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A Fresh Look At Weather Impact On Peak Electricity Demand And Energy Use Of Buildings Using 30 Year Actual Weather Data
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Book Synopsis A Fresh Look at Weather Impact on Peak Electricity Demand and Energy Use of Buildings Using 30-Year Actual Weather Data by :
Download or read book A Fresh Look at Weather Impact on Peak Electricity Demand and Energy Use of Buildings Using 30-Year Actual Weather Data written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Buildings consume more than one third of the world?s total primary energy. Weather plays a unique and significant role as it directly affects the thermal loads and thus energy performance of buildings. The traditional simulated energy performance using Typical Meteorological Year (TMY) weather data represents the building performance for a typical year, but not necessarily the average or typical long-term performance as buildings with different energy systems and designs respond differently to weather changes. Furthermore, the single-year TMY simulations do not provide a range of results that capture yearly variations due to changing weather, which is important for building energy management, and for performing risk assessments of energy efficiency investments. This paper employs large-scale building simulation (a total of 3162 runs) to study the weather impact on peak electricity demand and energy use with the 30-year (1980 to 2009) Actual Meteorological Year (AMY) weather data for three types of office buildings at two design efficiency levels, across all 17 ASHRAE climate zones. The simulated results using the AMY data are compared to those from the TMY3 data to determine and analyze the differences. Besides further demonstration, as done by other studies, that actual weather has a significant impact on both the peak electricity demand and energy use of buildings, the main findings from the current study include: 1) annual weather variation has a greater impact on the peak electricity demand than it does on energy use in buildings; 2) the simulated energy use using the TMY3 weather data is not necessarily representative of the average energy use over a long period, and the TMY3 results can be significantly higher or lower than those from the AMY data; 3) the weather impact is greater for buildings in colder climates than warmer climates; 4) the weather impact on the medium-sized office building was the greatest, followed by the large office and then the small office; and 5) simulated energy savings and peak demand reduction by energy conservation measures using the TMY3 weather data can be significantly underestimated or overestimated. It is crucial to run multi-decade simulations with AMY weather data to fully assess the impact of weather on the long-term performance of buildings, and to evaluate the energy savings potential of energy conservation measures for new and existing buildings from a life cycle perspective.
Book Synopsis Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Building Energy and Environment by : Liangzhu Leon Wang
Download or read book Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Building Energy and Environment written by Liangzhu Leon Wang and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-09-04 with total page 2933 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a compilation of selected papers from the 5th International Conference on Building Energy and Environment (COBEE2022), held in Montreal, Canada, in July 2022. The work focuses on the most recent technologies and knowledge of building energy and the environment, including health, energy, urban microclimate, smart cities, safety, etc. The contents make valuable contributions to academic researchers, engineers in the industry, and regulators of buildings. As well, readers encounter new ideas for achieving healthy, comfortable, energy-efficient, resilient, and safe buildings.
Book Synopsis Eco-Design of Buildings and Infrastructure by : Bruno Peuportier
Download or read book Eco-Design of Buildings and Infrastructure written by Bruno Peuportier and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-12-22 with total page 518 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Chair Eco-design of buildings and infrastructure, a partnership between three engineering colleges (MINES ParisTech, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech and AgroParisTech) and the VINCI group, aims to create measurement and simulation tools which integrate all the dimensions of eco-design (greenhouse gas emissions, impact on biodiversity and resource levies, etc.) to become real decision-making tools, based on a scientific approach, for all actors in the city (designers, builders and users). This book reviews the second five-year sequence of the Chair, first presenting methodological advances in eco-design: life cycle assessment and quantification of uncertainties; local environmental impacts of transport and biodiversity. The interdisciplinary partnership, also associating the human sciences, shows its interest in taking into account the human factor in the modelling of urban systems. This modelling is based on several numerical simulation tools, presented in the third part. This theoretical set results in more substantial proposals for the renewal of techniques and systems, in terms of energy management strategies in buildings, urban agriculture, participatory data collection and digital transformation in transport. This book is intended for urban planners, local authorities, building owners, architects, design offices, companies, building managers, teacher-researchers and anyone interested in the environmental quality of our living spaces.
Book Synopsis Energy Modeling in Architectural Design by : Timothy L. Hemsath
Download or read book Energy Modeling in Architectural Design written by Timothy L. Hemsath and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-07-06 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Energy Modeling in Architectural Design demonstrates how design elements can lead to energy savings, to help you reduce the energy footprint of your buildings. In addition to identifying climate opportunities, you’ll also learn fundamental passive design elements for software-agnostic energy modeling of your projects from conception. Using parametric models and testing each element during design will lead you to create beautiful and high-performance buildings. Illustrated with more than 100 color images, this book also includes a pattern guide for high-performance buildings, discusses energy and daylighting optimization, and has a glossary for easy reference.
Book Synopsis Energy and Behavior by : Marta Lopes
Download or read book Energy and Behavior written by Marta Lopes and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2019-11 with total page 560 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Changes to energy behaviour -- the role of people and organisations in energy production, use and efficiency -- are critical to supporting a societal transition towards a low carbon and more sustainable future. However, which changes need to be made, by whom, and with what technologies are still very much under discussion. This book, developed by a diverse range of experts, presents an international and multi-faceted approach to the sociotechnical challenge of engaging people in energy systems and vice versa. By providing a multidisciplinary view of this field, it encourages critical thinking about core theories, quantitative and qualitative methodologies, and policy challenges. It concludes by addressing new areas where additional evidence is required for interventions and policy-making. It is designed to appeal to new entrants in the energy-efficiency and behaviour field, particularly those taking a quantitative approach to the topic. Concurrently, it recognizes ecological economist Herman Daly's insight: what really counts is often not countable. Introduces the major disciplinary and interdisciplinary approaches to understanding energy and behaviour Delivers a cross-sectoral overview including energy behaviour in buildings, industry, transportation, smart grids, and smart cities Reviews a selection of innovative energy behaviour modelling approaches, including agent-based modelling, optimization, and decision support Critically addresses the importance of interventions, policies, and regulatory design
Book Synopsis Towards Net Zero Carbon Emissions in the Building Industry by : Ali Sayigh
Download or read book Towards Net Zero Carbon Emissions in the Building Industry written by Ali Sayigh and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-11-08 with total page 439 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Towards Net Zero in the Building Industry looks at the contributions that the building and construction industry can (and must) make to help achieve net zero carbon emissions. The building industry accounts for close to 40% of global emissions and this book brings together a global group of contributors from 15 countries to examine ways in which the industry can help with overall CO2 reduction. Coverage includes factors such as building design strategy, materials selection, use of local materials with a low carbon imprint, renewable energy use, energy conservation, greenery and appropriate aesthetics, building size and scale, climate suitability, building functionality and comfort, material recycling, and adoption of green policies. Chapter 6 is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.
Download or read book Smart Cities written by Houbing Song and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-06-21 with total page 872 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides the foundations and principles needed for addressing the various challenges of developing smart cities Smart cities are emerging as a priority for research and development across the world. They open up significant opportunities in several areas, such as economic growth, health, wellness, energy efficiency, and transportation, to promote the sustainable development of cities. This book provides the basics of smart cities, and it examines the possible future trends of this technology. Smart Cities: Foundations, Principles, and Applications provides a systems science perspective in presenting the foundations and principles that span multiple disciplines for the development of smart cities. Divided into three parts—foundations, principles, and applications—Smart Cities addresses the various challenges and opportunities of creating smart cities and all that they have to offer. It also covers smart city theory modeling and simulation, and examines case studies of existing smart cities from all around the world. In addition, the book: Addresses how to develop a smart city and how to present the state of the art and practice of them all over the world Focuses on the foundations and principles needed for advancing the science, engineering, and technology of smart cities—including system design, system verification, real-time control and adaptation, Internet of Things, and test beds Covers applications of smart cities as they relate to smart transportation/connected vehicle (CV) and Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) for improved mobility, safety, and environmental protection Smart Cities: Foundations, Principles, and Applications is a welcome reference for the many researchers and professionals working on the development of smart cities and smart city-related industries.
Book Synopsis Future Urban Energy System for Buildings by : Xingxing Zhang
Download or read book Future Urban Energy System for Buildings written by Xingxing Zhang and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-05-13 with total page 485 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book investigates three main characteristics of future urban energy system for buildings, including flexibility, resilience and optimization. It explores the energy flexibility by considering renewable energy integration with buildings, sector coupling, and energy trading in the local energy market. Energy resilience is addressed from aspects of future climate change, pandemic crisis, and operational uncertainties. Approaches for system design, dynamic pricing and advanced control are discussed for the optimization of urban energy system. Knowledge from this book contributes to the effective means in future urban energy paradigm to closely integrate multiple energy systems (i.e., distribution, mobility, production and storage) with different energy carriers (i.e., heat, electricity) in an optimal manner for energy use. It would facilitate the envision of next-generation urban energy systems, towards sustainability, resilience and prosperity. This book targets at a broad readership with specific experience and knowledge in energy system, transport, built environment and urban planning. As such, it will appeal to researchers, graduate students, engineers, consultants, urban scientists, investors and policymakers, with interests in energy flexibility, building/city resilience and climate neutrality.
Book Synopsis Mainstreaming Solar Energy in Small, Tropical Islands by : Kiron C. Neale
Download or read book Mainstreaming Solar Energy in Small, Tropical Islands written by Kiron C. Neale and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-03-05 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores how cultural considerations can improve policymaking to achieve mainstream solar energy in small, tropical islands. Focusing on Trinidad, Barbados and Oʻahu, Kiron C. Neale looks at how culture can affect and be affected by the policies that support the household adoption of two key energy technologies: solar water heating and photovoltaics. Drawing on interviews with residents and energy officials, and an examination of the institutional, socio-economic and physical factors that affect energy systems such as governance structures and energy resource availability, the author explores themes including the impact of insularity on energy transitions and behavioural and cultural change. Overall, this book rebrands policies as instruments of cultural change and puts forward recommendations applicable to all small, tropical islands. Following the islands’ transition to renewable energy, this book will be of great interest to scholars of energy policy, energy transitions, climate change, cultural studies and small states development, as well as industry professionals working on energy policy implementation.
Book Synopsis The Lagrange Multiplier Test and Its Applications to Model Specification by : Trevor Stanley Breusch
Download or read book The Lagrange Multiplier Test and Its Applications to Model Specification written by Trevor Stanley Breusch and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Toward Resilient Building Design in Energy Performance Under Climate Change by : Mirata Hosseini
Download or read book Toward Resilient Building Design in Energy Performance Under Climate Change written by Mirata Hosseini and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Building energy simulation is commonly used to evaluate the energy performance of buildings to support decisions made at the design stage or to quantify potential energy savings of various strategies for retrofitting existing buildings. However, in many cases, the anticipated performance through simulation output significantly deviates from actual measured data. A major reason for such discrepancy is due to uncertainty in the simulation inputs. One source of input uncertainty is weather data representing the climate condition. In order to predict the long-term performance of the buildings with energy simulation, modellers commonly use a single Typical Meteorological Year (TMY) weather data file which supposedly represents the climatic conditions. The single weather year file is composed of hourly resolution data from the most 12 representative calendar months of 30 years which are selected based on statistical similarity to long-term weather daily-averaged data. These weather files are synthetically constructed on historical weather data over a long period of time for an array of weather parameters, such as solar radiation, temperature, wind speed and others. The statistical procedure to construct the weather files depends on the weights assigned to these weather parameters. Under current practice, these weighting factors are universally assigned regardless of climatic locations nor the building application. This approach leads to energy performance predictions that deviate from the long-term averages. Nevertheless, the single weather file ignores the variation in building energy performance resulted from natural weather variation. This source of uncertainty becomes even more critical when the long-term superimposed effect driven by human and anthropogenic factors are added to natural variation. Historical weather data shows that compared to other regions, higher latitudes, including Canada, have been affected more by climate change, and it is expected that this change will be even more in the years to come. Uncertainty due to weather variation and climate change is one of the main reasons for unexpected actual energy performance. Under the changing climate, building's energy performance is expected to change significantly in the northern climates, including Canada. The current thesis mainly aims to address the two aforementioned issues with novel approaches: 1. Machine learning were deployed to extract the feature importance of the weather parameters in order to assign non-universal weighting factors straightly proportional to their impacts on energy performance of buildings. Weather files constructed with these systematically assigned weighting factors are climatic location and building type dependent. The newly constructed typical meteorological year weather files were applied to two different climatic locations to investigate the representativeness of these new weather files as compared to existing weather files and historical weather data of actual years. The representativeness was indicated in terms of the deviation in predicted energy performance of buildings between using the typical meteorological year weather file and actual historical weather data. The results indicated that typical meteorological year weather file based on the novel approach offers better prediction (with statistical significance) on energy performance for climatic locations with wider temperature range. As a result, the suggested method avoids potential under/oversizing of equipment and promotes energy conservation. 2. General circulation model (GCM) data considering various climate change scenarios based on socio-economic, population, land use, technology, and policies are used to provide information about future climatic condition. However, there are two primary challenges in application of data for building simulation: i. Bias in the models: considerable deviation can be found when the historical GCM data is compared to station observed weather data. ii. Inadequate resolution: GCM data has daily temporal resolution rather than the hourly resolution required in building energy simulation. In order to use this data for simulation purposes and better predict future building performance, further processing is conducted. A statistical bias-correction technique, known as the quantile-quantile method, is applied to remove the bias in the data in order to adapt GCMs to a specific location. The study then uses a hybrid classification-regression (K-Nearest Neighbour - Random Forest) machine learning algorithm to downscale the bias-corrected GCM data to generate future weather data at an hourly resolution for building energy simulation. In this case, the hybrid model is structured as a combined model, where a classification model serves as the main model together with an auxiliary regression model for cases when data is beyond the range of observed values. The proposed workflow uses observed weather data to determine similar weather patterns from historical data and uses it to generate future weather data, contrary to previous studies, which use artificially generated data. However, in cases where the future GCM data showed temperatures ranging outside of the observed data, the study applied a trained regression model to generate hourly weather data. The current study suggests a workflow that can be applied to global and regional models data to generate future weather files year by year for building simulation under various scenarios and, consequently, extreme weather characteristics are preserved for extreme or reliability analysis and design optimization. In addition, a novel method is introduced to find building design solutions under uncertainty of weather variation and climate change. The design options are architectural and envelop features at different levels. A full factorial design of experiment is used for large-scale simulations and training deep neural network surrogate models to assess energy performance of design alternatives under multiple future years under various climate change scenarios. The method with application of a novel performance indicator is applied to explore design space and find the design solutions that most probably contribute to meet building energy performance targets over the project's lifespan. This workflow takes into account the effect of weather variation under various climate change scenarios and suggests several design solutions that can be offered to stakeholders, architects, engineers, and third-parties including insurance companies. This way, design alternatives can be compared, and designs with a higher probability of success can be selected as a final solution. In addition, policy-makers can use the results and the suggested workflow to adopt and update national and provincial building energy codes such as National Energy Codes of Canada for Buildings (NECB) in line with the national policies following the Paris climate change agreement.
Book Synopsis A Method to Model the System-wide Impacts of Residential Heating Electrification Under Various Future Load Scenarios in Texas by : Philip Ray White
Download or read book A Method to Model the System-wide Impacts of Residential Heating Electrification Under Various Future Load Scenarios in Texas written by Philip Ray White and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The push to decarbonize the world's economies has led to discussions about fully electrifying the residential sector. This transition involves replacing any appliances that use on-site fuels (e.g. propane natural gas, fuel oil) to versions that use electricity. For space heating, this transition includes replacing a fossil fuel powered furnace with an electric heater such as an air-source heat pump (ASHP) or a mini-split heat pump (MSHP). Widespread installation of heat pumps could have large impacts on the electrical infrastructure in regions that typically rely heavily on fossil fuel furnaces for heat. The projected change in load on the electrical grid are valuable to evaluate now, in anticipation of increased adoption of electrified heating units. This dissertation develops novel methods that (1) quantify energy consumption and peak demand from residential electrification, (2) validate an aggregate building energy model utilized for residential electrification modeling, and (3) assess the system-wide effects of residential electrification on a synchronous electric grid. First, a method was developed to quantify the energy consumption and peak demand of a residential sector with fully electrified space heating. This method was applied to the synchronous Texas electric grid operated by the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT). The method utilizes the National Renewable Energy Laboratory’s (NREL) ResStock tool to develop geographically representative housing stock models and the physics-based EnergyPlus modeling software to create an aggregate building stock energy model that represents the residential sector in the ERCOT operating region. In this aggregate building energy model, all natural gas and other fossil-fuel furnaces are replaced with reversible electric heat pumps of varying efficiencies that can provide heating in the winter and cooling in the summer. Spatially-resolved actual meteorological weather data are integrated with the building stock energy model to simulate a specific year (2016) of hourly-resolved energy usage in the ERCOT region. Annual electricity consumption, peak hourly power demand for each day, and load duration curves for each of 17 regions within ERCOT are estimated for a variety of electrification scenarios and an as-is base scenario. From the base scenario, the absolute winter peak electrical power demand in the residential sector could increase by as much as 36%, or 12 GW. These results indicate that grid capacity would need to increase by 10 GW (a 25% increase for the residential sector) to accommodate a winter peaking residential sector. Though winter electricity consumption would increase for home heating, the annual amount of electricity consumption would stay roughly the same or decrease because the higher efficiency heat pumps provide more efficient cooling than the conventional air conditioners they also replace. Using average 2018 emissions rates, the analysis shows a change to standard efficiency heat pumps would reduce CO2 emissions 4.1% and NO [subscript x] emissions 5.8% from the residential sector. There is no significant change in SO [subscript x] emissions in the standard efficiency scenario, but in the high and ultra-high aggregate efficiency scenarios, SO [subscript x] emissions are reduced by 8.3% and 15.0% respectively. Second, a method to validate the aggregate building stock energy model was developed. Publicly available measured electricity and natural gas consumption data from the Texas and ERCOT residential sectors were compared to energy consumption data produced by the aggregate building stock energy model. The validation analysis includes comparisons on annual energy consumption, monthly electricity consumption, consumption trends via geographic location, and consumption trends via heating fuel type. This validation analysis revealed relatively accurate results from the aggregate building stock energy model during months with historically mild weather in 2018: March, April, November, and December. During the winter peak month of January, the model overestimated consumption by 10% and during the summer peak month of July, the model underestimated summer consumption by 20%. This deviation was seen in most of the other hot months of 2018: June, August, and September. Geographically, the model performed accurately in low population regions. Higher population regions like those that contain Houston or Dallas/Fort Worth saw larger errors between the measured data and the modeled data. Homes with heating powered by a fuel other than electricity saw relatively large deviations in consumption from measured data---approximately 0.5 kWh less energy per household. During the summer, the aggregate building stock energy model's average occupancy behavior was shifted 2 hours earlier than the measured data's average occupancy behavior. These deviations likely stem from differences in actual occupant behavior and how occupant behavior is represented in the model. Lastly, a method to assess the impacts of residential electrification on the electric grid was formulated. This method used a multi-nodal UC&D grid model of the ERCOT wholesale market with load data of electrification scenarios modeled by an aggregate building stock energy model. The results from the grid model show that residential electrification would increase the grid's dependency on peaker power plants, like natural gas boiler generators, during the system's winter peak. For some electrification scenarios, the natural gas boiler plants' capacity factors increased by 350% to 400% compared to the base case. In the summer, dependency on peakers is reduced. This reduction was especially large in scenarios with an added 10 GW of solar capacity where the capacity factor of natural gas boiler plants' was reduced over 75% compared to the base case. Additional findings include a reduction in CO2 emissions ranging between 2.9% and 22.1% for all electrification scenarios. There is an increase in CO2 emissions for the winter peak day in the majority of electrification scenarios because of the added amount of load from electric heating. Despite this increase in load, the electrification scenarios cause relatively low amounts of congestion during the winter peak timeframe, adding as much as 7 hours of line congestion over a 15 day span
Book Synopsis Climate Impacts on Energy Systems by : Jane O. Ebinger
Download or read book Climate Impacts on Energy Systems written by Jane O. Ebinger and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2011 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "While the energy sector is a primary target of efforts to arrest and reverse the growth of greenhouse gas emissions and lower the carbon footprint of development, it is also expected to be increasingly affected by unavoidable climate consequences from the damage already induced in the biosphere. Energy services and resources, as well as seasonal demand, will be increasingly affected by changing trends, increasing variability, greater extremes and large inter-annual variations in climate parameters in some regions. All evidence suggests that adaptation is not an optional add-on but an essential reckoning on par with other business risks. Existing energy infrastructure, new infrastructure and future planning need to consider emerging climate conditions and impacts on design, construction, operation, and maintenance. Integrated risk-based planning processes will be critical to address the climate change impacts and harmonize actions within and across sectors. Also, awareness, knowledge, and capacity impede mainstreaming of climate adaptation into the energy sector. However, the formal knowledge base is still nascent?information needs are complex and to a certain extent regionally and sector specific. This report provides an up-to-date compendium of what is known about weather variability and projected climate trends and their impacts on energy service provision and demand. It discusses emerging practices and tools for managing these impacts and integrating climate considerations into planning processes and operational practices in an environment of uncertainty. It focuses on energy sector adaptation, rather than mitigation which is not discussed in this report. This report draws largely on available scientific and peer-reviewed literature in the public domain and takes the perspective of the developing world to the extent possible."
Book Synopsis The costs and impacts of intermittency by :
Download or read book The costs and impacts of intermittency written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 95 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Effects of Climate Change on Energy Production and Use in the United State by : Thomas J. Wilbanks
Download or read book Effects of Climate Change on Energy Production and Use in the United State written by Thomas J. Wilbanks and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2009-05 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report by the Nat. Science and Technology Council¿s U.S. Climate Change Science Program (CCSP) is part of a series of Synthesis and Assessment Products produced by the CCSP. This series of 21 reports is aimed at providing current evaluations of climate change science to inform public debate, policy, and operational decisions and is also intended to inform CCSP¿s consideration of future program priorities. CCSP¿s guiding vision is to provide the Nation and the global community with the science-based knowledge to manage the risk and opportunities of change in the climate and related environmental systems. This report will enhance understanding of the effects of climate change on energy systems in the U.S. Illustrations.
Download or read book Energy Research Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Cost-Effective Energy Efficient Building Retrofitting by : F. Pacheco-Torgal
Download or read book Cost-Effective Energy Efficient Building Retrofitting written by F. Pacheco-Torgal and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2017-01-03 with total page 633 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cost-Effective Energy Efficient Building Retrofitting:Materials, Technologies, Optimization and Case Studies provides essential knowledge for civil engineers, architects, and other professionals working in the field of cost-effective energy efficient building retrofitting. The building sector is responsible for high energy consumption and its global demand is expected to grow as each day there are approximately 200,000 new inhabitants on planet Earth. The majority of electric energy will continue to be generated from the combustion of fossil fuels releasing not only carbon dioxide, but also methane and nitrous oxide. Energy efficiency measures are therefore crucial to reduce greenhouse gas emissions of the building sector. Energy efficient building retrofitting needs to not only be technically feasible, but also economically viable. New building materials and advanced technologies already exist, but the knowledge to integrate all active components is still scarce and far from being widespread among building industry stakeholders. - Emphasizes cost-effective methods for the refurbishment of existing buildings, presenting state-of-the-art technologies - Includes detailed case studies that explain various methods and Net Zero Energy - Explains optimal analysis and prioritization of cost effective strategies
