written by Gretchen Long and published by Univ of North Carolina Press. This book was released on 2012 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For enslaved and newly freed African Americans, attaining freedom and citizenship without health for themselves and their families would have been an empty victory. Even before emancipation, African Americans recognized that control of their bodies was a