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Advanced Upgrading Of Pyrolysis Oil Via Liquid Liquid Extraction And Catalytically Upgrading
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Book Synopsis Advanced Upgrading of Pyrolysis Oil Via Liquid-liquid Extraction and Catalytically Upgrading by : Yi Wei
Download or read book Advanced Upgrading of Pyrolysis Oil Via Liquid-liquid Extraction and Catalytically Upgrading written by Yi Wei and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biomass is one of the important renewable energy sources which are used to produce carbon-based liquid fuels through biochemical and thermochemical methods. The bio--oil from the biomass pyrolysis is an intermediate and requires upgrading. Catalyst coking is the most difficult challenge during the upgrading process, and results in low hydrocarbon yield and short catalyst life time. Compared with other methods for reducing catalyst coking such as high temperature baking and co-feeding hydrogen, a new route by liquid--liquid extraction to separate chemical compounds in mixture has been established in this study. First of all, the liquid-liquid extraction process using chloroform solvent on raw pyrolysis oil successfully separated chemical compounds by their properties and polarities with high extracting yield and admirable effect on chemical distribution. The acid, aldehyde and unpyrolyzed sugar can be completely removed from the bio--oil mixture. Secondly, an esterification process over the acid-rich water phase of pyrolysis oil achieved acid conversion over 89% of by completely randomized design with temperature and catalyst loading factors. The esterification process followed the Langmuir--Hinshelwood mechanism and reaction constants were calculated to build a practical esterification model for acid compounds. Additionally, dimethyl acetal was also produced by acetalization on the water phase via acetalization. Products determined by HPLC and GC?MS represented similar Langmuir--Hinshelwood mechanism kinetics to esterification, while moisture and acid content in the feedstock are the main inhibitors for the process. Finally, raw bio--oil and liquid--liquid extracted bio--oil on ZSM--5 catalytic cracking was compared to illustrate our new pathway to solve catalyst coking. Temperature played an important role on increasing gaseous product and hydrocarbon yield as shown by GC--MS and Micro--GC analysis. Less catalyst coke and longer catalyst lives were achieved on liquid--liquid extracted bio--oil than raw bio--oil, indicating significant positive results on reducing catalyst coking. Besides, the new method developed in our study had several advantages over the traditional methods to solve catalyst coking. Neither alumina loss happened, nor high cost hydrogen was required, and other types of bio--oil also can be applied in this system.
Book Synopsis Thermochemical Processing of Biomass by : Robert C. Brown
Download or read book Thermochemical Processing of Biomass written by Robert C. Brown and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-05-28 with total page 426 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive examination of the large number of possible pathways for converting biomass into fuels and power through thermochemical processes Bringing together a widely scattered body of information into a single volume, this book provides complete coverage of the many ways that thermochemical processes are used to transform biomass into fuels, chemicals and power. Fully revised and updated, this new edition highlights the substantial progress and recent developments that have been made in this rapidly growing field since publication of the first edition and incorporates up-to-date information in each chapter. Thermochemical Processing of Biomass: Conversion into Fuels, Chemicals and Power, 2nd Edition incorporates two new chapters covering: condensed phased reactions of thermal deconstruction of biomass and life cycle analysis of thermochemical processing systems. It offers a new introductory chapter that provides a more comprehensive overview of thermochemical technologies. The book also features fresh perspectives from new authors covering such evolving areas as solvent liquefaction and hybrid processing. Other chapters cover combustion, gasification, fast pyrolysis, upgrading of syngas and bio-oil to liquid transportation fuels, and the economics of thermochemically producing fuels and power, and more. Features contributions by a distinguished group of European and American researchers offering a broad and unified description of thermochemical processing options for biomass Combines an overview of the current status of thermochemical biomass conversion as well as engineering aspects to appeal to the broadest audience Edited by one of Biofuels Digest’s "Top 100 People" in bioenergy for six consecutive years Thermochemical Processing of Biomass: Conversion into Fuels, Chemicals and Power, 2nd Edition will appeal to all academic researchers, process chemists, and engineers working in the field of biomass conversion to fuels and chemicals. It is also an excellent book for graduate and advanced undergraduate students studying biomass, biofuels, renewable resources, and energy and power generation.
Book Synopsis Biomass Pyrolysis Liquids Upgrading and Utilization by : A.V. Bridgwater
Download or read book Biomass Pyrolysis Liquids Upgrading and Utilization written by A.V. Bridgwater and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 381 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biomass pyrolysis has been practised for centuries in the manufacture of charcoal for industry and leisure. Only in the last two decades, however, has attention focussed on a better understanding of the science and technology, with the resultant benefits of better designed and controlled processes that give high yields of liquid products. These liquids, or 'bio-oil' as it is referred to, can be used in a variety of ways: -combustion to replace conventional fuel oil in boilers, process equipment such as kilns and in gas turbines for power generation; -upgrading by hydrotreating or with zeolites to gasoline, diesel and other hydrocarbon fuels, of chemicals; --extraction and upgrading to fuel additives and chemical specialities. Any charcoal produced can also be utilised to form char- water slurries, analogous to coal-water slurries, or bioi-oil slurries which may be used as liquid fuels in many combustion applications. A group of experts was set up in the EC Energy from Biomass programme to evaluate the status and opportunities for deriving useful liquid products from biomass pyrolysis. This book is a report of their findings and conclusions. It forms an authoritative guide to the wide range of technologies employed in biomass pyrolysis, and product upgrading, utilisation and characterisation. Recommendations and conclusions are included to identify promising areas of research and development that will be of value to researchers, planners and companies throughout the world.
Book Synopsis Catalytic In-Situ Upgrading of Heavy and Extra-Heavy Crude Oils by : Mikhail A. Varfolomeev
Download or read book Catalytic In-Situ Upgrading of Heavy and Extra-Heavy Crude Oils written by Mikhail A. Varfolomeev and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2023-09-25 with total page 564 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive guide to a cutting-edge and cost-effective refinement process for heavy oil Oil sufficiently viscous that it cannot flow normally from production wells is called heavy oil and constitutes as much as 70% of global oil reserves. Extracting and refining this oil can pose significant challenges, including very high transportation costs. As a result, processes which produce and partially refine heavy oil in situ, known as catalytic upgrading, are an increasingly important part of the heavy oil extraction process, and the reduced carbon footprint associated with these methods promises to make them even more significant in the coming years. Catalytic In-Situ Upgrading of Heavy and Extra-Heavy Crude Oils provides a comprehensive introduction to these processes. It introduces the properties and characteristics of heavy and extra-heavy oil before discussing different catalysts and catalyzing processes, their mechanisms and underlying physics, and more. It offers the full sweep of description and analysis required for petroleum and chemical engineers to understand this vital aspect of the modern oil industry. Readers will also find: Detailed discussion of subjects including electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and more Analysis of both liquid catalysts and nanoparticle catalysts A numerical simulation of the catalytic in-situ oil upgrading process Catalytic In-Situ Upgrading of Heavy and Extra-Heavy Crude Oils is a valuable reference for petroleum and chemical engineers as well as advanced undergraduate and graduate students in related fields.
Book Synopsis Upgrading Fast Pyrolysis Oil: Solvent–anti-solvent Extraction and Blending with Diesel by :
Download or read book Upgrading Fast Pyrolysis Oil: Solvent–anti-solvent Extraction and Blending with Diesel written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Chemical Catalysts for Biomass Upgrading by : Mark Crocker
Download or read book Chemical Catalysts for Biomass Upgrading written by Mark Crocker and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-03-09 with total page 634 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive reference to the use of innovative catalysts and processes to turn biomass into value-added chemicals Chemical Catalysts for Biomass Upgrading offers detailed descriptions of catalysts and catalytic processes employed in the synthesis of chemicals and fuels from the most abundant and important biomass types. The contributors?noted experts on the topic?focus on the application of catalysts to the pyrolysis of whole biomass and to the upgrading of bio-oils. The authors discuss catalytic approaches to the processing of biomass-derived oxygenates, as exemplified by sugars, via reactions such as reforming, hydrogenation, oxidation, and condensation reactions. Additionally, the book provides an overview of catalysts for lignin valorization via oxidative and reductive methods and considers the conversion of fats and oils to fuels and terminal olefins by means of esterification/transesterification, hydrodeoxygenation, and decarboxylation/decarbonylation processes. The authors also provide an overview of conversion processes based on terpenes and chitin, two emerging feedstocks with a rich chemistry, and summarize some of the emerging trends in the field. This important book: -Provides a comprehensive review of innovative catalysts, catalytic processes, and catalyst design -Offers a guide to one of the most promising ways to find useful alternatives for fossil fuel resources -Includes information on the most abundant and important types of biomass feedstocks -Examines fields such as catalytic cracking, pyrolysis, depolymerization, and many more Written for catalytic chemists, process engineers, environmental chemists, bioengineers, organic chemists, and polymer chemists, Chemical Catalysts for Biomass Upgrading presents deep insights on the most important aspects of biomass upgrading and their various types.
Book Synopsis Pyrolysis Oils from Biomass by : Ed J. Soltes
Download or read book Pyrolysis Oils from Biomass written by Ed J. Soltes and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Brings together specialists to present the state-of-the-science in the complete fuel cycle--from feedstock to upgraded liquid fuels suitable for replacements for petroleum-derived fuels. Offers a discussion of biomass pyrolysis and its place in the renewable fuel economy. Presents the technology of pyrolysis oil production. Describes analysis of the oils by characterization, kinetics, and chromatographic techniques. Concludes with a discussion of upgrading pyrolysis oils to liquid fuels.
Book Synopsis Upgrading Pyrolysis Oil to Produce Liquid Transportation Fuels by : Ehsan Reyhanitash
Download or read book Upgrading Pyrolysis Oil to Produce Liquid Transportation Fuels written by Ehsan Reyhanitash and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The effects of stabilizing fast pyrolysis oil via catalytic alcohol pretreatment on upgrading via hydrodeoxygenation or thermal treatment was studied by comparing the properties of upgraded-stabilized oils with those of upgraded-non-stabilized oils (benchmarks). The major expected effect was reduction in molar mass of upgraded oils, as stabilization was expected to reduce the reactivity of fast pyrolysis oil, thereby reducing polymerization. It was observed that molar mass reduction was induced by dilution effect of the alcohol rather than reactivity reduction due to stabilization. Also, the effects of different alcohols on stabilization and subsequent upgrading were examined at minimized dilution effect conditions. Stabilization did not significantly affect the molar mass distribution of upgraded oils. However, other properties (e.g. CO2 production and H2 consumption) were significantly affected by stabilization.
Book Synopsis Pyrolysis Oils by : Tushar P. Vispute
Download or read book Pyrolysis Oils written by Tushar P. Vispute and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is a growing need to develop the processes to produce renewable fuels and chemicals due to the economical, political, and environmental concerns associated with the fossil fuels. One of the most promising methods for a small scale conversion of biomass into liquid fuels is fast pyrolysis. The liquid product obtained from the fast pyrolysis of biomass is called pyrolysis oil or bio-oil. It is a complex mixture of more than 300 compounds resulting from the depolymerization of biomass building blocks, cellulose; hemi-cellulose; and lignin. Bio-oils have low heating value, high moisture content, are acidic, contain solid char particles, are incompatible with existing petroleum based fuels, are thermally unstable, and degrade with time. They cannot be used directly in a diesel or a gasoline internal combustion engine. One of the challenges with the bio-oil is that it is unstable and can phase separate when stored for long. Its viscosity and molecular weight increases with time. It is important to identify the factors responsible for the bio-oil instability and to stabilize the bio-oil. The stability analysis of the bio-oil showed that the high molecular weight lignin oligomers in the bio-oil are mainly responsible for the instability of bio-oil. The viscosity increase in the bio-oil was due to two reasons: increase in the average molecular weight and increase in the concentration of high molecular weight oligomers. Char can be removed from the bio-oil by microfiltration using ceramic membranes with pore sizes less than 1 [mu meter]. Removal of char does not affect the bio-oil stability but is desired as char can cause difficulty in further processing of the bio-oil. Nanofiltration and low temperature hydrogenation were found to be the promising techniques to stabilize the bio-oil. Bio-oil must be catalytically converted into fuels and chemicals if it is to be used as a feedstock to make renewable fuels and chemicals. The water soluble fraction of bio-oil (WSBO) was found to contain C2 to C6 oxygenated hydrocarbons with various functionalities. In this study we showed that both hydrogen and alkanes can be produced with high yields from WSBO using aqueous phase processing. Hydrogen was produced by aqueous phase reforming over Pt/Al2O3 catalyst. Alkanes were produced by hydrodeoxygenation over Pt/SiO2-Al2O3. Both of these processes were preceded by a low temperature hydrogenation step over Ru/C catalyst. This step was critical to achieve high yields of hydrogen and alkanes. WSBO was also converted to gasoline-range alcohols and C2 to C6 diols with up to 46% carbon yield by a two-stage hydrogenation process over Ru/C catalyst (125 °C) followed by over Pt/C (250 °C) catalyst. Temperature and pressure can be used to tune the product selectivity. The hydroprocessing of bio-oil was followed by zeolite upgrading to produce C6 to C8 aromatic hydrocarbons and C2 to C4 olefins. Up to 70% carbon yield to aromatics and olefins was achieved from the hydrogenated aqueous fraction of bio-oil. The hydroprocessing steps prior to the zeolite upgrading increases the thermal stability of bio-oil as well as the intrinsic hydrogen content. Increasing the thermal stability of bio-oil results in reduced coke yields in zeolite upgrading, whereas, increasing the intrinsic hydrogen content results in more oxygen being removed from bio-oil as H2O than CO and CO2. This results in higher carbon yields to aromatic hydrocarbon and olefins. Integrating hydroprocessing with zeolite upgrading produces a narrow product spectrum and reduces the hydrogen requirement of the process as compared to processes solely based on hydrotreating. Increasing the yield of petrochemical products from biomass therefore requires hydrogen, thus cost of hydrogen dictates the maximum economic potential of the process.
Book Synopsis Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass by : Robert C Brown
Download or read book Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass written by Robert C Brown and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2017-06-30 with total page 291 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fast pyrolysis and related catalytic pyrolysis are of increasing interest as pathways to advanced biofuels that closely mimic traditional petroleum products. Research has moved from empirical investigations to more fundamental studies of pyrolysis mechanisms. Theories on the chemical and physical pathways from plant polymers to pyrolysis products have proliferated as a result. This book brings together the latest developments in pyrolysis science and technology. It examines, reviews and challenges the unresolved and sometimes controversial questions about pyrolysis, helping advance the understanding of this important technology and stimulating discussion on the various competing theories of thermal deconstruction of plant polymers. Beginning with an introduction to the biomass-to-biofuels process via fast pyrolysis and catalytic pyrolysis, chapters address prominent questions such as whether free radicals or concerted reactions dominate deconstruction reactions. Finally, the book concludes with an economic analysis of fast pyrolysis versus catalytic pyrolysis. This book will be of interest to advanced students and researchers interested in the science behind renewable fuel technology, and particularly the thermochemical processing of biomass.
Book Synopsis Advanced Studies of Catalytic Upgrading of Heavy Oil & Bio-oil by : Sam Derakhshan Deilami
Download or read book Advanced Studies of Catalytic Upgrading of Heavy Oil & Bio-oil written by Sam Derakhshan Deilami and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Fossil Energy Update written by and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 748 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Upgrading of Fast Pyrolysis Oil Via HDO Using Nano-Structured Catalysts by : Shima Ahmadi
Download or read book Upgrading of Fast Pyrolysis Oil Via HDO Using Nano-Structured Catalysts written by Shima Ahmadi and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The effects of type of solvents (hydro-treated or upgraded pyrolysis oil and ethanol) on hydro-de-oxygenation (HDO) of fast pyrolysis oil were studied. The presence and the type of solvent were found to be effective for prevention or reduction of self-polymerization during the bio-oil HDO process. Using ethanol as the solvent had superior performance in terms of the heating value, molecular weight and elemental composition of the upgraded oil products, compared to using hydro-treated oils as the solvent. Furthermore, novel CoMo catalysts supported on nano-structured materials including MCM-41 and SBA-15 were synthesized and tested on HDO of fast pyrolysis oil in supercritical ethanol, along with other commercial or in-house prepared CoMo catalysts supported on other materials (activated carbon and g-alumina). Among all the supported CoMo catalysts, CoMo/MCM-41 produced the highest oil fraction yield, and the spent catalyst after regeneration produced the same oil yields as the fresh one. Furthermore, CoMo/SBA-15 and CoMo/MCM-41 catalysts showed better resistance to coke/carbon deposition in the HDO process, compared with the CoMo/HZSM-5 and CoMo/Al2O3 catalysts. Moreover, the study also demonstrated that the nano-structured catalysts can resist in the supercritical ethanol condition without collapsing of their crystalline structure.
Book Synopsis Catalytic and Noncatalytic Upgrading of Oils by : Ajay K. Dalai
Download or read book Catalytic and Noncatalytic Upgrading of Oils written by Ajay K. Dalai and published by . This book was released on 2022-02-04 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This book is about Catalytic and Noncatalytic Upgrading of Oils"--
Book Synopsis Life Cycle Environmental and Economic Evaluation of Pyrolysis Oil Upgrade Technologies by : Yetunde Elizabeth Sorunmu
Download or read book Life Cycle Environmental and Economic Evaluation of Pyrolysis Oil Upgrade Technologies written by Yetunde Elizabeth Sorunmu and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Greenhouse gases are the leading contributors of climate change. The global rise of CO2 over the years, has urged an interest in government and researchers to find means of CO2 mitigation. Research has found that advanced biofuels can reduce CO2 emissions by up to 90%. Advanced biofuels can be produced from various routes, such as pyrolysis, gasification and torrefaction - with each route having limitations that hinder commercialization. A major limitation of pyrolysis-based advanced fuels also known as pyrolysis fuels, is their excessive cost of production due to their oxygenated structure; hence, their inability to be an infrastructure compatible market-ready fuel. In order to overcome this limitation, there is the need to deoxygenate the pyrolysis fuel. This thesis evaluates the environmental and economic sustainability of alternative pyrolysis oil upgrade technologies using life cycle assessment (LCA) and techno-economic analysis (TEA). The objective of this thesis is realized by completing three tasks: (1) examining the environmental and cost tradeoffs of the isolation and extraction of value added chemicals from tail gas reactive pyrolysis oil upgrade in comparison to the conventional hydrodeoxygenation upgrade (2) evaluating the implications of configuration, scale and hydrogen supply in alternative pyrolysis upgrade systems using life cycle assessment and (3) evaluating environmental, economic and technological aspects of alternative pyrolysis oil upgrading strategies Herein, we evaluate two emerging pyrolysis oil upgrade technologies; isolation and distillation of tail gas reactive pyrolysis (TGRP) oil and electrochemical deoxygenation (EDOx), and compare them to widely cited alternative technologies such as hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) and catalytic fast pyrolysis. We capitalize on some of the benefits of these emerging technologies; such as, the value-added coproducts in the TGRP process as well as the oxygen coproduced and the limited use of hydrogen in the EDOx process. Another main factor that sets these emerging technologies apart from the existing technologies is the smaller scale of 200MTPD in the TGRP process and 300 MTPD in the EDOx process compared to the larger scale (2000 MTPD) of the HDO process. In this thesis, we treat these co-products using system expansion in LCA and weigh in their value in the overall economics through measures like minimum fuel selling price (MFSP). The life cycle GHG emissions from the TGRP and EDOx processes, indicate reductions of 88% to 95% of emissions from petroleum-based fuels compared to 53% to 75% GHG reduction from the HDO processes and 89% to 90% from the catalytic pyrolysis processes. Also, The TEA results reveal that, even though the emerging technologies have a high minimum fuel selling price (MFSP) of $1.8 L-1 compared to the existing technologies of ($0.54 L-1 to $1.65 L-1), if the social cost of carbon is credited as a revenue, the TGRP of upgraded fuel cost can be reduced to $0.65 L-1, a price that is close to being economically competitive to petroleum- based fuels ($0.47 L-1 to $0.48 L-1).
Book Synopsis Liquid-phase Processing of Fast Pyrolysis Bio-oil Using Pt/HZSM-5 Catalyst by : Bjorn Sanchez Santos
Download or read book Liquid-phase Processing of Fast Pyrolysis Bio-oil Using Pt/HZSM-5 Catalyst written by Bjorn Sanchez Santos and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 165 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent developments in converting biomass to bio-chemicals and liquid fuels provide a promising sight to an emerging biofuels industry. Biomass can be converted to energy via thermochemical and biochemical pathways. Thermal degradation processes include liquefaction, gasification, and pyrolysis. Among these biomass technologies, pyrolysis (i.e. a thermochemical conversion process of any organic material in the absence of oxygen) has gained more attention because of its simplicity in design, construction and operation. This research study focuses on comparative assessment of two types of pyrolysis processes and catalytic upgrading of bio-oil for production of transportation fuel intermediates. Slow and fast pyrolysis processes were compared for their respective product yields and properties. Slow pyrolysis bio-oil displayed fossil fuel-like properties, although low yields limit the process making it uneconomically feasible. Fast pyrolysis, on the other hand, show high yields but produces relatively less quality bio-oil. Catalytic transformation of the high-boiling fraction (HBF) of the crude bio-oil from fast pyrolysis was therefore evaluated by performing liquid-phase reactions at moderate temperatures using Pt/HZSM-5 catalyst. High yields of upgraded bio-oils along with improved heating values and reduced oxygen contents were obtained at a reaction temperature of 200°C and ethanol/HBF ratio of 3:1. Better quality, however, was observed at 240 °C even though reaction temperature has no significant effect on coke deposition. The addition of ethanol in the feed has greatly attenuated coke deposition in the catalyst. Major reactions observed are esterification, catalytic cracking, and reforming. Overall mass and energy balances in the conversion of energy sorghum biomass to produce a liquid fuel intermediate obtained sixteen percent (16 wt.%) of the biomass ending up as liquid fuel intermediate, while containing 26% of its initial energy. The electronic version of this dissertation is accessible from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/149605
Book Synopsis Pyrolysis Oil Upgrading to Transportation Fuels by Catalytic Hydrotreatment by : Jelle Wildschut
Download or read book Pyrolysis Oil Upgrading to Transportation Fuels by Catalytic Hydrotreatment written by Jelle Wildschut and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
