A Qualitative Description of Pregnant Women Experiencing Homelessness

Download A Qualitative Description of Pregnant Women Experiencing Homelessness PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 126 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (443 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Qualitative Description of Pregnant Women Experiencing Homelessness by : Margaret M. Shatzel

Download or read book A Qualitative Description of Pregnant Women Experiencing Homelessness written by Margaret M. Shatzel and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 126 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study describes the experience of homelessness and pregnancy for seven women and their partners in Lane County, Oregon. Homeless pregnant women provide a unique challenge to health care providers and social workers. These women are at increased risk for many negative factors that could affect their pregnancy outcomes. The purpose of the study was to collect information from pregnant women experiencing homelessness in Lane County. Data was analyzed to identify demographic characteristics, service use patterns and recurring themes. It is expected the results will be the basis for further research with homeless pregnant women in Lane County. The project utilized a mostly qualitative research design supported by limited quantitative data. The sources of data included client records, written surveys, and face-to-face personal interviews. Findings indicated that there is a service gap for women less than eight months pregnant with no other children in her custody and that over half of the participants had other children that were not in their current custody. The investigator recommends that further research examine the psychosocial aspects of homelessness and pregnancy. Also, the association between current pregnancy and the previous removal of a child from a mother's custody should be further explored.

A Qualitative Descriptive Study of Women in a Transitional Living Facility

Download A Qualitative Descriptive Study of Women in a Transitional Living Facility PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 168 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (974 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Qualitative Descriptive Study of Women in a Transitional Living Facility by : Kathryn Reveles

Download or read book A Qualitative Descriptive Study of Women in a Transitional Living Facility written by Kathryn Reveles and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Homelessness in the United States

Download Homelessness in the United States PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Reference & Research Services
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 86 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Homelessness in the United States by :

Download or read book Homelessness in the United States written by and published by Reference & Research Services. This book was released on 2001 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Each bibliography includes a comprehensive list of the theorist's works and critical studies of these works in English. Each bibliography contains approximately 600 to 900 entries. Books, journal articles, essays within edited books (in the manner of Essay and General Literature) and dissertations are included. References are provided from a wide variety of disciplines and bibliographic sources. The primary purpose of each bibliography is to provide access to the widely reprinted primary works in English and the critical literature in a great variety of books and journals. The topical bibliographies include the authoritative works on the subject and are arranged in useful categories. The lively part of the modern/post-modern debate is generally taking place in alternative and left journals -- journals always included in the literature search in the compiling of the bibliographies.

Complex Social Issues and the Perinatal Woman

Download Complex Social Issues and the Perinatal Woman PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030580857
Total Pages : 241 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (35 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Complex Social Issues and the Perinatal Woman by : Laura Abbott

Download or read book Complex Social Issues and the Perinatal Woman written by Laura Abbott and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-08-27 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pursuing a multidisciplinary approach, this book demonstrates the best quality care for pregnant women and new mothers who may have complex social needs. This book will benefit all health and social care professionals working in women’s health, while also providing a valuable reference guide for maternity departments. The latest Mothers and Babies: Reducing Risk through Audits and Confidential Enquiries across the UK (MBRRACE-UK) demonstrates the consequences that having multiple complexities has and the need to ensure that susceptible groups receive personalised, appropriate care and meeting the needs of all women is urgent and essential. This book brings together a blend of health and social care professionals, experts by experience and the charity third sector. All have expertise in caring for and supporting perinatal women with issues that may affect their health and the type of care they require. Through our collective writing, we provide a paradigm for partnership working and hope to have strengthened voices by highlighting women’s experiences and the importance of third sector partnerships, working in tandem with women who are experts by experiences and bringing health professionals together. In combination with recommendations from specialists in the field, we have offered a unique mix of compassion and evidence-based guidance. From substance abuse, domestic violence and HIV to experiences of Black, Asian and Ethnic Minorities, homelessness, women seeking asylum and women in prison, we have addressed a range of current issues and provided essential information and opportunities to reflect. Each chapter invites the reader to step into the shoes of the perinatal woman. Through our collective writing, we provide a paradigm for partnership working and hope to have strengthened voices by highlighting diverse experiences. We have looked at how using a trauma informed approach can be applied universally to care for all women and learn from charities such as Birth Companions, the 4M project and the Salamander Trust, how different approaches may directly impact women’s care in a positive and holistic way. An overarching aim of our book has been to find ways to deliver multi-agency continuity of care, whilst being aware of bias, professional responsibilities and an understanding how we can take a holistic approach - crucial for attaining excellence in 21st century maternity care provision.

Homelessness

Download Homelessness PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Nova Publishers
ISBN 13 : 9781600213069
Total Pages : 222 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (13 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Homelessness by : Barry V. Coyne

Download or read book Homelessness written by Barry V. Coyne and published by Nova Publishers. This book was released on 2007 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This guide to the literature presents descriptions of books, reports and articles dealing with all aspects of Homelessness including: economic aspects; issues on substance abuse and homelessness; mortality rates; treatment preferences; homeless programs: public opinion; community care; and many more. The book is completely indexed for easy axis.

Hard Times, the Experiences of Homelessness and Pregnancy

Download Hard Times, the Experiences of Homelessness and Pregnancy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (133 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Hard Times, the Experiences of Homelessness and Pregnancy by : Heather Lynn Epp

Download or read book Hard Times, the Experiences of Homelessness and Pregnancy written by Heather Lynn Epp and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This qualitative study explored the intersection of pregnancy and homelessness as it affected the everyday lives of women. A series of in-depth interviews with eight women comprised the data for the study, guided by a feminist, social constructionist framework. Key findings include: the temporary nature of homelessness for many women as they move from a situation that is unsafe or unstable in search of a better future; the backgrounds of tremendous hardship, often including childhood violence, that homeless women come from; that fragile support networks were exhausted before women became homeless; that women had a contradictory relationship with the shelter and social services system as they relied on them for help but feared their judgement and intervention; their expected children allowed women to have a sense of optimism and hope for the future that enabled them to dream and to make plans for a more stable future.

Research Handbook on Homelessness

Download Research Handbook on Homelessness PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1800883412
Total Pages : 469 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (8 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Research Handbook on Homelessness by : Guy Johnson

Download or read book Research Handbook on Homelessness written by Guy Johnson and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2024-08-06 with total page 469 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Research Handbook on Homelessness presents a comprehensive account of the current knowledge and understanding of homelessness, the substantial challenges it presents and the latest developments in responding to the issue. Bringing together 54 of the worldÕs leading scholars in this field, this multidisciplinary Research Handbook acknowledges the increasing interest in homelessness across various academic disciplines and highlights the constant evolution of this issue, as well as the research methods that accompany it.

Foundations for Population Health in Community/Public Health Nursing - E-Book

Download Foundations for Population Health in Community/Public Health Nursing - E-Book PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 0323443818
Total Pages : 656 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (234 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Foundations for Population Health in Community/Public Health Nursing - E-Book by : Marcia Stanhope

Download or read book Foundations for Population Health in Community/Public Health Nursing - E-Book written by Marcia Stanhope and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2017-09-20 with total page 656 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Get the essential information you need to know about population health and community health nursing! Foundations for Population Health in Community/Public Health Nursing, 5th Edition includes concise, focused coverage of community health nursing — from nursing roles and care settings to vulnerable population groups. The book uses a practical, community-oriented approach and places an emphasis on health promotion and disease prevention. Practical application of concepts is highlighted throughout the text in case studies, critical thinking activities, QSEN competencies, and Healthy People 2020 objectives. QSEN boxes illustrate how quality and safety goals, competencies, objectives, knowledge, skills, and attitudes can be applied in nursing practice in the community. Healthy People 2020 objectives in every chapter address the health priorities and emerging health issues expected in the next decade. Genomics coverage provides a history of genetics and genomics and how they impact public/community health nursing care. Focus on health promotion throughout the text emphasizes initiatives, strategies, and interventions that promote the health of the community. Clinical Application scenarios present practice situations with questions and answers to help you apply chapter concepts to practice in the community. Evidence-Based Practice boxes highlight current research findings, their application to practice, and how community/public health nurses can apply the study results. Levels of Prevention boxes identify specific nursing interventions at the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels, to reinforce the concept of prevention as it pertains to community and public health care. Feature box on Linking Content to Practice highlights how chapter content is applied in the role of public/community health nursing. NEW! Coverage of health care reform includes discussions of the impact of The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (ACA) on public health nursing and the potential implications of its repeal. NEW! Check Your Practice boxes feature scenarios and discussion questions to promote active learning.

Supporting Families Experiencing Homelessness

Download Supporting Families Experiencing Homelessness PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461487188
Total Pages : 253 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (614 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Supporting Families Experiencing Homelessness by : Mary E. Haskett

Download or read book Supporting Families Experiencing Homelessness written by Mary E. Haskett and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-08 with total page 253 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ​​​​​​Homelessness among families with children in the U.S. is rising rapidly due to the economic downturn. Supporting Homeless Families: Current Practices and Future Directions aims to raise the standard of services provided to families without homes through practices that are strengths-based and culturally competent. This book provides a contextual overview of family homelessness. An ecological and developmental framework for understanding the implications of homelessness from infancy through adulthood are presented with reference to existing research. The book also addresses innovative designs for providing collaboration between and among diverse services that interface with families experiencing homelessness. In doing so, the importance of providing families with culturally competent services that support them during episodes of homelessness as well as the period of re-housing are addressed. Examples of empirically proven interventions and best practices are showcased, and roadblocks to success and sustainability are discussed.

addicted.pregnant.poor

Download addicted.pregnant.poor PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Duke University Press
ISBN 13 : 0822375184
Total Pages : 255 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (223 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis addicted.pregnant.poor by : Kelly Ray Knight

Download or read book addicted.pregnant.poor written by Kelly Ray Knight and published by Duke University Press. This book was released on 2015-09-17 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For the addicted, pregnant, and poor women living in daily-rent hotels in San Francisco's Mission district, life is marked by battles against drug cravings, housing debt, and potential violence. In this stunning ethnography Kelly Ray Knight presents these women in all their complex humanity and asks what kinds of futures are possible for them given their seemingly hopeless situation. During her four years of fieldwork Knight documented women’s struggles as they traveled from the street to the clinic, jail, and family court, and back to the hotels. She approaches addicted pregnancy as an everyday phenomenon in these women's lives and describes how they must navigate the tension between pregnancy's demands to stay clean and the pull of addiction and poverty toward drug use and sex work. By creating the space for addicted women's own narratives and examining addicted pregnancy from medical, policy, and social science perspectives, Knight forces us to confront and reconsider the ways we think about addiction, trauma, health, criminality, and responsibility.

Writing and Representing Qualitative Research

Download Writing and Representing Qualitative Research PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : SAGE Publications
ISBN 13 : 1544348509
Total Pages : 300 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (443 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Writing and Representing Qualitative Research by : Maria K. E. Lahman

Download or read book Writing and Representing Qualitative Research written by Maria K. E. Lahman and published by SAGE Publications. This book was released on 2021-08-31 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book addresses foundational areas of qualitative writing (such as journal articles and dissertations), aesthetic representations (including poetry and autoethnography), publishing, and reflexivity in representation in one practical and engaging text based on real experiences. Author Maria K.E. Lahman draws on her experiences as a qualitative research professor and writing instructor, and as someone who has published widely in scholarly journals, employing both traditional and more innovative forms of writing. The first part of the book covers writing tips; how to represent data; how to write a qualitative thematic journal article; how to write a qualitative dissertation; and provides guidance on the publication process. The second part encourages the qualitative researcher to move beyond traditional forms of writing and consider how qualitative research can be represented more aesthetically: as poems, autoethnographies, and visually. The book concludes with a chapter on reflexivity in research representations. Throughout, the author provides vivid examples from her own work, and that of graduate students and colleagues.

Notter’s Essentials of Nursing Research

Download Notter’s Essentials of Nursing Research PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Publishing Company
ISBN 13 : 0826116078
Total Pages : 225 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (261 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Notter’s Essentials of Nursing Research by : Jacqueline Rose Hott, RN,CS,PhD,FAAN

Download or read book Notter‚Äôs Essentials of Nursing Research written by Jacqueline Rose Hott, RN,CS,PhD,FAAN and published by Springer Publishing Company. This book was released on 1999-03-05 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This classic text provides a contemporary explanation of basic knowledge and skills that form the foundation of nursing research in clinical practice. Hott and Budin expand the original range of topics to encompass the full body of research techniques todayótwenty-five years since ìNotterís bookî systematically identified the firld of nursing research. New features include a comprehensive list of websites for research activities; a glossary of research terms; references for funding; and references on presenting research, including how to write a research abstract. This essential book serves as an excellent introductory text for baccalaureate students, as well as for beginning graduate students.

Understanding Mothers Experiencing Homelessness

Download Understanding Mothers Experiencing Homelessness PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (137 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Understanding Mothers Experiencing Homelessness by :

Download or read book Understanding Mothers Experiencing Homelessness written by and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In intergenerational trauma, due to the political particular, exposure to violence and homelessness and structural impacts of colonization such is argued to lead to social isolation, poor school as the "sixties scoop'" and residential schools performance, disability and future unemployment (Ruttan, LaBoucane-Benson, & Munro, 2010). [...] The women's This study took up a qualitative approach to complex experiences, interventions and the policies that examine the experiences of family violence guide them need to be re-framed within broader social- and systems used by families experiencing economic and structural barriers, such as a lack of housing, homelessness, in order to identify changes inadequacy of government financial benefit [...] Thus, there is a need to challenge question for this study is: How do women responses developed primarily for adult single males and understand the complexities related to to propose an approach for women and their children that their experiences of family homelessness, is reflective and inclusive of the gendered experiences of violence, and the influence of services and trauma as a root cause of [...] Many women felt trapped in homelessness because of the multiple systems they had to navigate to deal with each "issue." For example, the women talked about difficulty proving their immigration status, where to access the proper paperwork, what paperwork they needed in order to apply for subsidized housing, how to access health care for themselves and their kids, and trying to navigate the court sy [...] Many of the mothers found the rules to be stressful and worried that the stress of the situation would affect their children.

Qualitative Designs and Methods in Nursing (Set)

Download Qualitative Designs and Methods in Nursing (Set) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Publishing Company
ISBN 13 : 0826130151
Total Pages : 1402 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (261 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Qualitative Designs and Methods in Nursing (Set) by : Mary De Chesnay, PhD, RN, PMHCNS-BC, FAAN

Download or read book Qualitative Designs and Methods in Nursing (Set) written by Mary De Chesnay, PhD, RN, PMHCNS-BC, FAAN and published by Springer Publishing Company. This book was released on 2014-12-19 with total page 1402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first series to comprehensively address leading qualitative research designs and methods from a nursing perspective, and is a must-have for every research library. These are practical, how-to guides to conducting research using seven different qualitative designs that encompass new and traditional methodologies. Written by Dr. Mary de Chesnay, a noted qualitative research scholar, and contributing specialists in each of the qualitative methods, each of the seven books discusses the theoretical rationale for using a particular design, describes its components, and delineates a practical plan to conduct studies. Utilizing a practical, problem-solving approach, the books delineate appropriate methods, ethical considerations, critical issues, and potential pitfalls. Examples of published qualitative nursing research worldwide, along with author commentary, support the new researcher in making decisions and facing challenges. Case studies follow a template that includes a description of the study, data collection and analysis, and dissemination. Also included are techniques whereby researchers can ensure high standards of rigor, and an extensive bibliography and list of resources. The bookís practical point of view is geared to help novice researchers and specialists alike develop or expand their competencies, engage graduate faculty and students, and aid nursing research staff in larger hospitals and other healthcare institutions, as well as in-service educators and students. Key Features of this One-of-a-Kind Resource Library: Focuses on practical problem solving Reviews the philosophical basis for each qualitative design Disseminates the most current references in each design Provides a plan to conduct studies using the design and discusses appropriate methods, ethical considerations, and potential challenges Showcases the research of international scholars Is peer reviewed by design and method experts

Homelessness and Social Work

Download Homelessness and Social Work PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1317510887
Total Pages : 167 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (175 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Homelessness and Social Work by : Carole Zufferey

Download or read book Homelessness and Social Work written by Carole Zufferey and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2016-11-25 with total page 167 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drawing on intersectional theorising, Homelessness and Social Work highlights the diversities and complexities of homelessness and social work research, policy and practice. It invites social work students, practitioners, policy makers and academics to re-examine the subject by exploring how homelessness and social work are constituted through intersecting and unequal power relations. The causes of homelessness are frequently associated with individualist explanations, without examining the broader political and intersecting social inequalities that shape how social problems such as homelessness are constructed and responded to by social workers. In reflecting on factors such as Indigeneity, race, ethnicity, gender, class, age, sexuality, ability and other markers of identity the author seeks to: • construct a new intersectional framework for understanding social work and homelessness; • provide a critical analysis of social work responses to homelessness; • challenge how homelessness is represented in social work research, social policy and social work practice; and • incorporate the stories of people experiencing homelessness. The book will be of interest to undergraduate and higher research degree students in the fields of intersectionality, homelessness, sociology, public policy and social work.

Clinical Management of the Homeless Patient

Download Clinical Management of the Homeless Patient PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030701352
Total Pages : 353 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (37 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Clinical Management of the Homeless Patient by : Elspeth Cameron Ritchie

Download or read book Clinical Management of the Homeless Patient written by Elspeth Cameron Ritchie and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-05-26 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume highlights the socioeconomic concerns related to medical care for homeless patients and places them at the interface of common psychiatric and medical problems clinicians encounter. Written by experts in psychiatry and other medical specialties, this volume is a concise, yet comprehensive overview of the homeless crisis, its costs, and ultimately, best practices for improved outcomes. The text begins by examining the scope and epidemiology of the problem and discusses its costs. It then examines the best practices for both physical and psychiatric care before concluding with a section on working with special populations that have unique concerns across the country including LGBTQ, women, children, veterans, and aging adults. As the first medical book on homelessness, it is designed to cover a broad range of concerns in a concise, practical fashion for all clinicians working with homeless patients. Clinical Management of the Homeless Patient is written by and for psychiatrists, general internists, geriatricians, pediatricians, addiction medicine physicians, VA physicians, and all others who may encounter this crisis in their work.

Public Health Nursing E-Book

Download Public Health Nursing E-Book PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 0323884180
Total Pages : 947 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (238 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Public Health Nursing E-Book by : Marcia Stanhope, PhD RN Faan

Download or read book Public Health Nursing E-Book written by Marcia Stanhope, PhD RN Faan and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2024-03-13 with total page 947 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gain a solid understanding of community and public health nursing with this industry-standard text! Public Health Nursing: Population-Centered Health Care in the Community, 11th Edition, provides up-to-date information on issues such as infectious diseases, natural and man-made disasters, and healthcare policies affecting individuals, families, and communities. This edition has been thoroughly updated to reflect current data, issues, trends, and practices presented in an easy-to-understand, accessible format. Additionally, real-life scenarios show examples of health promotion and public health interventions, and case studies for the Next-Generation NCLEX(R) Examination help strengthen your clinical judgment. Ideal for BSN and Advanced Practice Nursing programs, this comprehensive, bestselling text will provide you with a greater understanding of public health nursing! Focus on Quality and Safety Education for Nurses boxes give examples of how quality and safety goals, competencies, and objectives, knowledge, skills, and attitudes can be applied in nursing practice in the community Healthy People boxes describe federal health and wellness goals and objectives Linking Content to Practice boxes describe the nurses' role in a variety of public and community health areas, giving specific examples of the nurse's role caring for individuals, families, and populations in community health settings Evidence-Based Practice boxes illustrate the use and application of the latest research findings in public/community health nursing Unique! Separate chapters covering healthy cities, the Intervention Wheel, and nurse-led health centers teach students the initiatives and various approaches to population and community-centered nursing care Levels of Prevention boxes address the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of community/public health nursing as related to chapter content How To boxes provide practical application to practice End-of-chapter Practice Application scenarios, Key Points, and Clinical Judgment Activities promote application and in-depth understanding of chapter content NEW! Updated content and figures reflect a stronger focus on population health, current data, issues, trends, and practices, including public health nursing and COVID-19. NEW! Reorganized chapters create a stronger, more streamlined approach to aid in learning and better assist digital learners. NEW! Healthy People 2030 objectives highlighted throughout the book address the health priorities and emerging health issues expected in the next decade. NEW! Next-Generation NCLEX(R) Examination-Style Unfolding Case Studies on the Evolve companion website provide additional opportunities to expand clinical judgment.