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Aerosol Measurements In The Marine Boundary Layer At San Diego
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Book Synopsis Aerosol Measurements in the Marine Boundary Layer at San Diego by : D. R. Jensen
Download or read book Aerosol Measurements in the Marine Boundary Layer at San Diego written by D. R. Jensen and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 23 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The temporal and spatial variability of the aerosol size distribution in the marine boundary layer for different meteorological conditions has been determined using fixed ground based and airborne aerosol size spectrometers. The horizontal and vertical variability of the distributions and corresponding calculated extinction coefficients, and the total liquid water content for both clear air and for a Santa Ana related fog event are discussed. (Author).
Book Synopsis The Relationship Between Marine Aerosol Optical Depth and Satellite-sensed Sea Surface Temperature by : Susan K. Runco
Download or read book The Relationship Between Marine Aerosol Optical Depth and Satellite-sensed Sea Surface Temperature written by Susan K. Runco and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Multichannel sea surface temperatures (MCSST) computed from NOAA 7 AVHRR channels 4 and 5 are compared to sea surface temperatures measured by an aircraft radiometer (PRT-5). This data set was collected in Fall, 1982 off the southern Californian coast. The MCSST was warmer by 0.82 degrees in the area aerosol effects did not offset increasing radiance due to vertically warming air temperature. As aerosols were able to offset the temperature contribution to radiance, the difference between MCSST and PRT-5 SST measurements decreased. Aerosol effects on infrared radiance were qualitatively examined using an atmospheric transmittance model (LOWTRAN 6). Comparing the model and PRT-5 results indicates that below the marine boundary layer, high aerosol extinction caused significant cooling. Above the boundary layer, aerosols scattered and emitted energy, generally decreasing the measured radiance. The emission moderated the decrease by increasing the radiance slightly.
Book Synopsis Understanding the Role of Organic Aerosol in the Coastal and Remote Pacic Marine Boundary Layer by : Lelia Nahid Hawkins
Download or read book Understanding the Role of Organic Aerosol in the Coastal and Remote Pacic Marine Boundary Layer written by Lelia Nahid Hawkins and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Atmospheric aerosol particles were collected over three field experiments in the remote and coastal marine boundary layer of the eastern Pacific Ocean from aircraft, ship, and stationary platforms and were analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Aerosol Mass Spectrometry (AMS), and Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopy with Near-Edge Absorption Fine Structure (STXM-NEXAFS) for organic functional groups and organic mass fragments. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-rays (SEM-EDX) analyses were used to investigate the elemental composition of the analyzed particles. The aim of these studies was to better characterize particle sources and composition in the stratocumulus-topped marine boundary layer (MBL), where aerosol-cloud interactions play an important role in controlling the reflectivity of the large cloud decks. Particle composition was linked to distinct particle sources including primary marine emissions, biomass burning, and fossil fuel combustion. Fossil fuel combustion particles were characterized by large contributions from saturated alkane and carboxylic acid groups. Biomass burning aerosol particles were characterized as mixtures of alkane, carboxylic acid, and ketone groups, consistent with biogenic secondary organic aerosol particles observed in chamber studies. Photochemical aging of the transported smoke particles was observed on diurnal and multi-day timescales as an increase in the relative amount of oxygenated groups and oxygen-containing molecular fragments. Marine primary organic aerosol (POA) particles were observed in shipboard samples and were characterized by large contributions from organic hydroxyl groups, suggesting a carbohydrate-containing source in the ocean surface emitted during bubble bursting. Marine particles were also identified in single particle STXM-NEXAFS and were classified into four distinct categories including soluble and insoluble polysaccharides, proteins, and calcareous phytoplankton fragments. The presence of oxidized (polar) organic components--ketone, organic hydroxyl, and carboxylic acid groups--in submicron particles suggests that many of the measured particles could contribute to cloud condensation nuclei number concentration and mass in both open ocean and coastal regions. Together, these measurements show that marine POA provides a significant contribution to submicron particle mass in the clean MBL, whereas fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning emissions contribute the majority of the organic mass in coastal regions.
Book Synopsis Aerosol Spectra Observed in Marine Stratus Clouds. Analysis of Airborne Multilevel Measurements Taken 130 Km SW of San Diego by : V. R. Noonkester
Download or read book Aerosol Spectra Observed in Marine Stratus Clouds. Analysis of Airborne Multilevel Measurements Taken 130 Km SW of San Diego written by V. R. Noonkester and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Airborne measurements of the aerosol size spectra, n(r), for radii between 0.23 and 150 micrometers were made at about 14 levels in stratus layers 130 km SW of San Diego during May and August 1981. Both marine and continental air masses were represented. Four parameters were derived from 15 n(r)s observed along each level for a distance of 6.44 km and from the average n(r) over the entire run. Profiles of the four parameters were constructed as a function of the distance from the cloud base. Profiles on the marine and continental days differed: the continental day contained many more small aerosols.
Book Synopsis Investigation of the Sources and Composition of Submicron Organic Aerosol Particles in Marine Environments Through Artificial Generation and Atmospheric Measurements by : Amanda A. Frossard
Download or read book Investigation of the Sources and Composition of Submicron Organic Aerosol Particles in Marine Environments Through Artificial Generation and Atmospheric Measurements written by Amanda A. Frossard and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Atmospheric aerosol particles in the marine boundary layer (MBL) play an important role in the Earth's radiative balance, and recent studies have proposed a variety of interpretations of their sources and compositions. This dissertation improves the characterization of the sources and organic composition of aerosol particles in the MBL. Atmospheric aerosol particles were collected in the MBL of five ocean regions and analyzed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, high resolution time of flight aerosol mass spectrometry (HR-ToF-AMS), HR-ToF-AMS with a light scattering module HR-ToF-AMS (LS-ToF-AMS), and scanning transmission X-ray microscopy with near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (STXM-NEXAFS) to determine their organic functional group and mass fragment composition. Model ocean systems were used to generate ocean-derived primary marine aerosol particles (gPMA), which include particles resulting from seawater bubble bursting. The methods for measuring the organic composition of gPMA are compared, and the discrepancy between high resolution time of flight aerosol mass spectrometry (HR-ToF-AMS) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy measurements is attributed to the refractory nature of organics on sea salt in the HR-ToF-AMS. A method for dehydrating samples prior to analysis by FTIR spectroscopy is also presented. Both ocean-derived and anthropogenic emissions contribute to the organic mass (OM) in the MBL. Primary marine aerosol particles (PMA) were found to have similar compositions to marine saccharides and amino sugars, with 65% hydroxyl, 21% alkane, 6% amine, and 7% carboxylic acid functional groups. Contributions from photochemical reactions add carboxylic acid groups (15%-25%) to the PMA OM. Non-ocean-derived sources include shipping and other anthropogenic combustion emissions that together contribute more than half of the OM in the MBL. Seawater and gPMA have very similar compositions to the ocean-derived marine aerosol (mainly PMA). But there is a slightly larger fraction of alkane functional groups in gPMA from biologically productive seawater (35%) compared to oligotrophic seawater (16%). Surfactants in productive seawater may stabilize bubbles at the sea surface, enhancing drainage of soluble organics from their films before bursting and emitting particles. gPMA has a hydroxyl group absorption peak location characteristic of monosaccharides and disaccharides, while the seawater hydroxyl group peak location is more consistent with polysaccharides. This may result from the polysaccharides preferentially remaining in the seawater during PMA production.
Book Synopsis Boundary Layer Aerosol Transport Measurements in a Valley System by : Reinhold Reiter
Download or read book Boundary Layer Aerosol Transport Measurements in a Valley System written by Reinhold Reiter and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The transport of aerosols in a mountain valley has been investigated by means of field experiments. This report is based on eight such experiments, which have been conducted under various meteorological conditions (stability classes B, C, And D after Pasquill, Turner, Etc). A complete set of measured data like particle distributions, wind profiles, balloon trajectories, and temperature probings will be presented. The particle propagation of the single experiment will be compared with the theoretical distribution and influences of valley shape and temperature inversion on the actual distribution will be discussed. (Author).
Book Synopsis Cloud Microphysical Effects of Aerosol Particle Sources and Marine Boundary Layer Processes by : Kevin Joseph Sanchez
Download or read book Cloud Microphysical Effects of Aerosol Particle Sources and Marine Boundary Layer Processes written by Kevin Joseph Sanchez and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 231 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Marine boundary layer (MBL) clouds are an important, though uncertain, part of Earth's radiative budget. Previous studies have shown sources of aerosol particles in the remote MBL consist of primary sea spray, secondary organic and inorganic vapors derived from the ocean, entrainment from the free troposphere, and anthropogenic pollution. The potential for these particles to become cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) is largely dependent on their hygroscopic properties. Furthermore, when clouds form, physical processes can alter the optical properties of the cloud. This dissertation aims to identify variations in aerosol sources that affect MBL CCN concentrations and physical processes throughout the cloud lifetime that influence cloud optical properties. Ambient measurements of marine particles and clouds were made throughout two campaigns in the north Pacific and four campaigns in the north Atlantic. Both clean marine and polluted clouds were sampled. Dry MBL particles were measured to identify their chemical composition and size distribution, which is necessary to identify their potential to be CCN active. The organic hygroscopicity influenced CCN concentrations and cloud optical properties significantly for particles that were mostly organic, such as ship stack and generated smoke particles. For a typical range of organic hygroscopicity the amount of reflected solar radiation varied by 0.02-0.07 for polluted conditions and less than 0.01 for clean conditions (where 1.0 reflects all solar radiation). Simulated droplet spectral width was shown to be more representative of observations when using a weighted distribution of cloud base heights and updraft velocities, and increased the albedo up to 0.02. Cloud top entrainment and decoupling of the MBL were found to account for a decrease in cloud radiative forcing. Cloud top entrainment was corrected for homogeneous entrainment and accounted for a decrease in radiative forcing of up to 50 Wm-2. Clustering of individual marine aerosol particles resulted in the identification of particle types derived from dimethyl-sulfide (DMS) oxidation. Two particle types were identified to come from DMS oxidation products and accounted for approximately 25% and 65% of CCN at 0.1% supersaturation during the winter and summer, respectively.
Book Synopsis An Investigation of the Meteorology, Physics, and Chemistry of Marine Boundary Layer Processes by : E. J. Mack
Download or read book An Investigation of the Meteorology, Physics, and Chemistry of Marine Boundary Layer Processes written by E. J. Mack and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During late September and early October 1976, Calspan participated in CEWCOM-76, a research cruise aboard the Naval Postgraduate School's R/V ACANIA to investigate marine boundary-layer phenomena in the offshore waters of southern California. The objective of the four-week cruise was to investigate marine fog, aerosol characteristics, and evolutionary processes which affect optical propagation in the marine atmosphere. Measurements of visibility, scattering coefficient, winds, air and sea surface temperatures, dew point, total particulate concentration, CCN activity spectra, and fog microphysics were obtained, and hi-vol samples of the ambient aerosols and discrete samples of fog water were collected for later chemical analysis. The data were analyzed to provide descriptions of the microphysics and chemistry of marine fogs and the areal distribution of 'clear air' visibility, CCN activity spectra, and aerosol concentration and composition in a 150,000 km(2) area extending approximately 500 km SW of Los Angeles. The data are compared with those obtained on previous investigations conducted off both the East and West Coasts. In addition, limited experiments were conducted to determine if laser beam enlargement could be detected using a low-power laser over short propagation paths and if such measurements might be useful in assessing optical parameters such as size and concentration of aerosols and levels of turbulence in the marine boundary layer. (Author).
Book Synopsis Natural and Anthropogenic Influences on the Chemical Composition of Marine Boundary Layer Aerosols by : Sergio Adrian Guazzotti
Download or read book Natural and Anthropogenic Influences on the Chemical Composition of Marine Boundary Layer Aerosols written by Sergio Adrian Guazzotti and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 846 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Aerosol Characteristics in the Marine Boundary Layer Over the Straits of Gibraltar - June 1986 by : B. J. Wattle
Download or read book Aerosol Characteristics in the Marine Boundary Layer Over the Straits of Gibraltar - June 1986 written by B. J. Wattle and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 87 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Measurements of aerosol characteristics in the marine boundary layer were taken during a two-week cruise through the Straits of Gibraltar. Observations of Aitken nuclei concentration, aerosol size spectra (0.01-100 micron diameter), aerosol composition, visibility (scattering coefficient), optical depth (sun photometry), temperature, humidity, winds and cloud cover were acquired during daylight hours. The data show that surface visibility fluctuations correlate well with particle concentration in the 0.56-1.78 micron size range. Surface relative humidity and particle composition appear to be the factors that control concentration in this size range. These data will be used as ground truth for techniques which retrieve aerosol data from satellites. This experiment was well suited for such an application, since there was little cloud cover to obscure satellite measurements, and comprehensive, consistent aerosol measurements were successfully taken. Keywords: Optical depth, Marine atmospheres, Particle size. (edc).
Book Synopsis A Summary of Research 1995 by : United States. Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA.
Download or read book A Summary of Research 1995 written by United States. Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA. and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 588 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Using single particle mass spectrometry and isotope measurements to determine the contributions of ship emissions to ambient PM in La Jolla, California by : Mark Thiemens
Download or read book Using single particle mass spectrometry and isotope measurements to determine the contributions of ship emissions to ambient PM in La Jolla, California written by Mark Thiemens and published by California Air Resources Board. This book was released on 2008-12-31 with total page 57 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Final report for California Air Resources contracts 04-347 and 05-346. For abstract and link to full text, please visit: http://www.arb.ca.gov/research/single-project.php?row_id=64430
Author :D.J. Vaughan Publisher :The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland ISBN 13 :0903056321 Total Pages :507 pages Book Rating :4.9/5 (3 download)
Book Synopsis Environmental Mineralogy II by : D.J. Vaughan
Download or read book Environmental Mineralogy II written by D.J. Vaughan and published by The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland. This book was released on 2013-02-06 with total page 507 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In a sense, all mineralogy is environmental mineralogy. However, the term environmental has come to be employed (particularly in combination with terms such as science, issue or problem) to refer to those systems at or near the surface of the Earth where the geosphere comes into contact with the hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere. This is, of course, the environment upon which the human race depends for survival and, hence, is now sometimes referred to as the critical zone. Those systems containing minerals that constitute the most important or key environments are considered here: soils, modern sediments, atmospheric aerosols, and the interior or exterior parts of certain micro- and macro-organisms. Particularly important are the roles that minerals play in processes that act over time to control or influence the environment at various scales of observation. Both pure systems and those contaminated as a result of human activity are considered. The objectives for this volume are to help to define the subject of environmental mineralogy, and to provide an initial source of information both for mineralogists and other scientists who wish to understand or work in this field. It was hoped that it might also provide a text for use by those teaching courses in the subject at advanced undergraduate or graduate student level.
Book Synopsis Sea Salt Aerosol Production by : Ernie R. Lewis
Download or read book Sea Salt Aerosol Production written by Ernie R. Lewis and published by American Geophysical Union. This book was released on 2004-01-09 with total page 423 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 152. Sea salt aerosol (SSA) exerts a major influence over a broad reach of geophysics. It is important to the physics and chemistry of the marine atmosphere and to marine geochemistry and biogeochemistry generally. It affects visibility, remote sensing, atmospheric chemistry, and air quality. Sea salt aerosol particles interact with other atmospheric gaseous and aerosol constituents by acting as sinks for condensable gases and suppressing new particle formation, thus influencing the size distribution of these other aerosols and more broadly influencing the geochemical cycles of substances with which they interact. As the key aerosol constituent over much of Earth's surface at present, and all the more so in pre-industrial times, SSA is central to description of Earth's aerosol burden.
Book Synopsis Loué soit le Très-Sainct Sacrement de l'autel pour jamais by :
Download or read book Loué soit le Très-Sainct Sacrement de l'autel pour jamais written by and published by . This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Treatise on Geochemistry written by and published by Newnes. This book was released on 2013-10-19 with total page 14787 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This extensively updated new edition of the widely acclaimed Treatise on Geochemistry has increased its coverage beyond the wide range of geochemical subject areas in the first edition, with five new volumes which include: the history of the atmosphere, geochemistry of mineral deposits, archaeology and anthropology, organic geochemistry and analytical geochemistry. In addition, the original Volume 1 on "Meteorites, Comets, and Planets" was expanded into two separate volumes dealing with meteorites and planets, respectively. These additions increased the number of volumes in the Treatise from 9 to 15 with the index/appendices volume remaining as the last volume (Volume 16). Each of the original volumes was scrutinized by the appropriate volume editors, with respect to necessary revisions as well as additions and deletions. As a result, 27% were republished without major changes, 66% were revised and 126 new chapters were added. In a many-faceted field such as Geochemistry, explaining and understanding how one sub-field relates to another is key. Instructors will find the complete overviews with extensive cross-referencing useful additions to their course packs and students will benefit from the contextual organization of the subject matter Six new volumes added and 66% updated from 1st edition. The Editors of this work have taken every measure to include the many suggestions received from readers and ensure comprehensiveness of coverage and added value in this 2nd edition The esteemed Board of Volume Editors and Editors-in-Chief worked cohesively to ensure a uniform and consistent approach to the content, which is an amazing accomplishment for a 15-volume work (16 volumes including index volume)!
Book Synopsis Aerosol Characteristics of the Marine Boundary Layer of the North Atlantic and Mediterranean During May - June 1977 by : E. J. Mack
Download or read book Aerosol Characteristics of the Marine Boundary Layer of the North Atlantic and Mediterranean During May - June 1977 written by E. J. Mack and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During May and early June 1977, Calspan participated in a Transatlantic-Mediterranean research expedition (NRL Cruise 77-16-04) aboard the USNS HAYES to investigate atmospheric marine boundary layer phenomena. Calspan's objective was the acquisition of data describing the magnitudes and spatial variations of a variety of aerosol and meteorological parameters in the lowest 20 m. Continuous or hourly observations of visibility, scattering coefficient, total particle concentration, aerosol size spectra (0.01 to>3.0 micrometers diameter), relative humidity, air and sea surface temperatures, and winds were obtained throughout the cruise. At less regular intervals, measurements of cloud condensation nuclei and aqueous sea spray aerosols and collections of aerosols for chemical analyses were also obtained. These data were used to describe differences between the clean marine air of the mid-Atlantic and the modified-continental air of the Mediterranean observed during the cruise and data previously acquired in the Eastern Pacific. In addition, complete aerosol spectra (0.01 micrometers to>20.0 micrometers diameter) were utilized to compute extinction as functions index of refraction, wavelength and changes in relative humidity. (Author).
