Accord Économique Et Commercial Global Entre Le Canada Et L'Union Européenne, L'Accord Commercial Relatif À la Contrefaçon Et Les Enjeux Relatifs À la Diversité Culturelle

Download Accord Économique Et Commercial Global Entre Le Canada Et L'Union Européenne, L'Accord Commercial Relatif À la Contrefaçon Et Les Enjeux Relatifs À la Diversité Culturelle PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Standing Committee
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 60 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (31 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Accord Économique Et Commercial Global Entre Le Canada Et L'Union Européenne, L'Accord Commercial Relatif À la Contrefaçon Et Les Enjeux Relatifs À la Diversité Culturelle by : Canada. Parliament. House of Commons. Standing Committee on Canadian Heritage

Download or read book Accord Économique Et Commercial Global Entre Le Canada Et L'Union Européenne, L'Accord Commercial Relatif À la Contrefaçon Et Les Enjeux Relatifs À la Diversité Culturelle written by Canada. Parliament. House of Commons. Standing Committee on Canadian Heritage and published by Standing Committee. This book was released on 2011 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Canadian Yearbook of International Law

Download Canadian Yearbook of International Law PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Dundurn
ISBN 13 : 0774819898
Total Pages : 706 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (748 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Canadian Yearbook of International Law by : D M McRae

Download or read book Canadian Yearbook of International Law written by D M McRae and published by Dundurn. This book was released on 2011-02-01 with total page 706 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the forty-seventh volume of The Canadian Yearbook of International Law, the first volume of which was published in 1963. The Yearbook is issued annually under the auspices of the Canadian Branch of the International Law Association (Canadian Society of International Law) and the Canadian Council on International Law. The Editor-in-Chief is D.M. McRae, Faculty of Law, University of Ottawa, and the Associate Editor is A.L.C. de Mestral, Faculty of Law, McGill University. Its Board of Editors includes scholars from leading universities in Canada. The Yearbook contains articles of lasting significance in the field of international legal studies, a notes and comments section, a digest of international economic law, a section on current Canadian practice in international law, a digest of important Canadian cases in the fields of public international law, private international law, and conflict of laws, a list of recent Canadian treaties, and book reviews.

Un nouveau pont sur l’Atlantique

Download Un nouveau pont sur l’Atlantique PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : PUQ
ISBN 13 : 2760543803
Total Pages : 292 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (65 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Un nouveau pont sur l’Atlantique by : Christian Deblock

Download or read book Un nouveau pont sur l’Atlantique written by Christian Deblock and published by PUQ. This book was released on 2015-12-02T00:00:00-05:00 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: L’Accord économique et commercial global (AECG) entre le Canada et l’Union européenne est une initiative commerciale ambitieuse qui servira de pont entre deux espaces économiques de part et d’autre de l’Atlantique. Le présent ouvrage retrace l’historique des négociations et met en lumière les nombreux obstacles qui ont dû (et devront) être surmontés. Il présente le contenu de l’AECG et ouvre la discussion sur les accords de troisième génération, qui visent l’interconnexion économique.

Annuaire Canadien de Droit International

Download Annuaire Canadien de Droit International PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : UBC Press
ISBN 13 : 077482719X
Total Pages : 705 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (748 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Annuaire Canadien de Droit International by : John H. Currie

Download or read book Annuaire Canadien de Droit International written by John H. Currie and published by UBC Press. This book was released on 2014-03-01 with total page 705 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the fiftieth volume of The Canadian Yearbook of International Law. The contents of this special anniversary edition reflect the diversity of Canadian and international thought, opinion, and practice on current problems of international law. Included are a retrospective examination of Canadian approaches and contributions to international law during the Yearbook's first fifty years as well as cutting-edge analyses and commentary on a wide range of issues, such as the use of battlefield biometrics, the cultural dimensions of sustainable development, Omar Khadr's combatancy and child-soldier status, and immunities for gross violations of international human rights.

The Multilevel Politics of Trade

Download The Multilevel Politics of Trade PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Toronto Press
ISBN 13 : 1487534779
Total Pages : 398 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (875 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Multilevel Politics of Trade by : Jorg Broschek

Download or read book The Multilevel Politics of Trade written by Jorg Broschek and published by University of Toronto Press. This book was released on 2020-04-02 with total page 398 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Multilevel Politics of Trade presents a timely comparative analysis of eight federations (plus the European Union) to explore why some sub-federal actors have become more active in trade politics in recent years. As the contributing authors find, there is considerable variation in the intensity and modes of sub-federal participation. This they attribute to three key factors: the distinctive institutional features of federal systems; the nature and scope of trade policy and trade agreements; and the extent of social mobilization that accompanies a particular trade policy conversation. As a whole, The Multilevel Politics of Trade argues that sub-federal actors’ interests (jurisdictional, political, and economic) are what motivate them to participate in trade debates. However, institutional configurations, coupled with the influence of civil society actors, political parties, and others determine the nature and scope of that participation. Informed by a deep knowledge of federal dynamics, this volume provides extensive comparative analyses of all seven of the North American and European federations and represents a significant intervention into the study of both federalism and political economy.

Reflections on Canada's Past, Present and Future in International Law/Réflexions sur le passé, le présent et l'avenir du Canada en droit international

Download Reflections on Canada's Past, Present and Future in International Law/Réflexions sur le passé, le présent et l'avenir du Canada en droit international PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP
ISBN 13 : 1928096697
Total Pages : 530 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (28 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Reflections on Canada's Past, Present and Future in International Law/Réflexions sur le passé, le présent et l'avenir du Canada en droit international by : Oonagh E. Fitzgerald

Download or read book Reflections on Canada's Past, Present and Future in International Law/Réflexions sur le passé, le présent et l'avenir du Canada en droit international written by Oonagh E. Fitzgerald and published by McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. This book was released on 2018-06-30 with total page 530 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Marking 150 years since Confederation provides an opportunity for Canadian international law practitioners and scholars to reflect on Canada’s rich history in international law and governance, where we find ourselves today in the community of nations, and how we might help shape a future in which Canada’s rules-based and progressive approach to international law gains ascendancy. This collection of essays, each written in the official language chosen by the authors, provides a thoughtful perspective on Canada’s past and present in international law, surveys the challenges that lie before us, and offers renewed focus for Canada’s pursuit of global justice and the rule of law. Part I explores the history and practice of international law, including sources of international law, Indigenous treaties, international treaty diplomacy, domestic reception of international law, and Parliament’s role in international law. Part II explores Canada’s role in international law, governance and innovation in the broad fields of economic, environmental, and intellectual property law. Part III explores Canadian perspectives on developments in international human rights and humanitarian law, including judicial implementation of these obligations, international labour law, business and human rights, international criminal law, war crimes, child soldiers, and gender. Reflections on Canada’s Past, Present and Future in International Law/Réflexions sur le passé, le présent et l’avenir du Canada en droit international demonstrates the pivotal role that Canada has played in the development of international law and signals the essential contributions the country is poised to make in the future.

The Conclusion and Implementation of EU Free Trade Agreements

Download The Conclusion and Implementation of EU Free Trade Agreements PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1788974808
Total Pages : 325 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (889 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Conclusion and Implementation of EU Free Trade Agreements by : Isabelle Bosse-Platière

Download or read book The Conclusion and Implementation of EU Free Trade Agreements written by Isabelle Bosse-Platière and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2019-12-27 with total page 325 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This timely book gives an overview of the main legal issues the EU faces in negotiating, concluding and implementing so-called ‘New Generation’ free trade agreements. Featuring contributions by international specialists on EU external action, this book demonstrates why these FTAs have become challenging for the EU, as well as analysing how the EU has dealt with its institutional constraints, and addresses contemporary debates and future challenges for EU institutions and Member States.

International Arbitration and EU Law

Download International Arbitration and EU Law PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1035316579
Total Pages : 617 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (353 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis International Arbitration and EU Law by : Nikos Lavranos

Download or read book International Arbitration and EU Law written by Nikos Lavranos and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2024-08-06 with total page 617 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this substantially revised and updated second edition, this work examines the intersection of EU law and international arbitration based on the experience of leading practitioners in both commercial and investment treaty arbitration law. It expertly illustrates the depth and breadth of EU lawÕs impact on party autonomy and on the margin of appreciation available to arbitral tribunals. This second edition covers all relevant new developments in law and practice, and tracks the ever-increasing influence of EU law and the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU) in international arbitration.

NAFTA 2.0

Download NAFTA 2.0 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 303081694X
Total Pages : 298 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (38 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis NAFTA 2.0 by : Gilbert Gagné

Download or read book NAFTA 2.0 written by Gilbert Gagné and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-12-15 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The renegotiation and possible termination of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) sparked a lot of interest and concern in light of the United States’ declared objective to “rebalance the benefits” of the agreement. This edited book provides an overview of the changes brought to the NAFTA by the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) or NAFTA 2.0. Grouping leading academics and experts from the three countries, the book covers the major topics in the transition from the NAFTA to the USMCA. The book also sheds light on the evolution of North American economic integration within the past three decades and reflects on the significance of the regional integration model represented by the NAFTA and now the USMCA. The book is aimed at scholars, students, officials, professionals and interested citizens concerned by the big issues surrounding North American integration and economic globalization.

Réfléchir sur notre passé pour aborder notre avenir

Download Réfléchir sur notre passé pour aborder notre avenir PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP
ISBN 13 : 0773556109
Total Pages : 609 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (735 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Réfléchir sur notre passé pour aborder notre avenir by : Serge Joyal

Download or read book Réfléchir sur notre passé pour aborder notre avenir written by Serge Joyal and published by McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. This book was released on 2019-03-04 with total page 609 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Depuis 1967, année du centenaire de la Confédération, de nombreux épisodes de crise politique et de difficultés économiques ainsi que les événements internationaux ont contribué à la transformation de la société canadienne et continueront de façonner son avenir. En tenant compte de ces diverses difficultés et opportunités rencontrées dans le passé, à quoi ressemble l’avenir du Canada? Dans Réfléchir sur notre passé pour aborder notre avenir, des diplomates, des politiciens, des chercheurs et des personnages en vue dans le domaine des droits de l’homme, dont Phil Fontaine, Michaëlle Jean, Ellen Gabriel, Paul Heinbecker, Bob Rae, Jean Charest et David Suzuki mettent en commun leur sagesse et leur expérience des événements qui ont marqué l’histoire du pays au cours des cinquante dernières années. Réfléchissant au rôle complémentaire à la Chambre des communes du Sénat au Canada, ils examinent des enjeux clés comme la condition des peuples autochtones, les obligations imposées par la Charte des droits et libertés, la reconnaissance des deux langues officielles et les référendums sur l’unité nationale. Les collaborateurs abordent aussi la transformation de l’économie dans un monde numérisé et un système planétaire, le rôle du Canada sur la scène mondiale à une époque de tension croissante, le flot accru de réfugiés, les changements climatiques et l’incertitude entourant l’avenir de l’Arctique, la concurrence scientifique et culturelle sur le marché international et l’avenir de la démocratie parlementaire. Corrigeant les fausses idées à propos du rôle actuel du Sénat et donnant le contre-argument à une réforme radicale du Sénat, Réfléchir sur notre passé pour aborder notre avenir propose de riches perspectives et un aperçu fascinant de l’évolution probable du Canada au cours des prochaines années.

European Yearbook of International Economic Law 2023

Download European Yearbook of International Economic Law 2023 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031675975
Total Pages : 488 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (316 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis European Yearbook of International Economic Law 2023 by : Jelena Bäumler

Download or read book European Yearbook of International Economic Law 2023 written by Jelena Bäumler and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Handbook on the European Union and Brexit

Download Handbook on the European Union and Brexit PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1839100699
Total Pages : 541 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (391 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Handbook on the European Union and Brexit by : John E. Fossum

Download or read book Handbook on the European Union and Brexit written by John E. Fossum and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2023-01-17 with total page 541 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Brexit has irrevocably transformed British politics, yet its effects are not confined to relations between the UK and the EU. Venturing beyond the already vast literature on Brexit, this dynamic Handbook explores the implications of the UK’s withdrawal from the EU for the EU itself, single countries within and beyond Europe, and the international system, as well as different social groups, generations, and territories within the UK.

Fixing the Euro Within the National Constitutional Guardrails

Download Fixing the Euro Within the National Constitutional Guardrails PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN 13 : 9403541261
Total Pages : 527 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (35 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Fixing the Euro Within the National Constitutional Guardrails by : Frederik Behre

Download or read book Fixing the Euro Within the National Constitutional Guardrails written by Frederik Behre and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2023-07-14 with total page 527 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: EU fiscal integration is indispensable to establishing a stable single currency in the long run. However, this integration is proving ever more difficult in light of increasing national constitutional opposition. The author of this groundbreaking book shows that this dilemma between EU fiscal integration and national constitutional limits can be refuted. He provides a structured, comparative overview and outlook on how the available national constitutional space can be adapted to the political aspirations aiming at implementing EU fiscal integration steps while at the same time effectively protecting the national constitutional values at stake. Beginning with a macro-comparative assessment of Finland and Germany – two countries which have comprehensively dealt with Eurocrisis-issues in largely contrasting constitutional ways – and continuing with a comparative assessment of the specific French, German, Polish, and Spanish constitutional (identity) limits, EU fiscal integration steps are tested against the charted national constitutional space to determine their attainability. The resulting overview identifies best practices that can be employed to locate constitutional space for EU fiscal integration while enhancing the protection of core constitutional principles. The analysis addresses such specific areas as the following: constitutional red-line limits vs. flexible or mutable constitutional approaches to EU fiscal integration; strict constitutional identity limits that formulate obstacles to the attainment of EU fiscal integration; how national constitutional authorities perceive and portray the EU in their respective approaches; integration measures as an increase in the impact of sovereign powers vs. loss of autonomous decision-making; application of national constitutional frameworks during the Eurocrisis; ex ante constitutional review and ex post judicial scrutiny in representative Member States; national budgetary responsibility and fiscal autonomy; emergency budgetary instruments; and funding options for fiscal integration. The analysis throughout highlights the important role EU integration plays in stabilizing core national constitutional values in light of such complex challenges as the COVID-19 pandemic, the current Russian war of aggression against Ukraine and the required common defence strategies, but also climate change and digitalization. In its innovative response to the urgent challenge of feasible EMU reforms to stabilize the euro, this book displays how national constitutional systems can address EU (fiscal) integration in a more flexible and yet more effective manner, how EU integration steps can engage with national constitutional concerns in a more structured manner, as well as specifically hownational parliaments can be integrated and play a decisive role even when budgetary and fiscal powers are conferred at the EU level, thereby identifying a future model for EU cooperation in politically important competence areas. It thus offers a constructive outlook on achievable fiscal integration steps which will prove of inestimable value to lawyers, judges, and policymakers at the national and EU levels.

Understanding Mega Free Trade Agreements

Download Understanding Mega Free Trade Agreements PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351780638
Total Pages : 211 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (517 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Understanding Mega Free Trade Agreements by : Jean-Baptiste Velut

Download or read book Understanding Mega Free Trade Agreements written by Jean-Baptiste Velut and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-08-23 with total page 211 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The rise of cross-regional trade agreements is a defining trend of the current international trade system as shown by the signing of the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) in 2015, the negotiations for the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) between the USA and the EU as well as the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) between countries in Asia and Oceania. These differ from previous agreements in their economic significance and large geographic scale, and the wide scope of trade-related issues. The current rise of nationalist and isolationist ideologies across Europe and the USA has raised questions on the future of cross-regional trade deals and made the need to understand their implications for economic and political governance ever more urgent. Two main forms of governance that are central to this volume are the democratic tensions over new generation trade deals on the one hand, and their geopolitical ramifications on the other, which have come into collision to herald the advent of a highly uncertain period of world politics. Many of the questions tackled in this volume, surrounding the democratic governance of trade agreements – whether long-held debates on the inclusion of workers’ voices, controversies on intrusive "behind the border" provisions undermining national sovereignty and local autonomy or new questions on digital rights – are crucial to understand the ebbing popular support for far-reaching trade agreements. This book will be a useful learning tool for students and scholars in a wide range of fields, including Globalisation, Global Governance, International Political Economy, International Trade and Investment and International Law, and should also be of interest to EU trade negotiators, international policymakers and business associations.

The Evolving Nature of EU External Relations Law

Download The Evolving Nature of EU External Relations Law PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9462654239
Total Pages : 381 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (626 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Evolving Nature of EU External Relations Law by : W. Th. Douma

Download or read book The Evolving Nature of EU External Relations Law written by W. Th. Douma and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-01-21 with total page 381 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book originates from the proceedings of the 10th anniversary conference of the Centre for the Law of EU External Relations (CLEER) in which renowned experts in the field took stock of recent evolutions in the law and practice of the EU’s external relations. In particular, the book addresses the question of how the evolving legal and political framework affects the nature of EU external relations law. The contributions discuss the actions (and reactions) of the EU through external action instruments in a number of substantive areas such as migration, trade, neighbouring policies, security and defence. By shedding light on the most significant developments of the past decade this edited volume attests to the ever-evolving nature of the field of EU External Relations Law. Thus, this book is essential reading for academics, practitioners and policy makers at the EU level interested in the field of EU External Relations Law. Dr. W.Th. Douma is an Independent legal expert at the European Environmental Law Consultancy and EU Legal – Centre for European and International Law, both based in The Netherlands, voluntary researcher at Ghent University in Belgium, and Senior Legal Adviser at the Dutch Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment. Prof. Dr. C. Eckes is Professor of European Law at the University of Amsterdam and director of the Amsterdam Centre for European Law and Governance, The Netherlands. Prof. Dr. P. Van Elsuwege is Professor of European Union Law at Ghent University and co-director of the Ghent European Law Institute, Belgium. Dr. E. Kassoti is Senior researcher in EU and International Law at the Asser Institute and academic co-ordinator of the Centre for the Law of EU External Relations (CLEER), The Netherlands. Prof. Dr. A. Ott is Professor of EU External Relations Law and Jean Monnet professor in EU Law at Maastricht University, The Netherlands. Prof. Dr. R.A. Wessel is Professor of European Law and Head of the European and Economic Law Department at the University of Groningen, The Netherlands.

The Palgrave Handbook of Canada in International Affairs

Download The Palgrave Handbook of Canada in International Affairs PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030677702
Total Pages : 770 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (36 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Palgrave Handbook of Canada in International Affairs by : Robert W. Murray

Download or read book The Palgrave Handbook of Canada in International Affairs written by Robert W. Murray and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-04-29 with total page 770 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book argues that Canada and its international policies are at a crossroads as US hegemony is increasingly challenged and a new international order is emerging. The contributors look at how Canada has been adjusting to this new environment and resetting priorities to meet its international policy objectives in a number of different fields: from the alignment of domestic politics along new foreign policies, to reshaping its international identity in a post-Anglo order, its relationship with international organizations such as the UN and NATO, place among middle powers, management of peace operations and defense, role in G7 and G20, climate change and Arctic policy, development, and relations with the Global South. Embracing multilateralism has been and will continue to be key to Canada’s repositioning and its ability to maintain its position in this new world order. This book takes a comprehensive look at Canada’s role in the world and the various political and policy variables that will impact Canada’s foreign policy decisions into the future. Chapter 22 is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

Public Services in EU Trade and Investment Agreements

Download Public Services in EU Trade and Investment Agreements PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9462653836
Total Pages : 291 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (626 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Public Services in EU Trade and Investment Agreements by : Luigi F. Pedreschi

Download or read book Public Services in EU Trade and Investment Agreements written by Luigi F. Pedreschi and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-05-30 with total page 291 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the impact of EU trade and investment agreements on public services, a topic that continues to be the subject of heated political debate. It surveys a broad range of EU agreements and provides a comprehensive, up-to-date analysis of the rules and disciplines of such agreements that can affect the provision of public services. Going beyond the existing literature, it asks whether the treatment of public services in EU trade and investment agreements is coherent with the special status of public services in “internal” EU law, specifically internal market law, while also challenging the notion that trade and investment agreements automatically pose serious threats to public services. The book will be of keen interest to legal scholars and students specialising in EU and/or international economic law together with national and international policy-makers. Luigi F. Pedreschi is affiliated to the European University Institute in Florence, Italy, and currently works as a Research Associate at the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, also located in Florence.