Advancing Higher Education as a Field of Study

Download Advancing Higher Education as a Field of Study PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000979377
Total Pages : 305 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (9 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Advancing Higher Education as a Field of Study by : Sydney Freeman

Download or read book Advancing Higher Education as a Field of Study written by Sydney Freeman and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-07-03 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winner of the 2015 Auburn Authors AwardsWhere is higher education as a field of study going in this century? How will higher education program leaders design and sustain their degree programs’ vitality in the face of perennial challenges from inside and outside the academy? While in 1979 the Council for the Advancement of Standards in Higher Education (CAS) defined standards for student affairs master’s level preparation, and while 2010 saw the adoption of guidelines for higher education administration and leadership preparation programs at the master’s degree level, there still are, however, no guidelines that address higher education leadership doctoral programs, despite increasing demands for assessment and evaluation. This book suggests that higher education administration doctoral degree guidelines are a critical next step in advancing their program quality and continuity. It offers a review of the field’s history, the condition of its higher education programs, developments from the student affairs specialization and its guidelines, and a multi-chapter dialogue on the benefits or disadvantages of having guidelines. At a time of urgency to prepare the next generation of higher education faculty and leaders, this book sets out the parameters for the debate about what the guidelines should cover to ensure the appropriate and effective preparation of students. It also offers a useful framework for enriching the knowledge of deans, chairs, program coordinators and faculty who are engaged in program design, assessment, and revision. It will also be of interest to policymakers, the personnel of accrediting agencies, and not least graduate students within higher education preparation programs. All the contributors to this volume have the exemplary expertise, leadership experience, and a close association with higher education guidelines and standards, and have extensively contributed to the literature on higher education.

A Connected Curriculum for Higher Education

Download A Connected Curriculum for Higher Education PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : UCL Press
ISBN 13 : 1911576348
Total Pages : 184 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (115 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Connected Curriculum for Higher Education by : Dilly Fung

Download or read book A Connected Curriculum for Higher Education written by Dilly Fung and published by UCL Press. This book was released on 2017-06-07 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Is it possible to bring university research and student education into a more connected, more symbiotic relationship? If so, can we develop programmes of study that enable faculty, students and ‘real world’ communities to connect in new ways? In this accessible book, Dilly Fung argues that it is not only possible but also potentially transformational to develop new forms of research-based education. Presenting the Connected Curriculum framework already adopted by UCL, she opens windows onto new initiatives related to, for example, research-based education, internationalisation, the global classroom, interdisciplinarity and public engagement. A Connected Curriculum for Higher Education is, however, not just about developing engaging programmes of study. Drawing on the field of philosophical hermeneutics, Fung argues how the Connected Curriculum framework can help to create spaces for critical dialogue about educational values, both within and across existing research groups, teaching departments and learning communities. Drawing on vignettes of practice from around the world, she argues that developing the synergies between research and education can empower faculty members and students from all backgrounds to contribute to the global common good.

Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research

Download Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1402045123
Total Pages : 648 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research by : John C. Smart

Download or read book Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research written by John C. Smart and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-05-11 with total page 648 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Published annually since 1985, the Handbook series provides a compendium of thorough and integrative literature reviews on a diverse array of topics of interest to the higher education scholarly and policy communities. Each chapter provides a comprehensive review of research findings on a selected topic, critiques the research literature in terms of its conceptual and methodological rigor, and sets forth an agenda for future research intended to advance knowledge on the chosen topic. The Handbook focuses on twelve general areas that encompass the salient dimensions of scholarly and policy inquiries undertaken in the international higher education community. The series is fortunate to have attracted annual contributions from distinguished scholars throughout the world.

Higher Education for the Public Good

Download Higher Education for the Public Good PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119177952
Total Pages : 384 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (191 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Higher Education for the Public Good by : Adrianna Kezar

Download or read book Higher Education for the Public Good written by Adrianna Kezar and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-06-22 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This important book explores the various ways that higher education contributes to the realization of significant public ends and examines how leaders can promote and enhance their contribution to the social charter through new policies and best practices. It also shows how other sectors of society, government agencies, foundations, and individuals can partner with institutions of higher education to promote the public good. Higher Education for the Public Good includes contributions from leaders in the field—many of whom participated in dialogues hosted by the National Forum on Higher Education for the Public Good. These leaders are responsible for creating successful strategies, programs, and efforts that foster the public’s role in higher education.

High-impact Educational Practices

Download High-impact Educational Practices PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 50 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis High-impact Educational Practices by : George D. Kuh

Download or read book High-impact Educational Practices written by George D. Kuh and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This publication¿the latest report from AAC&U¿s Liberal Education and America¿s Promise (LEAP) initiative¿defines a set of educational practices that research has demonstrated have a significant impact on student success. Author George Kuh presents data from the National Survey of Student Engagement about these practices and explains why they benefit all students, but also seem to benefit underserved students even more than their more advantaged peers. The report also presents data that show definitively that underserved students are the least likely students, on average, to have access to these practices.

A Comprehensive Guide to Graduate Enrollment Management

Download A Comprehensive Guide to Graduate Enrollment Management PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1003857760
Total Pages : 335 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (38 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Comprehensive Guide to Graduate Enrollment Management by : Joseph H. Paris

Download or read book A Comprehensive Guide to Graduate Enrollment Management written by Joseph H. Paris and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2024-03-20 with total page 335 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book elucidates the intricacies and obscurities of graduate enrollment management, allowing scholars and professionals to advance research and practice in the field. Masterfully drawing upon scholarly and applied literatures pertaining to graduate admissions, marketing, strategic planning, and more, chapters present original empirical research and practical case studies that offer readers plentiful strategies, models, and frameworks for approaching graduate enrollment management at their own institutions. This guidebook positions higher education leaders, scholars, and graduate enrollment professionals to effectively address challenges that inhibit the work of increasing equity in graduate education and improving graduate student outcomes.

The Strategic Guide to Shaping Your Student Affairs Career

Download The Strategic Guide to Shaping Your Student Affairs Career PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000978257
Total Pages : 125 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (9 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Strategic Guide to Shaping Your Student Affairs Career by : Sonja Ardoin

Download or read book The Strategic Guide to Shaping Your Student Affairs Career written by Sonja Ardoin and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-07-03 with total page 125 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a book for any student affairs professional who wants to strategically shape his or her career path—and will be particularly helpful for people in early or mid-career, or contemplating a career, in student affairs.By engagingly offering us the fruits of the reflective and strategic approach she has used to shape her own career, and of the theoretical and practical approaches she has undertaken to map out the culture and dynamics of student affairs, and by gathering the voices of 25 professionals who offer the insights and advice derived from their own experiences, Sonja Ardoin has created a guide for everyone in student affairs who wants to be intentional in setting the course for their professional and personal development.She begins by describing the changing and varied student populations who are the heart of this field, and outlines the typical organizational structures of student affairs, the range of functional areas, and how practice varies by size and type of institution. She highlights major trends, discusses the typical paths of entry to the profession, the expectations and realities of starting in a new position, the process of socialization, and the required skills and competencies. She devotes the core of the book to the five key elements for developing a career strategy: Lifelong Learning, Extending Your Experiences, Planning for Professional Development, Networking/Connecting, and Self-Reflection, and provides advice on the job search, from application through interview. In doing so she ranges over choices to be made about formal qualifications, and describes activities – from volunteering and committee work to conference presentations, writing and teaching – that we can use to strategically develop the proficiencies to attain our goals.

Cracks in the Ivory Tower

Download Cracks in the Ivory Tower PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190846305
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (98 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cracks in the Ivory Tower by : Jason Brennan

Download or read book Cracks in the Ivory Tower written by Jason Brennan and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2019-04-01 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Academics extol high-minded ideals, such as serving the common good and promoting social justice. Universities aim to be centers of learning that find the best and brightest students, treat them fairly, and equip them with the knowledge they need to lead better lives. But as Jason Brennan and Phillip Magness show in Cracks in the Ivory Tower, American universities fall far short of this ideal. At almost every level, they find that students, professors, and administrators are guided by self-interest rather than ethical concerns. College bureaucratic structures also often incentivize and reward bad behavior, while disincentivizing and even punishing good behavior. Most students, faculty, and administrators are out to serve themselves and pass their costs onto others. The problems are deep and pervasive: most academic marketing and advertising is semi-fraudulent. To justify their own pay raises and higher budgets, administrators hire expensive and unnecessary staff. Faculty exploit students for tuition dollars through gen-ed requirements. Students hardly learn anything and cheating is pervasive. At every level, academics disguise their pursuit of self-interest with high-faluting moral language. Marshaling an array of data, Brennan and Magness expose many of the ethical failings of academia and in turn reshape our understanding of how such high power institutions run their business. Everyone knows academia is dysfunctional. Brennan and Magness show the problems are worse than anyone realized. Academics have only themselves to blame.

Developing Writers in Higher Education

Download Developing Writers in Higher Education PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : U OF M DIGT CULT BOOKS
ISBN 13 : 0472037382
Total Pages : 385 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (72 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Developing Writers in Higher Education by : Anne R Gere

Download or read book Developing Writers in Higher Education written by Anne R Gere and published by U OF M DIGT CULT BOOKS. This book was released on 2018-12-19 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For undergraduates following any course of study, it is essential to develop the ability to write effectively. Yet the processes by which students become more capable and ready to meet the challenges of writing for employers, the wider public, and their own purposes remain largely invisible. Developing Writers in Higher Education shows how learning to write for various purposes in multiple disciplines leads college students to new levels of competence. This volume draws on an in-depth study of the writing and experiences of 169 University of Michigan undergraduates, using statistical analysis of 322 surveys, qualitative analysis of 131 interviews, use of corpus linguistics on 94 electronic portfolios and 2,406 pieces of student writing, and case studies of individual students to trace the multiple paths taken by student writers. Topics include student writers’ interaction with feedback; perceptions of genre; the role of disciplinary writing; generality and certainty in student writing; students’ concepts of voice and style; students’ understanding of multimodal and digital writing; high school’s influence on college writers; and writing development after college. The digital edition offers samples of student writing, electronic portfolios produced by student writers, transcripts of interviews with students, and explanations of some of the analysis conducted by the contributors. This is an important book for researchers and graduate students in multiple fields. Those in writing studies get an overview of other longitudinal studies as well as key questions currently circulating. For linguists, it demonstrates how corpus linguistics can inform writing studies. Scholars in higher education will gain a new perspective on college student development. The book also adds to current understandings of sociocultural theories of literacy and offers prospective teachers insights into how students learn to write. Finally, for high school teachers, this volume will answer questions about college writing.

Advancing Equity and Embracing Diversity in Early Childhood Education: Elevating Voices and Actions

Download Advancing Equity and Embracing Diversity in Early Childhood Education: Elevating Voices and Actions PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781938113789
Total Pages : 152 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (137 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Advancing Equity and Embracing Diversity in Early Childhood Education: Elevating Voices and Actions by : Iliana Alanís

Download or read book Advancing Equity and Embracing Diversity in Early Childhood Education: Elevating Voices and Actions written by Iliana Alanís and published by . This book was released on 2021-06-29 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Examines systemic issues contributing to inequities in early childhood, with ways faculty, teachers, administrators, and policymakers can work to disrupt them.

Fundraising and Institutional Advancement

Download Fundraising and Institutional Advancement PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 113634179X
Total Pages : 243 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (363 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Fundraising and Institutional Advancement by : Noah D. Drezner

Download or read book Fundraising and Institutional Advancement written by Noah D. Drezner and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-09-04 with total page 243 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this timely textbook, authors Drezner and Huehls take the interdisciplinary, complex nature of the study of philanthropy and fundraising and apply it to the field of higher education. Covering issues of increasing importance to institutions—including donor cultivation, growth of fundraising at community colleges and minority institutions, engagement of young alumni, volunteerism, and the competing roles of stakeholders—this book helps readers apply theory to the practice of advancement in post-secondary education. Special Features: Coverage of historical and theoretical underpinnings and insights from related literature and research. Discussion of new donor populations including women, communities of color, the LGBTQ population, students, and young alumni. On-the-ground case studies bring theories into focus by creating a bridge to experience and action. Practical implications for the design of fundraising campaigns and strategies. Guiding questions that encourage students to think beyond the current literature and practice. This textbook bridges research, theory, and practice to help higher education administrators and institutions effectively negotiate the fundraising terrain and advance their institution.

Towards a Pedagogy of Higher Education

Download Towards a Pedagogy of Higher Education PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000554791
Total Pages : 158 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (5 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Towards a Pedagogy of Higher Education by : Gunnlaugur Magnússon

Download or read book Towards a Pedagogy of Higher Education written by Gunnlaugur Magnússon and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2022-03-24 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Towards a Pedagogy of Higher Education illustrates how international policy shifts, primarily the Bologna-process, have affected debates around both the purpose and organization of higher education at different levels. This book formulates a theory of teaching in higher education that is grounded in educational theory, contributing to a critical perspective on current ideal forms of higher education and a deeper understanding of the pedagogical role of the university. It illustrates how international policies affect conceptualizations of the purpose of higher education and critically examines the pedagogy of higher education in order to develop a comprehensive educational theory for teaching in higher education. The book illustrates the consequences of discursive ideals of education on teaching practices and provides a theoretical framework for new thinking on higher education. Offering a unique contribution that combines policy analyses, curriculum theory, and educational theory, this book will appeal to academics, scholars, and postgraduate students in the field of higher education research and teaching, educational theory, and educational policy.

The Community Engagement Professional in Higher Education

Download The Community Engagement Professional in Higher Education PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Campus Compact
ISBN 13 : 1945459050
Total Pages : 224 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (454 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Community Engagement Professional in Higher Education by : Lina D. Dostilio

Download or read book The Community Engagement Professional in Higher Education written by Lina D. Dostilio and published by Campus Compact. This book was released on 2017-03-10 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book, offered by “practitioner-scholars,” is an exploration and identification of the knowledge, skills, and dispositions that are central to supporting effective community engagement practices between higher education and communities. The discussion and review of these core competencies are framed within a broader context of the changing landscape of institutional community engagement and the emergence of the Community Engagement Professional as a facilitator of engaged teaching, research, and institutional partnerships distinct from other academic professionals. This research, conducted as part of Campus Compact’s Project on the Community Engagement Professional, seeks to identify the shared knowledge and practices of Community Engagement Professionals by looking to empirical practice literature. Chapters include an exploration of competencies applicable to those in Community Engagement Professional roles generally, and also to those specializing in specific areas such as faculty development, partnership facilitation, and other areas of responsibility. The authors trace the evolution of engagement administration over time and the role of those facilitating community-campus engagement toward a “Second Generation” professional who is at once a “tempered radical, transformational leader, and social entrepreneur.” Central to the work is a presentation of the core competency findings, along with suggestions for continued exploration. Dostilio and her colleagues argue that Community Engagement Professionals should claim a professional identity grounded in a set of core competencies, values, and knowledge, and through association with a community of scholar practitioners similarly dedicated. Additional work to understand and empower Community Engagement Professionals in their role as distinct from other higher education professional types will enable both broader impact for institutions and communities now with a view to prepare those coming to the role for a dynamic and demanding environment without distinct boundaries.

The Shaping of American Higher Education

Download The Shaping of American Higher Education PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1394180896
Total Pages : 692 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (941 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Shaping of American Higher Education by : Carrie B. Kisker

Download or read book The Shaping of American Higher Education written by Carrie B. Kisker and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2024-03-26 with total page 692 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An updated analysis of the forces shaping contemporary higher education in America Combining historical perspective with in-depth coverage of current events, The Shaping of American Higher Education offers an authoritative account of the past, present, and future of higher education in the United States. Readers will gain a thorough understanding of trends in student access and equity, faculty professionalization, curricular expansion, institutional growth, college administration and governance, public and private funding, outcomes, and accountability. Much has happened in American higher education since the 2nd edition of this text was published in 2009. This streamlined new edition discusses contemporary colleges and universities within a broader societal context characterized by political polarization, social fragmentation, and distrust of government and public institutions, and illustrates how twenty-first century institutions are grappling with issues related to diversity, equity, inclusion, and social justice; responding to decades of state and local disinvestment by engaging in public-private partnerships and other entrepreneurial ventures; and shedding historical precedents to educate and train learners in new ways. The book concludes with predictions for the future and an analysis of the challenges and opportunities that await higher education leaders, faculty, students, and policymakers. Readers of The Shaping of American Higher Education will: Gain an awareness of how history has shaped—and has been shaped by—institutions of higher education Develop an in-depth understanding of current issues in colleges and universities, including student activism and free speech; declining numbers of full-time and tenured faculty; equity-driven approaches to teaching and learning; new pathways to degrees and non-degree credentials; increasingly complex governance and administrative structures; entrepreneurial approaches to revenue generation and fiscal sustainability; and heightened pressures for student and institutional accountability. Benefit from a comprehensive analysis of how American higher education has evolved from the first colonial colleges to a complex system of liberal arts colleges, research universities, broad-access and Minority-Serving Institutions, community colleges, and for-profit institutions The Shaping of American Higher Education is required reading for higher education administrators, faculty, scholars, and policymakers and makes an excellent textbook for use in graduate and undergraduate courses on higher education.

New Dimensions in Higher Education: 10, Flexibility in the Undergraduate Curriculum

Download New Dimensions in Higher Education: 10, Flexibility in the Undergraduate Curriculum PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 68 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (319 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis New Dimensions in Higher Education: 10, Flexibility in the Undergraduate Curriculum by : United States. Education Office

Download or read book New Dimensions in Higher Education: 10, Flexibility in the Undergraduate Curriculum written by United States. Education Office and published by . This book was released on 1963 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Great Upheaval

Download The Great Upheaval PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : JHU Press
ISBN 13 : 1421442582
Total Pages : 334 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (214 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Great Upheaval by : Arthur Levine

Download or read book The Great Upheaval written by Arthur Levine and published by JHU Press. This book was released on 2021-09-14 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How will America's colleges and universities adapt to remarkable technological, economic, and demographic change? The United States is in the midst of a profound transformation the likes of which hasn't been seen since the Industrial Revolution, when America's classical colleges adapted to meet the needs of an emerging industrial economy. Today, as the world shifts to an increasingly interconnected knowledge economy, the intersecting forces of technological innovation, globalization, and demographic change create vast new challenges, opportunities, and uncertainties. In this great upheaval, the nation's most enduring social institutions are at a crossroads. In The Great Upheaval, Arthur Levine and Scott Van Pelt examine higher and postsecondary education to see how it has changed to become what it is today—and how it might be refitted for an uncertain future. Taking a unique historical, cross-industry perspective, Levine and Van Pelt perform a 360-degree survey of American higher education. Combining historical, trend, and comparative analyses of other business sectors, they ask • how much will colleges and universities change, what will change, and how will these changes occur? • will institutions of higher learning be able to adapt to the challenges they face, or will they be disrupted by them? • will the industrial model of higher education be repaired or replaced? • why is higher education more important than ever? The book is neither an attempt to advocate for a particular future direction nor a warning about that future. Rather, it looks objectively at the contexts in which higher education has operated—and will continue to operate. It also seeks to identify likely developments that will aid those involved in steering higher education forward, as well as the many millions of Americans who have a stake in its future. Concluding with a detailed agenda for action, The Great Upheaval is aimed at policy makers, college administrators, faculty, trustees, and students, as well as general readers and people who work for nonprofits facing the same big changes.

Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research

Download Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319489836
Total Pages : 663 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (194 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research by : Michael B. Paulsen

Download or read book Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research written by Michael B. Paulsen and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-02-09 with total page 663 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Published annually since 1985, the Handbook series provides a compendium of thorough and integrative literature reviews on a diverse array of topics of interest to the higher education scholarly and policy communities. Each chapter provides a comprehensive review of research findings on a selected topic, critiques the research literature in terms of its conceptual and methodological rigor and sets forth an agenda for future research intended to advance knowledge on the chosen topic. The Handbook focuses on a comprehensive set of central areas of study in higher education that encompasses the salient dimensions of scholarly and policy inquiries undertaken in the international higher education community. Each annual volume contains chapters on such diverse topics as research on college students and faculty, organization and administration, curriculum and instruction, policy, diversity issues, economics and finance, history and philosophy, community colleges, advances in research methodology and more. The series is fortunate to have attracted annual contributions from distinguished scholars throughout the world.