A History Of Light And Colour Measurement

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A History of Light and Colour Measurement

Author : Sean F. Johnston
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1420034774
Total Pages : 280 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis A History of Light and Colour Measurement by : Sean F. Johnston

Download or read book A History of Light and Colour Measurement written by Sean F. Johnston and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2015-05-05 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 2003 Paul Bunge Prize of the Hans R. Jenemann Foundation for the History of Scientific Instruments Judging the brightness and color of light has long been contentious. Alternately described as impossible and routine, it was beset by problems both technical and social. How trustworthy could such measurements be? Was the best standard of intensity a gas lamp, an incandescent bulb, or a glowing pool of molten metal? And how much did the answers depend on the background of the specialist? A History of Light and Colour Measurement: Science in the Shadows is a history of the hidden workings of physical science-a technical endeavor embedded in a social context. It argues that this "undisciplined" subject, straddling academia, commerce, and regulation, may be typical not only of 20th century science, but of its future. Attracting scientists, engineers, industrialists, and artists, the developing subject produced a new breed of practitioners having mixed provenance. The new measurers of light had to decide the shape not only of their specialism but of their careers: were they to be a part of physics, engineering, or psychology? The physical scientists who dominated the subject into the early 20th century made their central aim the replacement of the problematic human eye with physical detectors of light. For psychologists between the wars, though, describing the complexity of color was more important than quantifying a handful of its dimensions. And after WWII, military designers shaped the subject of radiometry and subsumed photometry and colorimetry within it. Never attaining a professional cachet, these various specialists moved fluidly between science and technology; through government, industry, and administration.

A History of Light and Colour Measurement

Author : Sean F. Johnston
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9780750307543
Total Pages : 280 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (75 download)

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Book Synopsis A History of Light and Colour Measurement by : Sean F. Johnston

Download or read book A History of Light and Colour Measurement written by Sean F. Johnston and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2001-09-30 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 2003 Paul Bunge Prize of the Hans R. Jenemann Foundation for the History of Scientific Instruments Judging the brightness and color of light has long been contentious. Alternately described as impossible and routine, it was beset by problems both technical and social. How trustworthy could such measurements be? Was the best standard of intensity a gas lamp, an incandescent bulb, or a glowing pool of molten metal? And how much did the answers depend on the background of the specialist? A History of Light and Colour Measurement: Science in the Shadows is a history of the hidden workings of physical science-a technical endeavor embedded in a social context. It argues that this "undisciplined" subject, straddling academia, commerce, and regulation, may be typical not only of 20th century science, but of its future. Attracting scientists, engineers, industrialists, and artists, the developing subject produced a new breed of practitioners having mixed provenance. The new measurers of light had to decide the shape not only of their specialism but of their careers: were they to be a part of physics, engineering, or psychology? The physical scientists who dominated the subject into the early 20th century made their central aim the replacement of the problematic human eye with physical detectors of light. For psychologists between the wars, though, describing the complexity of color was more important than quantifying a handful of its dimensions. And after WWII, military designers shaped the subject of radiometry and subsumed photometry and colorimetry within it. Never attaining a professional cachet, these various specialists moved fluidly between science and technology; through government, industry, and administration.

The Victorian Eye

Author : Chris Otter
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 0226640787
Total Pages : 786 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (266 download)

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Book Synopsis The Victorian Eye by : Chris Otter

Download or read book The Victorian Eye written by Chris Otter and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2008-11-15 with total page 786 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the nineteenth century, Britain became the first gaslit society, with electric lighting arriving in 1878. At the same time, the British government significantly expanded its power to observe and monitor its subjects. How did such enormous changes in the way people saw and were seen affect Victorian culture? To answer that question, Chris Otter mounts an ambitious history of illumination and vision in Britain, drawing on extensive research into everything from the science of perception and lighting technologies to urban design and government administration. He explores how light facilitated such practices as safe transportation and private reading, as well as institutional efforts to collect knowledge. And he contends that, contrary to presumptions that illumination helped create a society controlled by intrusive surveillance, the new radiance often led to greater personal freedom and was integral to the development of modern liberal society. The Victorian Eye’s innovative interdisciplinary approach—and generous illustrations—will captivate a range of readers interested in the history of modern Britain, visual culture, technology, and urbanization.

Sandbows and Black Lights

Author : Stephen R. Wilk
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0197518575
Total Pages : 217 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (975 download)

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Book Synopsis Sandbows and Black Lights by : Stephen R. Wilk

Download or read book Sandbows and Black Lights written by Stephen R. Wilk and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2021 with total page 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "In the almost twenty years since I began writing my essays on strange and quirky optics I have been through several employers, but in all that time I have stayed a contributing editor for the Optical Society of America. No matter where I was during the day, I always worked on producing these nuggets of infotainment with some regularity. I have always had a backlog of tentative pieces to write, but new topics arose just as rapidly, so I have never been at a loss with a new piece. The newsletter of MIT's Spectroscopy Lab has, in that time, disappeared, so the essays in this volume are either ones that originally appeared in Optics and Photonics News, or else have not previously been published in any magazine. As I stated in the introduction to How the Ray Gun Got Its Zap!, my goal was to produce quirky, interesting, and somewhat humorous essays that had a slyly pedagogical edge. "Education by stealth," as the BBC said. In reality, I often start off writing one of these to satisfy myself about some minor mystery of optical science or engineering"--

Books on Colour 1495-2015: History and Bibliography

Author : Roy Osborne
Publisher : Lulu.com
ISBN 13 : 1326459716
Total Pages : 294 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (264 download)

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Book Synopsis Books on Colour 1495-2015: History and Bibliography by : Roy Osborne

Download or read book Books on Colour 1495-2015: History and Bibliography written by Roy Osborne and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2015-10-25 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Updated to 2020, BOOKS ON COLOUR 1495-2015 offers quick and easy reference to 2,500 authors and editors and over 3,000 titles published by them. Following a concise historical survey of colour literature, authors are listed in an A-Z directory, together with titles, dates and places of publication, and translations for non-English titles. Biographical references are included where known. Chronological indexes of authors precede the bibliographical listing and alphabetical indexes of authors follow it. Publications are categorised under 27 general headings: Architecture, Chemistry, Classification, Colorants, Computing & Television, Decoration, Design, Dress & Cosmetics, Dyeing, Flora & Fauna, Food, Glass, History, Lighting, Metrology, Music, Optics, Painting, Perception, Philosophy, Photography & Cinema, Printing, Psychology, Symbolism, Terminology, Therapy, and Vision.

A History of Optics from Greek Antiquity to the Nineteenth Century

Author : Olivier Darrigol
Publisher : OUP Oxford
ISBN 13 : 0191627453
Total Pages : 344 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (916 download)

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Book Synopsis A History of Optics from Greek Antiquity to the Nineteenth Century by : Olivier Darrigol

Download or read book A History of Optics from Greek Antiquity to the Nineteenth Century written by Olivier Darrigol and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2012-01-26 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a long-term history of optics, from early Greek theories of vision to the nineteenth-century victory of the wave theory of light. It shows how light gradually became the central entity of a domain of physics that no longer referred to the functioning of the eye; it retraces the subsequent competition between medium-based and corpuscular concepts of light; and it details the nineteenth-century flourishing of mechanical ether theories. The author critically exploits and sometimes completes the more specialized histories that have flourished in the past few years. The resulting synthesis brings out the actors' long-term memory, their dependence on broad cultural shifts, and the evolution of disciplinary divisions and connections. Conceptual precision, textual concision, and abundant illustration make the book accessible to a broad variety of readers interested in the origins of modern optics.

Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers

Author : Jan W. Gooch
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1441962468
Total Pages : 1048 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (419 download)

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Book Synopsis Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers by : Jan W. Gooch

Download or read book Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers written by Jan W. Gooch and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-11-08 with total page 1048 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This reference, in its second edition, contains more than 7,500 polymeric material terms, including the names of chemicals, processes, formulae, and analytical methods that are used frequently in the polymer and engineering fields. In view of the evolving partnership between physical and life sciences, this title includes an appendix of biochemical and microbiological terms (thus offering previously unpublished material, distinct from all competitors.) Each succinct entry offers a broadly accessible definition as well as cross-references to related terms. Where appropriate to enhance clarity further, the volume's definitions may also offer equations, chemical structures, and other figures. The new interactive software facilitates easy access to a large database of chemical structures (2D/3D-view), audio files for pronunciation, polymer science equations and many more.

History of Technology Volume 28

Author : Ian Inkster
Publisher : A&C Black
ISBN 13 : 082643875X
Total Pages : 186 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (264 download)

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Book Synopsis History of Technology Volume 28 by : Ian Inkster

Download or read book History of Technology Volume 28 written by Ian Inkster and published by A&C Black. This book was released on 2009-05-31 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Technical standards have received increasing attention in recent years from historians of science and technology, management theorists and economists. Often, inquiry focuses on the emergence of stability, technical closure and culturally uniform modernity. Yet current literature also emphasizes the durability of localism, heterogeneity and user choice. This collection investigates the apparent tension between these trends using case studies from across the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The History of Technology addresses tensions between material standards and process standards, explores the distinction between specifying standards and achieving convergence towards them, and examines some of the discontents generated by the reach of standards into ‘everyday life'. Includes the Special Issue "By whose standards? Standardization, stability and uniformity in the history of information and electrical technologies"

Optical Radiometry for Ocean Climate Measurements

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0124169945
Total Pages : 722 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (241 download)

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Book Synopsis Optical Radiometry for Ocean Climate Measurements by :

Download or read book Optical Radiometry for Ocean Climate Measurements written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2014-11-13 with total page 722 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the state-of-the-art of optical remote sensing applied for the generation of marine climate-quality data products, with contributions by international experts in the field. The chapters are logically grouped into six thematic parts, each introduced by a brief overview. The different parts include: i. requirements for the generation of climate data records from satellite ocean measurements and additionally basic radiometry principles addressing terminology, standards, measurement equation and uncertainties; ii. satellite visible and thermal infrared radiometry embracing instrument design, characterization and, pre- and post-launch calibration; iii. in situ visible and thermal infrared radiometry including overviews on basic principles, technology and measurements methods required to support satellite missions devoted to climate change investigations; iv. simulations as fundamental tools to support interpretation and analysis of both in situ and satellite radiometric measurements; v. strategies for in situ radiometry to satisfy mission requirements for the generation of climate data records; and finally, vi. methods for the assessment of satellite data products. Fundamentals of measurement theory are taken through to implementation of practical ground based radiometers and their application to validate satellite data used to generate climate data records. This book presents practical solutions for those involved or contemplating the validation of optical climate measurements from satellite instruments. Exhaustive coverage of important topics Fundamental and advanced discussions of many types of instruments Emphasis on calibration and uncertainty analysis of results

Philanthropy and Light

Author : Dr Oriel Prizeman
Publisher : Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
ISBN 13 : 1409483185
Total Pages : 260 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (94 download)

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Book Synopsis Philanthropy and Light by : Dr Oriel Prizeman

Download or read book Philanthropy and Light written by Dr Oriel Prizeman and published by Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. This book was released on 2013-06-28 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Walter Gropius associated standardisation with promoting civilisation in 1935, yet Andrew Carnegie’s influence on the proliferation of pattern book public library plans internationally predated these observations by 50 years. Through the first twenty years of his programme, he supported the erection of almost three thousand public buildings across Britain and America. Though better acknowledged in the US than the UK, this philanthropic contribution radically extended the scope of public provision and remains incomparable in its scale and scope in both nations. Frequently engraved with the self-deifying slogan “Let there be Light”, open access to navigate these new interior public spaces after work coincided with the first provision of electric light. Towards the end of the nineteenth century, professional groups had sought to specify minimum standards of natural light and air for schools and hospitals. However, the commercial quantification of electricity accelerated the development of a readily comparable vocabulary to prescribe adequate quantities of light for all tasks regardless of their location or orientation. Seeking to gauge the extent of universal values, this book concentrates on the design and performance of a handful of early Carnegie library buildings in Britain and America, identifying their response to contemporary design theory, but also by contrast to their respective local environmental contexts. It examines whether their standards of provision were equitable and if these privately financed public buildings were the first roots of generically standardised public environments to be shared transatlantically. The book also argues that the public library building type can provide a datum for acknowledging the twentieth century legacy of shared international environmental standards for public spaces more broadly.

Philanthropy and Light

Author : Oriel Prizeman
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317081277
Total Pages : 297 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis Philanthropy and Light by : Oriel Prizeman

Download or read book Philanthropy and Light written by Oriel Prizeman and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-04-22 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Walter Gropius associated standardisation with promoting civilisation in 1935, yet Andrew Carnegie’s influence on the proliferation of pattern book public library plans internationally predated these observations by 50 years. Through the first twenty years of his programme, he supported the erection of almost three thousand public buildings across Britain and America. Though better acknowledged in the US than the UK, this philanthropic contribution radically extended the scope of public provision and remains incomparable in its scale and scope in both nations. Frequently engraved with the self-deifying slogan Let there be Light , open access to navigate these new interior public spaces after work coincided with the first provision of electric light. Towards the end of the nineteenth century, professional groups had sought to specify minimum standards of natural light and air for schools and hospitals. However, the commercial quantification of electricity accelerated the development of a readily comparable vocabulary to prescribe adequate quantities of light for all tasks regardless of their location or orientation. Seeking to gauge the extent of universal values, this book concentrates on the design and performance of a handful of early Carnegie library buildings in Britain and America, identifying their response to contemporary design theory, but also by contrast to their respective local environmental contexts. It examines whether their standards of provision were equitable and if these privately financed public buildings were the first roots of generically standardised public environments to be shared transatlantically. The book also argues that the public library building type can provide a datum for acknowledging the twentieth century legacy of shared international environmental standards for public spaces more broadly.

Color in the Age of Impressionism

Author : Laura Anne Kalba
Publisher : Penn State Press
ISBN 13 : 0271079800
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (71 download)

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Book Synopsis Color in the Age of Impressionism by : Laura Anne Kalba

Download or read book Color in the Age of Impressionism written by Laura Anne Kalba and published by Penn State Press. This book was released on 2017-07-18 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study analyzes the impact of color-making technologies on the visual culture of nineteenth-century France, from the early commercialization of synthetic dyes to the Lumière brothers’ perfection of the autochrome color photography process. Focusing on Impressionist art, Laura Anne Kalba examines the importance of dyes produced in the second half of the nineteenth century to the vision of artists such as Edgar Degas, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, and Claude Monet. The proliferation of vibrant new colors in France during this time challenged popular understandings of realism, abstraction, and fantasy in the realms of fine art and popular culture. More than simply adding a touch of spectacle to everyday life, Kalba shows, these bright, varied colors came to define the development of a consumer culture increasingly based on the sensual appeal of color. Impressionism—emerging at a time when inexpensively produced color functioned as one of the principal means by and through which people understood modes of visual perception and signification—mirrored and mediated this change, shaping the ways in which people made sense of both modern life and modern art. Demonstrating the central importance of color history and technologies to the study of visuality, Color in the Age of Impressionism adds a dynamic new layer to our understanding of visual and material culture.

The Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in World History

Author : Kenneth E. Hendrickson
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 0810888882
Total Pages : 1145 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (18 download)

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Book Synopsis The Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in World History by : Kenneth E. Hendrickson

Download or read book The Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in World History written by Kenneth E. Hendrickson and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2014-11-25 with total page 1145 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As editor Kenneth E. Hendrickson, III, notes in his introduction: “Since the end of the nineteenth-century, industrialization has become a global phenomenon. After the relative completion of the advanced industrial economies of the West after 1945, patterns of rapid economic change invaded societies beyond western Europe, North America, the Commonwealth, and Japan.” In The Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in World History contributors survey the Industrial Revolution as a world historical phenomenon rather than through the traditional lens of a development largely restricted to Western society. The Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in World History is a three-volume work of over 1,000 entries on the rise and spread of the Industrial Revolution across the world. Entries comprise accessible but scholarly explorations of topics from the “aerospace industry” to “zaibatsu.” Contributor articles not only address topics of technology and technical innovation but emphasize the individual human and social experience of industrialization. Entries include generous selections of biographical figures and human communities, with articles on entrepreneurs, working men and women, families, and organizations. They also cover legal developments, disasters, and the environmental impact of the Industrial Revolution. Each entry also includes cross-references and a brief list of suggested readings to alert readers to more detailed information. The Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in World History includes over 300 illustrations, as well as artfully selected, extended quotations from key primary sources, from Thomas Malthus’ “Essay on the Principal of Population” to Arthur Young’s look at Birmingham, England in 1791. This work is the perfect reference work for anyone conducting research in the areas of technology, business, economics, and history on a world historical scale.

Blackbody Radiometry

Author : Victor Sapritsky
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030577899
Total Pages : 698 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (35 download)

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Book Synopsis Blackbody Radiometry by : Victor Sapritsky

Download or read book Blackbody Radiometry written by Victor Sapritsky and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-10-19 with total page 698 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book, the first of a two-volume set, focuses on the basic physical principles of blackbody radiometry and describes artificial sources of blackbody radiation, widely used as sources of optical radiation, whose energy characteristics can be calculated on the base of fundamental physical laws. Following a review of radiometric quantities, radiation laws, and radiative heat transfer, it introduces the basic principles of blackbody radiators design, details of their practical implementation, and methods of measuring their defining characteristics, as well as metrological aspects of blackbody-based measurements. Chapters are dedicated to the effective emissivity concept, methods of increasing effective emissivities, their measurement and modeling using the Monte Carlo method, techniques of blackbody radiators heating, cooling, isothermalization, and measuring their temperature. An extensive and comprehensive reference source, this book is of considerable value to students, researchers, and engineers involved in any aspect of blackbody radiometry.

The Republic of Color

Author : Michael Rossi
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 022665172X
Total Pages : 330 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (266 download)

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Book Synopsis The Republic of Color by : Michael Rossi

Download or read book The Republic of Color written by Michael Rossi and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2019-08-30 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Republic of Color delves deep into the history of color science in the United States to unearth its origins and examine the scope of its influence on the industrial transformation of turn-of-the-century America. For a nation in the grip of profound economic, cultural, and demographic crises, the standardization of color became a means of social reform—a way of sculpting the American population into one more amenable to the needs of the emerging industrial order. Delineating color was also a way to characterize the vagaries of human nature, and to create ideal structures through which those humans would act in a newly modern American republic. Michael Rossi’s compelling history goes far beyond the culture of the visual to show readers how the control and regulation of color shaped the social contours of modern America—and redefined the way we see the world.

Einstein's Generation

Author : Richard Staley
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 0226770575
Total Pages : 505 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (267 download)

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Book Synopsis Einstein's Generation by : Richard Staley

Download or read book Einstein's Generation written by Richard Staley and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2008 with total page 505 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 'Einstein's Generation' offers a new approach to the origins of modern physics by exploring both the material culture that stimulated relativity and the reaction of Einstein's colleagues to his pioneering work.

Polymers in Organic Electronics

Author : Sulaiman Khalifeh
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 192788568X
Total Pages : 617 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (278 download)

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Book Synopsis Polymers in Organic Electronics by : Sulaiman Khalifeh

Download or read book Polymers in Organic Electronics written by Sulaiman Khalifeh and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2020-04-01 with total page 617 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Polymers in Organic Electronics: Polymer Selection for Electronic, Mechatronic, and Optoelectronic Systems provides readers with vital data, guidelines, and techniques for optimally designing organic electronic systems using novel polymers. The book classifies polymer families, types, complexes, composites, nanocomposites, compounds, and small molecules while also providing an introduction to the fundamental principles of polymers and electronics. Features information on concepts and optimized types of electronics and a classification system of electronic polymers, including piezoelectric and pyroelectric, optoelectronic, mechatronic, organic electronic complexes, and more. The book is designed to help readers select the optimized material for structuring their organic electronic system.Chapters discuss the most common properties of electronic polymers, methods of optimization, and polymeric-structured printed circuit boards. The polymeric structures of optoelectronics and photonics are covered and the book concludes with a chapter emphasizing the importance of polymeric structures for packaging of electronic devices. Provides key identifying details on a range of polymers, micro-polymers, nano-polymers, resins, hydrocarbons, and oligomers Covers the most common electrical, electronic, and optical properties of electronic polymers Describes the underlying theories on the mechanics of polymer conductivity Discusses polymeric structured printed circuit boards, including their rapid prototyping and optimizing their polymeric structures Shows optimization methods for both polymeric structures of organic active electronic components and organic passive electronic components