Advanced Green Composites

Download Advanced Green Composites full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Advanced Green Composites ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

Advanced Green Composites

Download Advanced Green Composites PDF Online Free

Author : Anil N. Netravali
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119323738
Total Pages : 432 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (193 download)

Book Synopsis Advanced Green Composites by : Anil N. Netravali

Download or read book Advanced Green Composites written by Anil N. Netravali and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-10-02 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most composites, particularly those made using thermoset resins, cannot be recycled or reused. As a result, most of them end up in landfills at the end of their useful life which is neither sustainable nor environment-friendly. Various laws enacted by Governments around the world and heightened global awareness about sustainability and global warming is changing this situation. Significant research is being conducted in developing and utilizing sustainable fibers and resins, mostly derived from plant, to fabricate 'Green' composites. The significant progress in the past 20 or so years in this field has led to the development of green composites with high strength or so called Advanced Green Composites. More interestingly, green composites have also acquired various different properties such as fire resistance, transparency, barrier to gases and others. The term 'advanced' which only included high strength and stiffness now includes all these special properties. The world is on the cusp of a major change, and once fully developed, such composites could be used in applications ranging from automobiles to sporting goods, from circuit boards to housing and from furniture to packaging. This book, by presenting the state-of-the-art developments in many aspects of advanced green composites adds significantly to the knowledge base that is critical for their success of expanding their use in applications never seen before. The chapters are written by world’s leading researchers and present in-depth information in a simple way. This provides readers and researchers the latest developments in the field of 'Green' resins (with ways of strengthening them), High Strength Green Fibers (including micro and nano-cellulose fibrils/fibers) and Green Composites in the first few chapters. The introductory chapter summarizes the consequences of using conventional, petroleum-based materials and the need for green composites as well as the progress being made in this field. After that the book delves in to Advanced Green Composites in a broader sense and includes chapters on High Strength Green Composites, Self-healing Green Composites, Transparent Green Composites, All-cellulose composites, Toughened Green Composites, Green Biofoams, Bioinspired Shape Memory Composites, etc. The chapters are written by the experts who are highly respected in their fields.

Advanced Green Composites

Download Advanced Green Composites PDF Online Free

Author : Anil N. Netravali
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119323703
Total Pages : 342 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (193 download)

Book Synopsis Advanced Green Composites by : Anil N. Netravali

Download or read book Advanced Green Composites written by Anil N. Netravali and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-10-04 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most composites, particularly those made using thermoset resins, cannot be recycled or reused. As a result, most of them end up in landfills at the end of their useful life which is neither sustainable nor environment-friendly. Various laws enacted by Governments around the world and heightened global awareness about sustainability and global warming is changing this situation. Significant research is being conducted in developing and utilizing sustainable fibers and resins, mostly derived from plant, to fabricate 'Green' composites. The significant progress in the past 20 or so years in this field has led to the development of green composites with high strength or so called Advanced Green Composites. More interestingly, green composites have also acquired various different properties such as fire resistance, transparency, barrier to gases and others. The term 'advanced' which only included high strength and stiffness now includes all these special properties. The world is on the cusp of a major change, and once fully developed, such composites could be used in applications ranging from automobiles to sporting goods, from circuit boards to housing and from furniture to packaging. This book, by presenting the state-of-the-art developments in many aspects of advanced green composites adds significantly to the knowledge base that is critical for their success of expanding their use in applications never seen before. The chapters are written by world’s leading researchers and present in-depth information in a simple way. This provides readers and researchers the latest developments in the field of 'Green' resins (with ways of strengthening them), High Strength Green Fibers (including micro and nano-cellulose fibrils/fibers) and Green Composites in the first few chapters. The introductory chapter summarizes the consequences of using conventional, petroleum-based materials and the need for green composites as well as the progress being made in this field. After that the book delves in to Advanced Green Composites in a broader sense and includes chapters on High Strength Green Composites, Self-healing Green Composites, Transparent Green Composites, All-cellulose composites, Toughened Green Composites, Green Biofoams, Bioinspired Shape Memory Composites, etc. The chapters are written by the experts who are highly respected in their fields.

Advanced Green Materials

Download Advanced Green Materials PDF Online Free

Author : Shakeel Ahmed
Publisher : Woodhead Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0128226757
Total Pages : 494 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

Book Synopsis Advanced Green Materials by : Shakeel Ahmed

Download or read book Advanced Green Materials written by Shakeel Ahmed and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2020-11-24 with total page 494 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advanced Green Materials: Fabrication, Characterization and Applications of Biopolymers and Biocomposites looks at their extraction, purification, modification, and processing for various industrial, biomedical, pharmaceutical, and construction applications. The book comprehensively summarizes recent technical research accomplishments in natural materials and discusses various aspects of natural materials from a chemistry/engineering point of view. The book is unique with contributions from experts working on hybrid biopolymers and bio- composites, bioactive and biodegradable materials, bio-inert polymers and composites, natural polymer and composites, and metallic natural materials. The book will be a useful reference for scientists, academicians, research scholars, and biotechnologists. Advanced biocomposite materials continue to become increasingly popular and important for a broad range of different science and engineering applications. In the race to exploit the unique mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of these materials, researchers must also address new challenges to predict, understand, and manage the potentially adverse effects they could have on the environment and human lives. The book describes recent developments and applications of biopolymers and biocomposites for applications in various industrial fields. Chapters include original research and the latest reviews in similar fields. Biopolymers and biocomposites occupy an exceptional position in the exciting new world of novel biomaterials. Considering their sustainability, non-toxic properties, and their ability to have tailored properties and functions, they should be considered as a smart candidate in the advancement of biomaterials technology. - Covers all types of biopolymers and advanced industrial applications, from packaging to biomedical therapeutics - Discusses the shift from research to industrial large-scale application of biopolymers and biocomposites - Emphasizes new strategic trends, such as bio-based and biodegradable additives for bioplastics, PHAs, new lignin-based biopolymers, and new polymers based on terpenes and biosensor applications

Applications of Advanced Green Materials

Download Applications of Advanced Green Materials PDF Online Free

Author : Shakeel Ahmed
Publisher : Woodhead Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0128209380
Total Pages : 806 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

Book Synopsis Applications of Advanced Green Materials by : Shakeel Ahmed

Download or read book Applications of Advanced Green Materials written by Shakeel Ahmed and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2020-10-22 with total page 806 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Applications of Advanced Green Materials provides a comprehensive and authoritative review on recent advancement in green materials in various applications. Each chapter is focused on a specific application of advanced green materials from packaging to sensor technology, biomedical to environmental applications, textile to catalysis to electronic shielding applications, supercapacitors, drug delivery, tissue engineering, bioelectronic, gas storage and separation, etc. This book also discusses life cycle assessment and circular economy of green materials and their future prospective. The book is unique with contributions from renowned scientists working on biopolymers and biocomposites, bioactive and biodegradable materials, composites, and metallic natural materials. This book is an essential resource for academicians, researchers, students and professionals interested in exploring potential of advanced green materials. - Includes up to date information on applications of advanced green materials - Each chapter is specifically discussing a particular application with examples - Present a unified approach to discuss in detail about origin, synthesis and application of green materials

Biodegradable Green Composites

Download Biodegradable Green Composites PDF Online Free

Author : Susheel Kalia
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118911091
Total Pages : 377 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (189 download)

Book Synopsis Biodegradable Green Composites by : Susheel Kalia

Download or read book Biodegradable Green Composites written by Susheel Kalia and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-02-29 with total page 377 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book comprehensively addresses surface modification of natural fibers to make them more effective, cost-efficient, and environmentally friendly. Topics include the elucidation of important aspects surrounding chemical and green approaches for the surface modification of natural fibers, the use of recycled waste, properties of biodegradable polyesters, methods such as electrospinning, and applications of hybrid composite materials.

Green Composites

Download Green Composites PDF Online Free

Author : Sabu Thomas
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811596433
Total Pages : 621 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (115 download)

Book Synopsis Green Composites by : Sabu Thomas

Download or read book Green Composites written by Sabu Thomas and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-01-18 with total page 621 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents important developments in green chemistry, with a particular focus on composite materials chemistry. In recent years, natural polymers have generated much interest due to their unique morphology and physical properties. The book gives an introductory overview of green composites, and discusses their emerging interdisciplinary applications in various contemporary fields. The chapters, written by leading experts from industry and academia, cover different aspects of biodegradable green composites and natural polymers including their processing, manufacturing, properties, and applications. This book will be a valuable reference for beginners, researchers as well as industry professionals interested in biodegradable composites.

Green Composites for Automotive Applications

Download Green Composites for Automotive Applications PDF Online Free

Author : Georgios Koronis
Publisher : Woodhead Publishing
ISBN 13 : 008102178X
Total Pages : 326 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (81 download)

Book Synopsis Green Composites for Automotive Applications by : Georgios Koronis

Download or read book Green Composites for Automotive Applications written by Georgios Koronis and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2018-11-10 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Green Composites for Automotive Applications presents cutting-edge, comprehensive reviews on the industrial applications of green composites. The book provides an elaborative assessment of both academic and industrial research on eco-design, durability issues, environmental performance, and future trends. Particular emphasis is placed on the processing and characterization of green composites, specific types of materials, such as thermoset and thermoplastic, nanocomposites, sandwich, and polymer biofoams. Additional sections cover lifecycle and risk analysis. As such, this book is an essential reference resource for R&D specialists working in materials science, automotive, chemical, and environmental engineering, as well as R&D managers in industry. - Contains contributions from leading experts in the field - Covers experimental, analytical and numerical analysis - Deals with most important automotive aspects - Provides a special section dedicated to lifecycle assessment

Advanced Applications of Bio-degradable Green Composites

Download Advanced Applications of Bio-degradable Green Composites PDF Online Free

Author : Amir Al-Ahmed
Publisher : Materials Research Forum LLC
ISBN 13 : 1644900653
Total Pages : 203 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (449 download)

Book Synopsis Advanced Applications of Bio-degradable Green Composites by : Amir Al-Ahmed

Download or read book Advanced Applications of Bio-degradable Green Composites written by Amir Al-Ahmed and published by Materials Research Forum LLC. This book was released on 2020-03-15 with total page 203 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book reports progress on the development of new biodegradable polymers, composites and nanocomposites for use in such areas as drug delivery, packaging, food and agricultural technology. The world has become increasingly worried about non-degradable polymers used in our daily activities. Hence, biodegradable polymers and composites are of growing demand to replace petroleum based polymers and products. Keywords: Biopolymers, Biodegradable Polymers, Biodegradable Composites, Biodegradable Nanocomposites, Green Composites, Biodegradable Packaging, Bioplastics, Biodegradation Test Methods, Polyhydroxybutyrate, Lipids, Liposomes, Lipid Composites, Natural Fiber, Drug Delivery, Dunnage, Electronics Packaging, Horticulture, Plantable Pots.

Sustainability of Green and Eco-friendly Composites

Download Sustainability of Green and Eco-friendly Composites PDF Online Free

Author : Sumit Gupta
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000932486
Total Pages : 221 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (9 download)

Book Synopsis Sustainability of Green and Eco-friendly Composites by : Sumit Gupta

Download or read book Sustainability of Green and Eco-friendly Composites written by Sumit Gupta and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2023-08-31 with total page 221 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book explores the pertinent aspects of sustainability of green and eco-friendly composites including their development methods and processing, characterization, properties, and applications. Significance for the design and engineering of high-performance green and eco-friendly composites is discussed in the present book. Insights on a wide spectrum of potential advanced applications ranging from automotive and aerospace to biomedical and packaging, etc. using these are highlighted. Further, it discusses life cycle and carbon footprint assessment of sustainable materials. Features: Explores different processing methods of green and eco-friendly composites Discusses development and optimization of green nanocomposites for sustainable manufacturing Collates modern green and eco-friendly composites research from theory to application Covers hybridization of reinforced fibers on the performance of green and eco-friendly composites Analyzes and discusses calculation of carbon footprint and Life Cycle Assessment of composites This book is aimed at graduate students and researchers in materials science and engineering, sustainable materials, composites, and nanomaterials.

Advanced Composite Materials

Download Advanced Composite Materials PDF Online Free

Author : Ashutosh Tiwari
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 111924286X
Total Pages : 410 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (192 download)

Book Synopsis Advanced Composite Materials by : Ashutosh Tiwari

Download or read book Advanced Composite Materials written by Ashutosh Tiwari and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-09-14 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Composites materials is basically the combining of unique properties of materials to have synergistic effects. A combination of materials is needed to adapt to certain properties for any application area. There is an everlasting desire to make composite materials stronger, lighter or more durable than traditional materials. Carbon materials are known to be attractive in composites because of their combination of chemical and physical properties. In the recent years, development of new composites has been influenced by precision green approaches that restrict hazardous substances and waste created during production. This book ranges from the fundamental principles underpinning the fabrication of different composite materials to their devices, for example, applications in energy harvesting, memory devices, electrochemical biosensing and other advanced composite-based biomedical applications. This book provides a compilation of innovative fabrication strategies and utilization methodologies which are frequently adopted in the advanced composite materials community with respect to developing appropriate composites to efficiently utilize macro and nanoscale features. The key topics are: Pioneer composite materials for printed electronics Current-limiting defects in superconductors High-tech ceramics materials Carbon nanomaterials for electrochemical biosensing Nanostructured ceramics and bioceramics for bone cancer Importance of biomaterials for bone regeneration Tuning hydroxyapatite particles Carbon nanotubes reinforced bioceramic composite Biomimetic prototype interface

Advanced Green Composites

Download Advanced Green Composites PDF Online Free

Author : Anil N. Netravali
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119323266
Total Pages : 428 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (193 download)

Book Synopsis Advanced Green Composites by : Anil N. Netravali

Download or read book Advanced Green Composites written by Anil N. Netravali and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-10-16 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most composites, particularly those made using thermoset resins, cannot be recycled or reused. As a result, most of them end up in landfills at the end of their useful life which is neither sustainable nor environment-friendly. Various laws enacted by Governments around the world and heightened global awareness about sustainability and global warming is changing this situation. Significant research is being conducted in developing and utilizing sustainable fibers and resins, mostly derived from plant, to fabricate 'Green' composites. The significant progress in the past 20 or so years in this field has led to the development of green composites with high strength or so called Advanced Green Composites. More interestingly, green composites have also acquired various different properties such as fire resistance, transparency, barrier to gases and others. The term 'advanced' which only included high strength and stiffness now includes all these special properties. The world is on the cusp of a major change, and once fully developed, such composites could be used in applications ranging from automobiles to sporting goods, from circuit boards to housing and from furniture to packaging. This book, by presenting the state-of-the-art developments in many aspects of advanced green composites adds significantly to the knowledge base that is critical for their success of expanding their use in applications never seen before. The chapters are written by world’s leading researchers and present in-depth information in a simple way. This provides readers and researchers the latest developments in the field of 'Green' resins (with ways of strengthening them), High Strength Green Fibers (including micro and nano-cellulose fibrils/fibers) and Green Composites in the first few chapters. The introductory chapter summarizes the consequences of using conventional, petroleum-based materials and the need for green composites as well as the progress being made in this field. After that the book delves in to Advanced Green Composites in a broader sense and includes chapters on High Strength Green Composites, Self-healing Green Composites, Transparent Green Composites, All-cellulose composites, Toughened Green Composites, Green Biofoams, Bioinspired Shape Memory Composites, etc. The chapters are written by the experts who are highly respected in their fields.

Green Materials and Advanced Manufacturing Technology

Download Green Materials and Advanced Manufacturing Technology PDF Online Free

Author : Arun Seeralan Balakrishnan
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9780367521097
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (21 download)

Book Synopsis Green Materials and Advanced Manufacturing Technology by : Arun Seeralan Balakrishnan

Download or read book Green Materials and Advanced Manufacturing Technology written by Arun Seeralan Balakrishnan and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2024-10-04 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides the latest cutting-edge technology on the development of new green composite materials and advanced manufacturing processes along with concepts and applications.

Green and Sustainable Manufacturing of Advanced Material

Download Green and Sustainable Manufacturing of Advanced Material PDF Online Free

Author : Mrityunjay Singh
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0124115268
Total Pages : 708 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (241 download)

Book Synopsis Green and Sustainable Manufacturing of Advanced Material by : Mrityunjay Singh

Download or read book Green and Sustainable Manufacturing of Advanced Material written by Mrityunjay Singh and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2015-08-18 with total page 708 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sustainable development is a globally recognized mandate and it includes green or environment-friendly manufacturing practices. Such practices orchestrate with the self-healing and self-replenishing capability of natural ecosystems. Green manufacturing encompasses synthesis, processing, fabrication, and process optimization, but also testing, performance evaluation and reliability. The book shall serve as a comprehensive and authoritative resource on sustainable manufacturing of ceramics, metals and their composites. It is designed to capture the diversity and unity of methods and approaches to materials processing, manufacturing, testing and evaluation across disciplines and length scales. Each chapter incorporates in-depth technical information without compromising the delicate link between factual data and fundamental concepts or between theory and practice. Green and sustainable materials processing and manufacturing is designed as a key enabler of sustainable development. - A one-stop compendium of new research and technology of green manufacturing of metals, ceramics and their composites - In-depth cutting-edge treatment of synthesis, processing, fabrication, process optimization, testing, performance evaluation and reliability which are of critical importance to green manufacturing - Stimulates fresh thinking and exchange of ideas and information on approaches to green materials processing across disciplines

Composites and Advanced Materials for Industrial Applications

Download Composites and Advanced Materials for Industrial Applications PDF Online Free

Author : Kumar, K.
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1522552170
Total Pages : 422 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (225 download)

Book Synopsis Composites and Advanced Materials for Industrial Applications by : Kumar, K.

Download or read book Composites and Advanced Materials for Industrial Applications written by Kumar, K. and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2018-05-25 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The design and study of materials is a pivotal component to new discoveries in the various fields of science and technology. By better understanding the components and structures of materials, researchers can increase their applications across different industries. Composites and Advanced Materials for Industrial Applications is a critical scholarly resource that examines recent advances in the field of application of composite materials. Featuring coverage on a broad range of topics such as nanocomposites, hybrid composites, and fabrication techniques, this book is a vital reference source for engineers, academics, researchers, students, professionals, and practitioners seeking current research on improvements in manufacturing processes and developments of new analytical and testing methods.

Cellulose Fibers: Bio- and Nano-Polymer Composites

Download Cellulose Fibers: Bio- and Nano-Polymer Composites PDF Online Free

Author : Susheel Kalia
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642173705
Total Pages : 743 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (421 download)

Book Synopsis Cellulose Fibers: Bio- and Nano-Polymer Composites by : Susheel Kalia

Download or read book Cellulose Fibers: Bio- and Nano-Polymer Composites written by Susheel Kalia and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-04-11 with total page 743 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Because we are living in an era of Green Science and Technology, developments in the field of bio- and nano- polymer composite materials for advanced structural and medical applications is a rapidly emerging area and the subject of scientific attention. In light of the continuously deteriorating environmental conditions, researchers all over the world have focused an enormous amount of scientific research towards bio-based materials because of their cost effectiveness, eco-friendliness and renewability. This handbook deals with cellulose fibers and nano-fibers and covers the latest advances in bio- and nano- polymer composite materials. This rapidly expanding field is generating many exciting new materials with novel properties and promises to yield advanced applications in diverse fields. This book reviews vital issues and topics and will be of interest to academicians, research scholars, polymer engineers and researchers in industries working in the subject area. It will also be a valuable resource for undergraduate and postgraduate students at institutes of plastic engineering and other technical institutes.

Emerging Carbon-Based Nanocomposites for Environmental Applications

Download Emerging Carbon-Based Nanocomposites for Environmental Applications PDF Online Free

Author : Ajay Kumar Mishra
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119554853
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (195 download)

Book Synopsis Emerging Carbon-Based Nanocomposites for Environmental Applications by : Ajay Kumar Mishra

Download or read book Emerging Carbon-Based Nanocomposites for Environmental Applications written by Ajay Kumar Mishra and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-09-29 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book is a comprehensive deep-dive into the developments and advancements of emerging carbon-based nanocomposites for wastewater applications. Science and technology development are tackling one of the world's most pressing concerns—water contamination and effective treatment. Carbon-based nanocomposites have emerged as one of the leading materials in this treatment push because of their properties and high ability for the catalytic degradation of contaminants from aqueous segments. The 10 chapters in this timely book cover the follows areas: Carbon-based nanocomposites for remediation of heavy metals and organic pollutants from wastewater Functional green carbon nanocomposites for heavy-metal treatment in water Green nanocomposites and applications in environmentally-friendly carbon nanomaterials Carbon-based nanocomposites as heterogeneous catalysts for organic reactions in environment-friendly solvents Carbon-based polymer nanocomposite applications Biochar-based adsorbents for the removal of organic pollutants from aqueous systems Carbon nanomaterial-based green nanocomposites The removal of trihalomethanes from water using nanofiltration membranes Nanocomposite materials as electrode materials in microbial fuel cells for the removal of water pollutants Plasmonic smart nanosensors for the determination of environmental pollutants.

Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites

Download Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites PDF Online Free

Author : Sabu Thomas
Publisher : Archives contemporaines
ISBN 13 : 2914610998
Total Pages : 553 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (146 download)

Book Synopsis Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites by : Sabu Thomas

Download or read book Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites written by Sabu Thomas and published by Archives contemporaines. This book was released on 2009 with total page 553 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: