A Leader's Guide to Competency-Based Education

Download A Leader's Guide to Competency-Based Education PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000978575
Total Pages : 119 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (9 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Leader's Guide to Competency-Based Education by : Laurie Dodge

Download or read book A Leader's Guide to Competency-Based Education written by Laurie Dodge and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-07-03 with total page 119 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As interest in competency-based education (CBE) continues to grow by leaps and bounds, the need for a practical resource to guide development of high-quality CBE programs led the authors to write this book. Until now, there has been no how-to manual that captures in one place a big picture view of CBE along with the down-to-earth means for building a CBE program.A variety of pressures are driving the growth in CBE, including the need for alternatives to the current model of higher education (with its dismal completion rates); the potential to better manage the iron triangle of costs, access, and quality; the need for graduates to be better prepared for the workforce; and the demands of adult learners for programs with the flexible time and personalized learning that CBE offers.Designed to help institutional leaders become more competent in designing, building, and scaling high-quality competency-based education (CBE) programs, this book provides context, guidelines, and process. The process is based on ten design elements that emerged from research funded by the Gates Foundation, and sponsored by AAC&U, ACE, EDUCAUSE, and the Competency-Based Education Network (C-BEN), with thought partners CAEL and Quality Matters. In short, the book will serve administrators, higher education leaders, faculty, staff, and others who have an interest in CBE by:• Giving context to enable the audience to discover the importance of each design element and to help frame the CBE program (the “why”);• Providing models, checklists, and considerations to determine the “what” component for each design element;• Sharing outlines and templates for the design elements to enable institutions to build quality, relevant, and rigorous CBE programs (the “how”).

Competency Based Nursing Education

Download Competency Based Nursing Education PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Publishing Company
ISBN 13 : 9780826105103
Total Pages : 240 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (51 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Competency Based Nursing Education by : Dr. Marion Anema, Ph.D., RN

Download or read book Competency Based Nursing Education written by Dr. Marion Anema, Ph.D., RN and published by Springer Publishing Company. This book was released on 2009-10-26 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The need for competency-based education (CBE) in nursing has been recognized for years. CBE provides a way to help ensure that learners are competent at the end of educational endeavors. This book is designed as a resource for nurse educators who are responsible for diverse education programs. Authors Anema and McCoy bring together all the elements of CBE, and provide a road map to develop, implement, and evaluate competency-based approaches to nursing education. The book provides valuable guidelines for developing organizational strategies, new care delivery approaches, and project planning tools. Guidance on performance assessment tools and data collection is also included. Key features: Explains why CBE is needed and how it can help improve current education programs Presents practical guidelines on how to transition to the CBE approach Provides helpful guidance on developing valid and reliable assessments Includes critical information on data collection and the use of data to verify achievement of outcomes Contains practice activities at the end of each chapter to simulate real-life situations

Breaking with Tradition

Download Breaking with Tradition PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Solution Tree
ISBN 13 : 9781943874897
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (748 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Breaking with Tradition by : Brian M. Stack

Download or read book Breaking with Tradition written by Brian M. Stack and published by Solution Tree. This book was released on 2017-09-27 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Foreword by Chris Sturgis Shifting to a competency-based curriculum allows educators to revolutionize education by replacing traditional, ineffective systems with a personalized, learner-centered approach. Throughout the resource, the authors explore how the components of PLCs promote the principles of competency-based education and share real-world examples from practitioners who have made the transition to learner-centered teaching. Each chapter ends with reflection questions readers can answer to apply their own learning progression. By reading this book, K-12 administrators, school leaders, and teacher leaders will: - Evaluate the qualities of true competency-based schools and the flaws in traditional schooling. - Consider the foundational role that PLCs have in establishing the competency-based approach and promoting learning for all. - Gain tips for successfully implementing student-centered practices for learning competencies and performance assessment and grading. - Explore real school experiences that highlight the processes and challenges involved in moving from traditional to competency-based school structures - Access reproducible school-design rubrics appropriate for the five design principles of competency-based learning. Contents: Introduction Chapter 1: Understanding the Components of an Effective Competency-Based Learning System Chapter 2: Building the Foundation of a Competency-Based Learning System Through PLCs Chapter 3: Developing Competencies and Progressions to Guide Learning Chapter 4: Changing to Competency-Friendly Grading Practices Chapter 5: Creating and Implementing Competency-Friendly Performance Assessments Chapter 6: Responding When Students Need Intervention and Extension Chapter 7: Sustaining the Change Process References and Resources Index

Deeper Competency-Based Learning

Download Deeper Competency-Based Learning PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Corwin
ISBN 13 : 1544397097
Total Pages : 249 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (443 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Deeper Competency-Based Learning by : Karin Hess

Download or read book Deeper Competency-Based Learning written by Karin Hess and published by Corwin. This book was released on 2020-05-06 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The roadmap for your school’s CBE journey! Employ the WHAT (deeper academic and personalized learning), the WHY (equity), and the HOW (learner-centered approaches) of Competency-Based Education, maximizing the time, place, and pace of student learning. Make the shift to CBE using best practices from the authors’ CBE implementation experiences across states, districts, and schools. Build the foundation with organizational shifts - policy, leadership, culture, and professional learning Shift teaching-learning structures—rigorous learning, performance assessment, and evidence-based grading and reporting Dive into student-centered classrooms—personalized instruction and shifting mindsets for teacher-student roles, responsibilities, and classroom culture

Competency-Based Education

Download Competency-Based Education PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Harvard Education Press
ISBN 13 : 1682531023
Total Pages : 232 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (825 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Competency-Based Education by : Rose L. Colby

Download or read book Competency-Based Education written by Rose L. Colby and published by Harvard Education Press. This book was released on 2019-01-02 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Competency-Based Education introduces educators to a new model for anytime, anywhere schooling and provides tools and curriculum resources for redesigning the traditional structures of K–12 schools. Based on pioneering work across multiple states, the book shows how educators can design central elements of competency-based education—including performance tasks, personal learning plans, and grading systems—to meet the needs and interests of all students. Rose L. Colby provides critical tools for creating these elements in collaborative teams and engaging stakeholders such as educators, parents, and community members. The book incorporates case studies and voices from the field, and examines the variety of competency models that schools have adopted, highlighting the benefits for students. Competency-Based Education provides a much-needed resource at a time when states, districts, and schools are working to implement competency-based models and experimenting with new accountability systems that include evidence of learning beyond standardized tests.

Fast Facts about Competency-Based Education in Nursing

Download Fast Facts about Competency-Based Education in Nursing PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Publishing Company
ISBN 13 : 082613663X
Total Pages : 168 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (261 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Fast Facts about Competency-Based Education in Nursing by : Karen K. Gittings, DNP, RN, CNE, CNEcl

Download or read book Fast Facts about Competency-Based Education in Nursing written by Karen K. Gittings, DNP, RN, CNE, CNEcl and published by Springer Publishing Company. This book was released on 2020-11-16 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “Competency-based education…provides an avenue to promote institutional accountability, address employer concerns, and assist with student transfer of knowledge and skills.” -Mary Ellen Smith Glasgow, PhD, RN, ANEF, FAAN Dean and Professor Duquesne University The first book of its kind, this concise, step-by-step guide written for novice and experienced educators distills all the essentials every nursing instructor needs to know to implement a Competency-Based Education (CBE) curriculum, teach with competencies, and evaluate students’ mastery. Grounded in a learner-centered paradigm, CBE focuses on outcomes and skills rather than relying on time-based training. It facilitates in-depth learning that encompasses all three learning domains — cognitive, skills, and attitudes — guided by the individual pace of each student. Fast Facts about Competency-Based Education in Nursing addresses the theory and practical knowledge needed to teach using CBE. Beginning with how to create competencies that align with student learning outcomes, subsequent chapters show how to integrate them into a new or existing nursing curricula. Next, this quick reference shows how to evaluate and assess students using CBE. Finally, it presents how to implement a system of quality improvement to continuously ensure the competencies produce safe, skilled nurses. Brimming with useful tips based on the authors’ extensive experience and abundant practical examples, this is an incomparable reference for any educator seeking superior, more qualitative student assessment and outcomes. Key Features: Demonstrates in detail how to implement CBE and assess students using CBE Illustrates how to integrate CBE into curriculum using an organizing framework Shares expert teaching/learning tips through Evidence-Based Teaching Boxes Helps educators to develop teaching objectives and real-world application processes Describes specific competency-based education curricula Examines how different learning styles thrive in a CBE learning environment Offers separate chapters for using CBE with BSN, MSN, and DNP students

A Handbook for Personalized Competency-Based Education

Download A Handbook for Personalized Competency-Based Education PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Marzano Resources
ISBN 13 : 9781943360130
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (61 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Handbook for Personalized Competency-Based Education by : Robert J. Marzano

Download or read book A Handbook for Personalized Competency-Based Education written by Robert J. Marzano and published by Marzano Resources. This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Annotation In K-12 education's growing movement of competency-based education and personalized learning, both contradictory and overlapping definitions come up around these two terms. To clear up this confusion, A Handbook for Personalized Competency-Based Education by Robert J. Marzano, Jennifer S. Norford, Michelle Finn, and Douglas Finn III and contributors Rebecca Mestaz and Roberta Selleck delves into the components of a personalized competency-based education system. It reckons with the need to establish shared meanings for these terms, resulting in an inclusive definition of the terms, which the authors call personalized competency-based education (PCBE), and a clear implementation approach for a PCBE system. Once that term is in place, this handbook explores considerations, approaches, and strategies that educators should survey as they design PCBE systems that can help ensure students' content mastery.

Leading the Evolution

Download Leading the Evolution PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Marzano Resources
ISBN 13 : 9781943360222
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (62 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Leading the Evolution by : Mike Ruyle

Download or read book Leading the Evolution written by Mike Ruyle and published by Marzano Resources. This book was released on 2018-08-31 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Now is the time to evolve from the existing model of schooling into one that is more innovative, relevant, effective, and successful. Leading the Evolution introduces a three-pronged approach to driving substantive change (called the evolutionary triad) that connects transformative educational leadership, student engagement, and teacher optimism around personalized competency-based education. Each chapter includes supporting research and theory, as well as clear direction and strategies for putting the evolutionary triad into practice. Learn how and why to implement a personalized competency-based approach for academic achievement and student engagement: Understand the current state of education and why changing to a competency-based approach is imperative. Identify the instructional leadership behaviors that lead to the organizational and cultural shift necessary to transform the current education paradigm. Consider in detail all three points of the evolutionary triad: transformational instructional leadership, teacher optimism, and student engagement. Examine the central focus of the evolutionary triad: personalized, competency-based education. Explore educational leadership practices that support successfully implementing the evolutionary triad and learning competencies in schools. Contents: Introduction Chapter 1: Foundations for Evolution Chapter 2: The Transformational Instructional Leader Chapter 3: The Optimistic Teacher Chapter 4: The Engaged Student Chapter 5: The High-Impact School Epilogue References and Resources Index

A Guide for Leaders in Higher Education

Download A Guide for Leaders in Higher Education PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000978982
Total Pages : 483 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (9 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Guide for Leaders in Higher Education by : Brent D. Ruben

Download or read book A Guide for Leaders in Higher Education written by Brent D. Ruben and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-07-03 with total page 483 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: FIRST EDITION SPECIAL RECOGNITION:Winner of the 2018 Sue DeWine Distinguished Scholarly Book Award, National Communication Association, Applied Communication Division REVIEWS OF THE FIRST EDITION“The book provides frameworks and resources that would be highly relevant for new and aspiring department chairs. In fact, this text is ideally designed to serve as a selection for a book discussion group.”—The Department Chair“Succeeds in providing accessible and useful resources to individuals across different leadership roles... As a midpoint between textbook and reference work, it is successful at both and provides a clear and unbiased background to issues facing current leaders.”—Reflective TeachingDuring a time of unprecedented challenges facing higher education, the need for effective leadership – for informal and formal leaders across the organization – has never been more imperative.Since publication of the first edition, the environment for higher education has become more critical and complex. Whether facing falling enrollments, questions of economic sustainability, the changing composition of the faculty and student bodies, differential retention and graduation rates, declining public confidence in the enterprise, or the rise in the use of virtual technologies – not to mention how COVID-19 and an intensified focus on long standing issues of racial and gender representation and equity have impacted institutions and challenged many long-standing assumptions – it is clear that learning on the job no longer suffices. Leadership development in higher education has become essential for advancing institutional effectiveness, which is the focus of this book.Taking into account the imperative issues of diversity, inclusion, and belonging, and the context of institutional mission and culture, this book centers on developing capacities for designing and implementing plans, strategies, and structures; connecting and engaging with colleagues and students; and communicating and collaborating with external constituencies in order to shape decisions and policies. It highlights the need to think broadly about the purposes of higher education and the dynamics of organizational excellence, and to apply these insights effectively in goal setting, planning and change leadership, outcomes assessment, addressing crises, and continuous improvement at both the level of the individual and organization.The concepts and tools in this book are equally valuable for faculty and staff leaders, whether in formal leadership roles, such as deans, chairs, or directors of institutes, committees, or task forces, or those who perform informal leadership functions within their departments, disciplines, or institutions. It can be used as a professional guide, a textbook in graduate courses, or as a resource in leadership training and development programs. Each chapter concludes with a series of case studies and guiding questions.

The Complete Guide to Training Delivery

Download The Complete Guide to Training Delivery PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : AMACOM/American Management Association
ISBN 13 : 9780814404904
Total Pages : 495 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (49 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Complete Guide to Training Delivery by : Stephen B. King

Download or read book The Complete Guide to Training Delivery written by Stephen B. King and published by AMACOM/American Management Association. This book was released on 2001 with total page 495 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This guide provides trainers with ways to apply 14 key skills in order to become effective trainers. The skills required include how to: analyze materials and learner information; establish credibility; communicate effectively and provide positive reinforcement.

A School Leader's Guide to Standards-Based Grading

Download A School Leader's Guide to Standards-Based Grading PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Solution Tree Press
ISBN 13 : 0985890290
Total Pages : 224 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (858 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A School Leader's Guide to Standards-Based Grading by : Tammy Heflebower

Download or read book A School Leader's Guide to Standards-Based Grading written by Tammy Heflebower and published by Solution Tree Press. This book was released on 2014-05-30 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Accurately report students’ academic strengths and weaknesses with standards-based grading. Rather than using traditional systems that incorporate nonacademic factors such as attendance and behavior, learn to assess and report student performance based on prioritized standards. You will discover reliable, practical methods for analyzing what students have learned and gain effective strategies for offering students feedback on their progress.

The Leader in Me

Download The Leader in Me PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 147110446X
Total Pages : 218 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (711 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Leader in Me by : Stephen R. Covey

Download or read book The Leader in Me written by Stephen R. Covey and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2012-12-11 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Children in today's world are inundated with information about who to be, what to do and how to live. But what if there was a way to teach children how to manage priorities, focus on goals and be a positive influence on the world around them? The Leader in Meis that programme. It's based on a hugely successful initiative carried out at the A.B. Combs Elementary School in North Carolina. To hear the parents of A. B Combs talk about the school is to be amazed. In 1999, the school debuted a programme that taught The 7 Habits of Highly Effective Peopleto a pilot group of students. The parents reported an incredible change in their children, who blossomed under the programme. By the end of the following year the average end-of-grade scores had leapt from 84 to 94. This book will launch the message onto a much larger platform. Stephen R. Covey takes the 7 Habits, that have already changed the lives of millions of people, and shows how children can use them as they develop. Those habits -- be proactive, begin with the end in mind, put first things first, think win-win, seek to understand and then to be understood, synergize, and sharpen the saw -- are critical skills to learn at a young age and bring incredible results, proving that it's never too early to teach someone how to live well.

The Ultimate Guide to Competency Assessment in Health Care

Download The Ultimate Guide to Competency Assessment in Health Care PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Creative Health Care Management
ISBN 13 : 1886624666
Total Pages : 232 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (866 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Ultimate Guide to Competency Assessment in Health Care by : Donna K. Wright

Download or read book The Ultimate Guide to Competency Assessment in Health Care written by Donna K. Wright and published by Creative Health Care Management. This book was released on 2005-07-01 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is time to move your competency assessment process beyond meeting regulatory standards to creating excellence The Ultimate Guide to Competency Assessment in Health Care is packed with ready-to-use tools designed to help you develop, implement and evaluate competencies. More than that, you will find a new way of thinking about competency assessment - a way that is outcome-focused and accountability-based. With over 20,000 copies sold world-wide, it is the most trusted resource on competency assessment available.

Off the Clock

Download Off the Clock PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Corwin Press
ISBN 13 : 1452284032
Total Pages : 192 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (522 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Off the Clock by : Fred Bramante

Download or read book Off the Clock written by Fred Bramante and published by Corwin Press. This book was released on 2012-03-14 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How to base learning on mastery instead of time The authors not only suggest that student achievement should be based on mastering competencies instead of “seat time,” they have implemented it in New Hampshire—and this book tells you how. Fred Bramante and Rose Colby describe their successful 21st century model in which: Every student is engaged Parents and students have more control over learning Dropouts are all but eliminated Curriculum becomes virtually limitless, project-based, and interdisciplinary This text for educators, policymakers, parents, and community members provides a comprehensive approach to implementing a large-scale competency-based reform initiative.

Using a Competency Development Process Model in Higher Education

Download Using a Competency Development Process Model in Higher Education PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000981088
Total Pages : 109 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (9 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Using a Competency Development Process Model in Higher Education by : Nancy Latham

Download or read book Using a Competency Development Process Model in Higher Education written by Nancy Latham and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-07-03 with total page 109 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What if educational programs designed curriculum with the end in mind, teaching and assessing only the knowledge and skills necessary for success in the workplace and broader life applications? Competency-Based Education (CBE) provides an answer to questions such as this one that key stakeholders such as employers, learners, parents, and educators are asking. In this book, the authors offer a Competency Development Process Model (CDPM) with unique features that emphasize the interdependence of competencies, assessments, and a robust learning journey within a fully developed career pathway. Two case examples are used throughout the book to contextualize the CDPM. There are seven steps of the model: ·Step 1: Define the Problem·Step 2: Establish the Competency Framework·Step 3: Draft the Competency Statements·Step 4: Establish Competency Measurability·Step 5: Develop Competency Assessments·Step 6: Adopt and Implement Competencies in Learning Journey and Credentialing Systems·Step 7: Evaluate Impact Over TimeThe model addresses the importance of situating competencies within a professional learning context using a backward design approach. In doing so, the model aims to elevate the work of designing competencies from merely developing a list of expectations to in-depth analysis and design, with the goal of developing competencies that can be readily used for assessment and career pathway development.Each step in the CDPM is treated as a chapter, and each chapter identifies the central question that must be answered, provides an overview of the tasks in the step, and illustrates the steps in action through the two case examples. Each chapter concludes with “Your Turn”—guiding questions for the reader to apply the step to their own context.

100-Day Leaders

Download 100-Day Leaders PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Solution Tree
ISBN 13 : 9781949539257
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (392 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis 100-Day Leaders by : Douglas Reeves

Download or read book 100-Day Leaders written by Douglas Reeves and published by Solution Tree. This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "In 100-Day Leaders: Making a Difference Right Now in Every School, authors Robert Eaker and Douglas Reeves suggest a new way of thinking about leadership. Whether the project is large in scope, such as changing the orientation of a school to Professional Learning Communities, or smaller in scope, such as the development of formative assessments or new grading practices in a single semester, the 100-Day Leader brings a sense of daily accomplishment, feedback, mid-course corrections, focus, and encouragement to the organization--from the classroom to the board room. Eaker and Reeves offer an integrated approach in which the leader sees connections that may not be apparent to others in the organization. Curriculum, assessment, facilities, transportation, food service, teacher evaluation, board relationships and a host of other complex interactions are at the heart of the 100-Day Leader. This book offers a practical guide for leaders at every level to make immediate transformations in culture, practice, and performance"--

The Student Leadership Competencies Guidebook

Download The Student Leadership Competencies Guidebook PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 9781118720479
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (24 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Student Leadership Competencies Guidebook by : Corey Seemiller

Download or read book The Student Leadership Competencies Guidebook written by Corey Seemiller and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-11-25 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bridge the gap between leadership development and career preparation! This guidebook gives leadership educators the tools they need to help students develop the competencies necessary for their chosen careers and required by their academic programs. It also offers a way to understand and demonstrate the effectiveness of leadership programs. Organized into chapters each focused on one of 60 leadership competencies common across 522 academic degree programs accredited by 97 agencies, each chapter covers: a definition and description of the competency through the lens of each of four dimensions: knowledge, value, ability, and behavior; a scenario related to college student leadership that showcases the competency in action; related competencies to help readers understand how developing one competency may also intentionally or unintentionally develop another; a correlation of the competency to the Relational Leadership Model, the Social Change Model, the Five Practices of Exemplary Leadership, and/or Emotionally Intelligent Leadership; and tangible curricular ideas to use with students to help them develop each dimension of the competency.