Adaptive Protection Solutions For Future Active Power Distribution Networks

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Power System Protection in Future Smart Grids

Author : Taha Selim Ustun
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0323972659
Total Pages : 243 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (239 download)

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Book Synopsis Power System Protection in Future Smart Grids by : Taha Selim Ustun

Download or read book Power System Protection in Future Smart Grids written by Taha Selim Ustun and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2023-08-22 with total page 243 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Power System Protection in Future Smart Grids: Achieving Reliable Operation with Renewable Energy, Electric Vehicles and Distributed Generation demonstrates how to protect smart, highly renewable, and highly distributed power systems with state-of-the-art methods rooted in adaptive protection and dynamic response, and based on continuous communication. Focusing on the implementation of novel protection schemes, each chapter presents solutions accompanied by figurative elements and demonstrator codes in MATLAB, C, Python and Java. Chapters address active distribution networks, hybrid microgrids, EVs and inverters on fault levels, adaptive protection systems, dynamic protection strategies, and Hardware in the Loop (HiL) approaches. - Demonstrates how to mitigate the numerous unanticipated protection consequences of smarter grids and smarter grid equipment - Focuses on providing communication-based solutions and power hardware in the loop modeling for integration of novel devices - Emphasizes the importance of automation, communication, and cybersecurity in future protection systems - Fully supported with modern demonstrator coding in MATLAB, C, Python, and Java

Smart Grids

Author : Stuart Borlase
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1498799566
Total Pages : 806 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (987 download)

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Book Synopsis Smart Grids by : Stuart Borlase

Download or read book Smart Grids written by Stuart Borlase and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-11-22 with total page 806 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The latest edition features a new chapter on implementation and operation of an integrated smart grid with updates to multiple chapters throughout the text. New sections on Internet of things, and how they relate to smart grids and smart cities, have also been added to the book. It describes the impetus for change in the electric utility industry and discusses the business drivers, benefits, and market outlook of the smart grid initiative. The book identifies the technical framework of enabling technologies and smart solutions and describes the role of technology developments and coordinated standards in smart grid, including various initiatives and organizations helping to drive the smart grid effort. With chapters written by leading experts in the field, the text explains how to plan, integrate, implement, and operate a smart grid.

Microgrid Protection and Control

Author : Dehua Zheng
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128211962
Total Pages : 398 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

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Book Synopsis Microgrid Protection and Control by : Dehua Zheng

Download or read book Microgrid Protection and Control written by Dehua Zheng and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2021-06-23 with total page 398 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microgrid Protection and Control is the result of numerous research works and publications by R&D engineers and scientists of the Microgrid and Energy Internet Research Centre. Through the authors long-routed experience in the microgrid and energy internet industry, this book looks at the sophisticated protection and control issues connected to the special nature of microgrid. The book explains the different ways of classifying types of microgrids and common misconceptions, looking at industrial and research trends along with the different technical issues and challenges faced with deploying microgrid in various settings. Forecasting short-term demand and renewable generation for optimal operation is covered with techniques for accurate enhancement supported with practical application examples. With chapters on dynamic, transient and tertiary control and experimental and simulation tests this reference is useful for all those working in the research, engineering and application of microgrids and power distribution systems. - Contains practical examples to support the research and experimental results on microgrid protection and control - Includes detailed theories and referential algorithms - Provides innovative solutions to technical issues in protection and control of microgrids

Future Modern Distribution Networks Resilience

Author : Mohammad Taghi Ameli
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0443160872
Total Pages : 440 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (431 download)

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Book Synopsis Future Modern Distribution Networks Resilience by : Mohammad Taghi Ameli

Download or read book Future Modern Distribution Networks Resilience written by Mohammad Taghi Ameli and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2024-02-23 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Future Modern Distribution Networks Resilience examines the combined impact of low-probability and high-impact events on modern distribution systems' resilience. Using practical guidance, the book provides comprehensive approaches for improving energy systems' resilience by utilizing infrastructure and operational strategies. Divided in three parts, Part One provides a conceptual introduction and review of power system resilience, including topics such as risk and vulnerability assessment in power systems, resilience metrics, and power systems operation and planning. Part Two discusses modelling of vulnerability and resilience evaluation indices and cost-benefit analysis. Part Three reviews infrastructure and operational strategies to improve power system resilience, including robust grid hardening strategies, mobile energy storage and electric vehicles, and networked microgrids and renewable energy resources. With a strong focus on economic results and cost-effectives, Future Modern Distribution Networks Resilience is a practical reference for students, researchers and engineers interested in power engineering, energy systems, and renewable energy. - Reviews related concepts to active distribution systems resilience before, during, and after a sudden disaster - Presents analysis of risk and vulnerability for reliable evaluation, sustainable operation, and accurate planning of energy grids against low-probability and high-impact events - Highlights applications of practical metrics for resilience assessment of future energy networks - Provides guidance for the development of cost-effective resilient techniques for reducing the vulnerability of electrical grids to severe disasters

Microgrids

Author : Nikos Hatziargyriou
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118720687
Total Pages : 340 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (187 download)

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Book Synopsis Microgrids by : Nikos Hatziargyriou

Download or read book Microgrids written by Nikos Hatziargyriou and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-03-03 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microgrids are the most innovative area in the electric power industry today. Future microgrids could exist as energy-balanced cells within existing power distribution grids or stand-alone power networks within small communities. A definitive presentation on all aspects of microgrids, this text examines the operation of microgrids – their control concepts and advanced architectures including multi-microgrids. It takes a logical approach to overview the purpose and the technical aspects of microgrids, discussing the social, economic and environmental benefits to power system operation. The book also presents microgrid design and control issues, including protection and explaining how to implement centralized and decentralized control strategies. Key features: original, state-of-the-art research material written by internationally respected contributors unique case studies demonstrating success stories from real-world pilot sites from Europe, the Americas, Japan and China examines market and regulatory settings for microgrids, and provides evaluation results under standard test conditions a look to the future – technical solutions to maximize the value of distributed energy along with the principles and criteria for developing commercial and regulatory frameworks for microgrids Offering broad yet balanced coverage, this volume is an entry point to this very topical area of power delivery for electric power engineers familiar with medium and low voltage distribution systems, utility operators in microgrids, power systems researchers and academics. It is also a useful reference for system planners and operators, manufacturers and network operators, government regulators, and postgraduate power systems students. CONTRIBUTORS Thomas Degner Aris Dimeas Alfred Engler Nuno Gil Asier Gil de Muro Guillermo Jiménez-Estévez George Kariniotakis George Korres André Madureira Meiqin Mao Chris Marnay Jose Miguel Yarza Satoshi Morozumi Alexander Oudalov Frank van Overbeeke Rodrigo Palma Behnke Joao Abel Pecas Lopes Fernanda Resende John Romankiewicz Christine Schwaegerl Nikos Soultanis Liang Tao Antonis Tsikalakis

Microgrids and Active Distribution Networks

Author : Sunetra Chowdhury
Publisher : IET
ISBN 13 : 1849190143
Total Pages : 321 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (491 download)

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Book Synopsis Microgrids and Active Distribution Networks by : Sunetra Chowdhury

Download or read book Microgrids and Active Distribution Networks written by Sunetra Chowdhury and published by IET. This book was released on 2009-06-24 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microgrids and Active Distribution Networks offer a potential solution for sustainable, energy-efficient power supply to cater for increasing load growth, supplying power to remote areas, generation of clean power and reduction in emission of greenhouse gases & particulates as per Kyoto protocol.

Digital Signal Processing in Power System Protection and Control

Author : Waldemar Rebizant
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 085729802X
Total Pages : 324 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (572 download)

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Book Synopsis Digital Signal Processing in Power System Protection and Control by : Waldemar Rebizant

Download or read book Digital Signal Processing in Power System Protection and Control written by Waldemar Rebizant and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-07-28 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Digital Signal Processing in Power System Protection and Control bridges the gap between the theory of protection and control and the practical applications of protection equipment. Understanding how protection functions is crucial not only for equipment developers and manufacturers, but also for their users who need to install, set and operate the protection devices in an appropriate manner. After introductory chapters related to protection technology and functions, Digital Signal Processing in Power System Protection and Control presents the digital algorithms for signal filtering, followed by measurement algorithms of the most commonly-used protection criteria values and decision-making methods in protective relays. A large part of the book is devoted to the basic theory and applications of artificial intelligence techniques for protection and control. Fuzzy logic based schemes, artificial neural networks, expert systems and genetic algorithms with their advantages and drawbacks are discussed. AI techniques are compared and it is also shown how they can be combined to eliminate the disadvantages and magnify the useful features of particular techniques. The information provided in Digital Signal Processing in Power System Protection and Control can be useful for protection engineers working in utilities at various levels of the electricity network, as well as for students of electrical engineering, especially electrical power engineering. It may also be helpful for other readers who want to get acquainted with and to apply the filtering, measuring and decision-making algorithms for purposes other than protection and control, everywhere fast and on-line signal analysis is needed for proper functioning of the apparatus.

Power System Protection in Smart Grid Environment

Author : Ramesh Bansal
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 0429686781
Total Pages : 653 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (296 download)

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Book Synopsis Power System Protection in Smart Grid Environment by : Ramesh Bansal

Download or read book Power System Protection in Smart Grid Environment written by Ramesh Bansal and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2019-01-15 with total page 653 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With distributed generation interconnection power flow becoming bidirectional, culminating in network problems, smart grids aid in electricity generation, transmission, substations, distribution and consumption to achieve a system that is clean, safe (protected), secure, reliable, efficient, and sustainable. This book illustrates fault analysis, fuses, circuit breakers, instrument transformers, relay technology, transmission lines protection setting using DIGsILENT Power Factory. Intended audience is senior undergraduate and graduate students, and researchers in power systems, transmission and distribution, protection system broadly under electrical engineering.

Active Electrical Distribution Network

Author : Baseem Khan
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119599512
Total Pages : 660 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (195 download)

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Book Synopsis Active Electrical Distribution Network by : Baseem Khan

Download or read book Active Electrical Distribution Network written by Baseem Khan and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-07-13 with total page 660 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ACTIVE ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION NETWORK Discover the major issues, solutions, techniques, and applications of active electrical distribution networks with this edited resource Active Electrical Distribution Network: A Smart Approach delivers a comprehensive and insightful guide dedicated to addressing the major issues affecting an often-overlooked sector of the electrical industry: electrical distribution. The book discusses in detail a variety of challenges facing the smart electrical distribution network and presents a detailed framework to address these challenges with renewable energy integration. The book offers readers fulsome analyses of active distribution networks for smart grids, as well as active control approached for distributed generation, electric vehicle technology, smart metering systems, smart monitoring devices, smart management systems, and various storage systems. It provides a treatment of the analysis, modeling, and implementation of active electrical distribution systems and an exploration of the ways professionals and researchers from academia and industry attempt to meet the significant challenges facing them. From smart home energy management systems to approaches for the reconfiguration of active distribution networks with renewable energy integration, readers will also enjoy: A thorough introduction to electrical distribution networks, including conventional and smart networks An exploration of various existing issues related to the electrical distribution network An examination of the importance of harmonics mitigation in smart distribution networks, including active filters A treatment of reactive power compensation under smart distribution networks, including techniques like capacitor banks and smart devices An analysis of smart distribution network reliability assessment and enhancement Perfect for professionals, scientists, technologists, developers, designers, and researchers in smart grid technologies, security, and information technology, Active Electrical Distribution Network: A Smart Approach will also earn a place in the libraries of policy and administration professionals, as well as those involved with electric utilities, electric policy development, and regulating authorities.

Reinventing the Power Grid

Author : Nesimi Ertugrul
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1040154743
Total Pages : 611 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (41 download)

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Book Synopsis Reinventing the Power Grid by : Nesimi Ertugrul

Download or read book Reinventing the Power Grid written by Nesimi Ertugrul and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2024-11-27 with total page 611 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this comprehensive guide for practicing engineers and students, Ertugrul explains the field of renewable energy and distributed generation technologies and describes the transformation occurring in power grids due to the rise of renewable energy sources and emerging technologies. This book covers key areas such as the status of grid transformation, photovoltaic (PV) solar energy, wind energy systems, distributed energy resources, microgrids, grid‐scale and domestic battery storage systems, e‐mobility and emerging distributed energy technologies. The text presents an equilibrium between theoretical concepts and practical applications, with each chapter emphasizing both theory and practical application. Each chapter commences with a lucid explanation of the subject matter, which is then succeeded by an investigation into its real‐world applications and implications. Supplementary material is also provided, such as real wind data files, PV data files and Matrix Laboratory (MATLAB®) and Excel codes. This includes a sample real data set from grid‐scale autonomous microgrid test platforms and household, distribution and transmission‐level power system data. The book also incorporates a section consisting of problems, quizzes and solutions. This element prompts the reader to put the theoretical knowledge to use in addressing real‐world challenges, thereby cultivating a more in‐depth grasp of the topic. Through this in‐depth approach, readers will be able to apply their comprehensive knowledge and practical understanding to decision‐making regarding future challenges in the energy industry. This book is an invaluable guide for professionals working in the field, particularly those who aim to stay updated on the latest technologies and trends. Undergraduate and postgraduate students will also benefit from the book’s comprehensive approach and inclusion of real‐world data and problems to solve, which will build their expertise and give them a solid foundation for their future careers.

IEEE Guide for Protective Relay Applications to Transmission Lines

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780738118314
Total Pages : 107 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (183 download)

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Book Synopsis IEEE Guide for Protective Relay Applications to Transmission Lines by :

Download or read book IEEE Guide for Protective Relay Applications to Transmission Lines written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 107 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This newly developed guide compiles information on the application considerations of protective relays to ac transmission lines. The guide describes accepted transmission line protection schemes and the different electrical system parameters and situations that affect their application. Its purpose is to provide a reference for the selection of relay schemes and to assist less experienced protective relaying engineers in their application.

Proceedings of 2021 International Top-Level Forum on Engineering Science and Technology Development Strategy

Author : Yusheng Xue
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811671567
Total Pages : 658 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (116 download)

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Book Synopsis Proceedings of 2021 International Top-Level Forum on Engineering Science and Technology Development Strategy by : Yusheng Xue

Download or read book Proceedings of 2021 International Top-Level Forum on Engineering Science and Technology Development Strategy written by Yusheng Xue and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-03-21 with total page 658 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book includes original, peer-reviewed research papers from the 2021 International Top-Level Forum on Engineering Science and Technology Development Strategy -- the 6th PURPLE MOUNTAIN FORUM on Smart Grid Protection and Control (PMF2021), held in Nanjing, China, on August 14-22, 2021. The accepted papers cover the following topics: 1. Advanced power transmission technology 2. AC/DC hybrid power grid technology3. Power Internet of Things Technology and Application4. Operation, control and protection of smart grid5. Active distribution network technology6. Power electronic technology and application7. New technology of substation automation8. Energy storage technology and application9. Application of new technologies such as artificial intelligence, blockchain, and big data10. Application of Information and Communication Technology11. Low-carbon energy planning and security12. Low-carbon operation of the power system13. Low-carbon energy comprehensive utilization technology14. Carbon trading and power market15. Carbon emission stream and carbon capture technology16. Energy saving and smart energy technology17. Analysis and evaluation of low-carbon efficiency of power system18. Carbon flow modelling in power system operationThe papers included in this proceeding share the latest research results and practical application examples on the methodologies and algorithms in these areas, which makes the book a valuable reference for researchers, engineers, and university students.

Microgrid Architectures, Control and Protection Methods

Author : Naser Mahdavi Tabatabaei
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3030237230
Total Pages : 795 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (32 download)

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Book Synopsis Microgrid Architectures, Control and Protection Methods by : Naser Mahdavi Tabatabaei

Download or read book Microgrid Architectures, Control and Protection Methods written by Naser Mahdavi Tabatabaei and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-08-01 with total page 795 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents intuitive explanations of the principles of microgrids, including their structure and operation and their applications. It also discusses the latest research on microgrid control and protection technologies and the essentials of microgrids as well as enhanced communication systems. The book provides solutions to microgrid operation and planning issues using various methodologies including planning and modelling; AC and DC hybrid microgrids; energy storage systems in microgrids; and optimal microgrid operational planning. Written by specialists, it is filled in innovative solutions and research related to microgrid operation, making it a valuable resource for those interested in developing updated approaches in electric power analysis, design and operational strategies. Thanks to its in-depth explanations and clear, three-part structure, it is useful for electrical engineering students, researchers and technicians.

Microgrids Design and Implementation

Author : Antonio Carlos Zambroni de Souza
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319986872
Total Pages : 540 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (199 download)

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Book Synopsis Microgrids Design and Implementation by : Antonio Carlos Zambroni de Souza

Download or read book Microgrids Design and Implementation written by Antonio Carlos Zambroni de Souza and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-11-29 with total page 540 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book addresses the emerging trend of smart grids in power systems. It discusses the advent of smart grids and selected technical implications; further, by combining the perspectives of researchers from Europe and South America, the book captures the status quo of and approaches to smart grids in a wide range of countries. It describes the basic concepts, enabling readers to understand the theoretical aspects behind smart grid formation, while also examining current challenges and philosophical discussions. Like the industrial revolution and the birth of the Internet, smart grids are certain to change the way people use electricity. In this regard, a new term – the “prosumer” – is used to describe consumers who may sometimes also be energy producers. This is particularly appealing if we bear in mind that most of the distributed power generation in smart grids does not involve carbon emissions. At first glance, the option of generating their own power could move consumers to leave their current energy provider. Yet the authors argue that doing so is not a wise choice: utilities will play a central role in this new scenario and should not be ignored.

Wind Power in Power Systems

Author : Thomas Ackermann
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 111994208X
Total Pages : 1132 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (199 download)

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Book Synopsis Wind Power in Power Systems by : Thomas Ackermann

Download or read book Wind Power in Power Systems written by Thomas Ackermann and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-04-23 with total page 1132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The second edition of the highly acclaimed Wind Power in Power Systems has been thoroughly revised and expanded to reflect the latest challenges associated with increasing wind power penetration levels. Since its first release, practical experiences with high wind power penetration levels have significantly increased. This book presents an overview of the lessons learned in integrating wind power into power systems and provides an outlook of the relevant issues and solutions to allow even higher wind power penetration levels. This includes the development of standard wind turbine simulation models. This extensive update has 23 brand new chapters in cutting-edge areas including offshore wind farms and storage options, performance validation and certification for grid codes, and the provision of reactive power and voltage control from wind power plants. Key features: Offers an international perspective on integrating a high penetration of wind power into the power system, from basic network interconnection to industry deregulation; Outlines the methodology and results of European and North American large-scale grid integration studies; Extensive practical experience from wind power and power system experts and transmission systems operators in Germany, Denmark, Spain, UK, Ireland, USA, China and New Zealand; Presents various wind turbine designs from the electrical perspective and models for their simulation, and discusses industry standards and world-wide grid codes, along with power quality issues; Considers concepts to increase penetration of wind power in power systems, from wind turbine, power plant and power system redesign to smart grid and storage solutions. Carefully edited for a highly coherent structure, this work remains an essential reference for power system engineers, transmission and distribution network operator and planner, wind turbine designers, wind project developers and wind energy consultants dealing with the integration of wind power into the distribution or transmission network. Up-to-date and comprehensive, it is also useful for graduate students, researchers, regulation authorities, and policy makers who work in the area of wind power and need to understand the relevant power system integration issues.

Adaptive Networks

Author : Sibout G. Nooteboom
Publisher : Eburon Uitgeverij B.V.
ISBN 13 : 9059721470
Total Pages : 254 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (597 download)

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Book Synopsis Adaptive Networks by : Sibout G. Nooteboom

Download or read book Adaptive Networks written by Sibout G. Nooteboom and published by Eburon Uitgeverij B.V.. This book was released on 2006 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Public and private managers who are looking for sustainable development have to implement innovative solutions in a complex field of action. Joint action is needed, but the existing power networks within and between public and private domains tend to frustrate joint innovations. This book analyzes how public and private managers deal with energy transitions by creating innovative networks capable of co-ordinated action. A case study shows how separated power networks in the field of mobility, energy and environment, which are spread over the public and private world as well as civil society, are becoming more interconnected

Power Systems Protection, control &automation

Author : Maty Ghezelayagh
Publisher : Maty Ghezelayagh
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 364 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Power Systems Protection, control &automation by : Maty Ghezelayagh

Download or read book Power Systems Protection, control &automation written by Maty Ghezelayagh and published by Maty Ghezelayagh. This book was released on 2020-03-05 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides practical applications of numerical relays for protection and control of various primary equipment namely distribution and transmission networks , HV and EHV transformers and busbars, reactive and active power plants. Unlike other books attempts have been made to address the subject from practical point of view rather than theoretical one which can otherwise be found in most of other text books. The setting, design and testing philosophy of numerical relays as discussed in this book have been successfully applied in the fields on various projects and consequently can be used as a practical guideline for implementation on future projects. The book covers the followings subjects: · Fundamental concepts in the field of power system protection and control; · Required system modelling and fault level analysis for the design and setting of protection and control devices; · Setting and design philosophy of numerical relays of different primary equipment; · Practical application of anti-Islanding schemes for two different systems namely distribution generation (DG) and transmission generation (TG); · Challenges and solutions which are encountered during secondary equipment refurbishment/replacement in brown field substations with inclusion of two practical case studies; · Required tests for factory acceptance tests (FAT), site acceptance tests (SAT), and commissioning tests of numerical relays in conventional and digital substations; · Causes, analysis and proposed mitigation techniques of more than 100 worldwide disturbances which have occurred in different type of primary equipment which have resulted to major system black out or plant explosion or even fatality and; · New and future trend of application of numerical relays including application of super IED for protection and control of multi-primary equipment, implementation of digital substation ,remote integrations ,self and remote testing of IED , distribution networks fault location techniques and fault locators using travelling waves, synchro phasors, time domain line protection using travelling waves, adaptive slope characteristics of differential protection, protection and control schemes of micro grids, mitigation technique for prevention of loss of reactive power plants and transformers due to solar storms.