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A Dynamic Analysis Of Us Biofuels Policy Impact On Land Use Greenhouse Gas Emissions And Social Welfare
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Book Synopsis A Dynamic Analysis of U.S. Biofuels Policy Impact on Land Use, Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Social Welfare by : Xiaoguang Chen
Download or read book A Dynamic Analysis of U.S. Biofuels Policy Impact on Land Use, Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Social Welfare written by Xiaoguang Chen and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biofuels have been promoted to achieve energy security and as a solution to reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the transportation sector. This dissertation presents a framework to examine the extent to which biofuel policies reduce gasoline consumption and GHG emissions and their implications for land allocation among food and fuel crops, food and fuel prices and social welfare. It first develops a stylized model of the food and fuel sectors linked by a limited land availability to produce food and fuel crops. It then analyzes the mechanisms through which biofuel mandates and subsidies affect consumer choices and differ from a carbon tax policy. A dynamic, multi-market equilibrium model, Biofuel and Environmental Policy Analysis Model (BEPAM), is developed to estimate the welfare costs of these policies and to explore the mix of biofuels from corn and various cellulosic feedstocks that are economically viable over the 2007-2022 period under alternative policies. It distinguishes biofuels produced from corn and several cellulosic feedstocks including crop residues (corn stover and wheat straw) and bioenergy crops (miscanthus and switchgrass). A crop productivity model MISCANMOD is used to simulate the yields of miscanthus and switchgrass. The biofuel policies considered here include the biofuel mandate under the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS), various biofuel subsidies and import tariffs. The effects of these policies are compared to those of a carbon tax policy that is directly targeted to reduce GHG emissions. The stylized model shows that a carbon tax can reduce gasoline consumption and lower GHG emissions, and is likely to increase biofuel consumption with a higher elasticity of substitution between gasoline and biofuels and an elastic supply of gasoline. A biofuel mandate would reduce gasoline consumption, but the effects on GHG emissions depend on parameters in the fuel sector, such as the demand elasticity of miles, the elasticity of substitution between gasoline and biofuels and the supply elasticity of gasoline. A biofuel mandate accompanied with subsidies would create incentives to increase the consumption of the blended fuel by lowering its price. Gasoline consumption and GHG emissions would increase under the mandate and subsidy relative to a mandate alone. The numerical simulation is used to analyze the impacts of biofuel mandate and subsidies relative to a carbon tax. We find a biofuel mandate alone leads to a welfare gain of 0.1% while reducing GHG emissions by 1% relative to a carbon tax of $30 per ton of CO2e (Carbon dioxide equivalent). However, it would increase corn and soybean prices in 2022 by 19% and 20% relative to the carbon tax. The provision of biofuel subsidies that accompany the mandate under the RFS significantly changes the mix of bofuels in favor of cellulosic biofuels produced from high yielding perennial grasses and reduces the adverse impact of RFS alone on food prices. Biofuel mandates and subsidies also reduce GHG emissions by 3% relative to the carbon tax but at a welfare cost of $106 B relative to the tax. To meet the cellulosic biofuel mandates, a mix of feedstocks (corn stover, wheat straw, switchgrass and miscanthus) is used, where the mix differs over time, with biofuels from miscanthus meeting about 90% of the cellulosic ethanol produced between 2007- 2022. Corn stover comes primarily from the plain states while wheat straw is collected mainly in the central and northern plains and western mountain states. Production of miscanthus is more concentrated in the Great Plains and in the Midwest and along lower reaches of the Mississippi river. Switchgrass, though not as competitive as miscanthus in terms of yields and costs of production in most parts of the country, is still produced in a significant amount in northern and central Texas and Wisconsin where miscanthus yields are relatively low. We then analyze the implications of imposing import tariffs on biofuels for social welfare and GHG emissions in an open economy considering trade in biofuels. When biofuel mandates and subsidies are in place, the imposition of import tariffs would significantly reduce the imports of sugarcane ethanol by 28% relative to biofuel mandates and subsidies. It also results in a higher GHG intensity of the blended fuel and marginally increases GHG emissions but raises social welfare by 0.01% relative to biofuel mandates and subsidies.
Book Synopsis Renewable Fuel Standard by : National Research Council
Download or read book Renewable Fuel Standard written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2012-01-29 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the United States, we have come to depend on plentiful and inexpensive energy to support our economy and lifestyles. In recent years, many questions have been raised regarding the sustainability of our current pattern of high consumption of nonrenewable energy and its environmental consequences. Further, because the United States imports about 55 percent of the nation's consumption of crude oil, there are additional concerns about the security of supply. Hence, efforts are being made to find alternatives to our current pathway, including greater energy efficiency and use of energy sources that could lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions such as nuclear and renewable sources, including solar, wind, geothermal, and biofuels. The United States has a long history with biofuels and the nation is on a course charted to achieve a substantial increase in biofuels. Renewable Fuel Standard evaluates the economic and environmental consequences of increasing biofuels production as a result of Renewable Fuels Standard, as amended by EISA (RFS2). The report describes biofuels produced in 2010 and those projected to be produced and consumed by 2022, reviews model projections and other estimates of the relative impact on the prices of land, and discusses the potential environmental harm and benefits of biofuels production and the barriers to achieving the RFS2 consumption mandate. Policy makers, investors, leaders in the transportation sector, and others with concerns for the environment, economy, and energy security can rely on the recommendations provided in this report.
Book Synopsis Land Use and Greenhouse Gas Implications of Biofuels by : Xiaoguang Chen
Download or read book Land Use and Greenhouse Gas Implications of Biofuels written by Xiaoguang Chen and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper examines the changes in land use in the U.S. likely to be induced by biofuel and climate policies and the implications of these policies for GHG emissions over the 2007-2022 period. The policies considered here include a modified Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) by itself as well as combined with a cellulosic biofuel tax credit or a carbon price policy. We use a dynamic, spatial, multi-market equilibrium model, Biofuel and Environmental Policy Analysis Model (BEPAM), to endogenously determine the effects of these policies on cropland allocation, food and fuel prices, and the mix of first- and second-generation biofuels. We find that the RFS could be met by diverting 6% of cropland for biofuel production and would result in corn prices increasing by 16% in 2002 relative to the business-as-usual baseline. The reduction in GHG emissions in the U.S. due to the RFS is about 2%; these domestic GHG savings can be severely eroded by emissions due to indirect land use changes and the increase in gasoline consumption in the rest of the world. Supplementing the RFS with a carbon price policy or a cellulosic biofuel tax credit induces a switch away from corn ethanol to cellulosic biofuels and achieves the mandated level of biofuel production with a smaller adverse impact on crop prices. These supplementary policies enhance the GHG savings achieved by the RFS alone, although through different mechanisms; greater production of cellulosic biofuels with the tax credit but larger reduction in fossil fuel consumption with a carbon tax.
Book Synopsis Handbook of Bioenergy Economics and Policy: Volume II by : Madhu Khanna
Download or read book Handbook of Bioenergy Economics and Policy: Volume II written by Madhu Khanna and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-05-22 with total page 442 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In its second volume, this book aims to link the academic research with development in the real world and provide a historical and institutional background that can enrich more formal research. The first section will include an assessment of the evolution and the state of the nascent second-generation biofuel as well as a perspective on the evolution of corn ethanol and sugarcane ethanol in Brazil. It will also include a historical and institutional background on the biofuel industry in Brazil that has global lessons, and later, provide a technical overview of major analytical tools used to assess the economic, land use and greenhouse gas implications of biofuel policies at a regional and global level. Additionally, the book analyzes the various drivers for land use change both at a micro-economic level and at a macro-economic level. It presents studies that apply regional and global economic models to examine the effects of biofuel policies in the US, EU and Brazil on regional and global land use, on food and fuel prices and greenhouse gas emissions. These papers illustrate the use of partial and general equilibrium modeling approaches to simulate the effects of various biofuel policies, and includes studies showing the effects of risk aversion, time preferences and liquidity constraints on farmers decision to grow energy crops for biofuel production. By presenting the tools of lifecycle analysis for assessing the direct greenhouse gas intensity of biofuels, this handbook investigates the types of indirect or market mediated effects that can offset or strengthen these direct effects. It will include tools to assess the direct and indirect effects of biofuel production on greenhouse gas emissions in the US and Brazil, and ultimately provide a comprehensive background to understand the state of biofuel in the present and how to analyze their implication.
Book Synopsis Using Biofuel Tax Credits to Achieve Energy and Environmental Policy Goals by : Ron Gecan
Download or read book Using Biofuel Tax Credits to Achieve Energy and Environmental Policy Goals written by Ron Gecan and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2010 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The fed. gov¿t. supports the use of biofuels -- transportation fuels produced from renewable plant matter, such as corn -- in the pursuit of energy, environ., and agr. policy goals. Tax credits (TC) encourage the prod¿n. and sale of biofuels in the U.S., lowering the costs of producing biofuels, such as ethanol or biodiesel, relative to the costs of producing their substitutes -- gasoline and diesel fuel. Fed. mandates require the use of specified minimum amounts and types of biofuel. This study assesses the incentives provided by the TC for producing different types of biofuels and analyzes whether they favor one type of biofuel over others. Estimates the cost to consumers of reducing the use of petroleum fuels and emissions of greenhouse gases through those TC. Illus.
Book Synopsis Expanding Biofuel Production and the Transition to Advanced Biofuels by : National Research Council
Download or read book Expanding Biofuel Production and the Transition to Advanced Biofuels written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-03-30 with total page 179 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While energy prices, energy security, and climate change are front and center in the national media, these issues are often framed to the exclusion of the broader issue of sustainability-ensuring that the production and use of biofuels do not compromise the needs of future generations by recognizing the need to protect life-support systems, promote economic growth, and improve societal welfare. Thus, it is important to understand the effects of biofuel production and use on water quality and quantity, soils, wildlife habitat and biodiversity, greenhouse gas emissions, air quality, public health, and the economic viability of rural communities.
Book Synopsis Biofuels and Sustainability by : Kazuhiko Takeuchi
Download or read book Biofuels and Sustainability written by Kazuhiko Takeuchi and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-07-13 with total page 261 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book presents a comprehensive analysis of biofuel use strategies from an interdisciplinary perspective using sustainability science. This interdisciplinary perspective (social science-natural science) means that the strategies and policy options proposed will have significant impacts on the economy and society alike. Biofuels are expected to contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, revitalizing economies in agricultural communities and alleviating poverty. However, despite these anticipated benefits, international organizations such as the FAO, OECD and UN have published reports expressing concerns that biofuel promotion may lead to deforestation, water pollution and water shortages. The impacts of biofuel use are extensive, cross-sectoral and complex, and as such, comprehensive analyses are required in order to assess the extent to which biofuels can contribute to sustainable societies. Applying interdisciplinary sustainability science concepts and methodologies, the book helps to enhance the establishment of a sustainable society as well as the development of appropriate responses to a global need for urgent action on current issues related to biofuels.
Book Synopsis Land Use and Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Effects of Biofuel Policies by : Madhu Khanna
Download or read book Land Use and Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Effects of Biofuel Policies written by Madhu Khanna and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 51 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Concerns about energy security, reduced dependence on exhaustible fossil fuels and climate change have led to significant policy support for biofuels, particularly for cellulosic biofuels. The Biomass Crop Assistance Program and volumetric tax credits for biofuels seek to supplement the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) and provide incentives for producing and blending cellulosic biofuels. This paper examines the effects of these policies on the mix of biofuels produced, food and fuel prices and consumption and GHG emissions as compared to the RFS alone. It also examines the effects of two performance-based policies that target incentives based on the GHG intensity of fuels. We find that the BCAP and volumetric tax credits together lead to biofuel production that exceeds the minimum required by the RFS by 26% and to a significant transition away from corn ethanol and towards cellulosic biofuels. They also reduce GHG emissions by 3% and gasoline consumption by 100 B liters relative to the level with the RFS alone. However, these subsidy policies are costly for the government and for the economy and impose a welfare cost of $122B over the 2007-2022 period. Replacing these payments by subsidies based on carbon credits generated by a feedstock relative to gasoline while less costly does not create significant incentives to change the mix of biofuels beyond the levels mandated by the RFS. In contrast, to these subsidy policies, supplementing the RFS with a $30 per metric ton of CO2e carbon price instrument is found to achieve the 3% reduction in GHG emissions with a gain in social welfare and lower costs to the government relative to the RFS alone.
Author :United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works. Subcommittee on Clean Air and Nuclear Safety Publisher : ISBN 13 : Total Pages :396 pages Book Rating :4.F/5 ( download)
Book Synopsis Environmental Protection Agency Oversight by : United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works. Subcommittee on Clean Air and Nuclear Safety
Download or read book Environmental Protection Agency Oversight written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works. Subcommittee on Clean Air and Nuclear Safety and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Biofuels written by Mark E. Gaffigan and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2010 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In December 2007, the Congress expanded the renewable fuel standard (RFS), which requires rising use of ethanol and other biofuels, from 9 billion gallons in 2008 to 36 billion gallons in 2022. To meet the RFS, the Departments of Agriculture (USDA) and Energy (DOE) are developing advanced biofuels that use cellulosic feedstocks, such as corn stover and switchgrass. The EPA administers the RFS. This report examines, among other things: (1) the effects of increased biofuels production on U.S. agriculture, environment, and greenhouse gas emissions; (2) federal support for domestic biofuels production; and (3) key challenges in meeting the RFS. Includes recommendations. Charts and tables.
Book Synopsis Measuring the Indirect Land-Use Change Associated with Increased Biofuel Feedstock Production by : Elizabeth Marshall
Download or read book Measuring the Indirect Land-Use Change Associated with Increased Biofuel Feedstock Production written by Elizabeth Marshall and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2011-06 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Summarizes the current state of knowledge of the drivers of land-use change and describes the analytic methods used to estimate the impact of biofuel feedstock production on land use. The larger the impact of domestic biofuels feedstock production on commodity prices and the availability of exports, the larger the international land-use effects are likely to be. The amount of pressure placed on land internationally will depend in part on how much of the land needed for biofuel production is met through an expansion of agricultural land in the U.S. If crop yield per acre increases through more intensive management or new crop varieties, then less land is needed to grow a particular amount of that crop. Illustrations. This is a print on demand report.
Book Synopsis Expanding Biofuel Production and the Transition to Advanced Biofuels by : National Research Council
Download or read book Expanding Biofuel Production and the Transition to Advanced Biofuels written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-04-30 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While energy prices, energy security, and climate change are front and center in the national media, these issues are often framed to the exclusion of the broader issue of sustainability-ensuring that the production and use of biofuels do not compromise the needs of future generations by recognizing the need to protect life-support systems, promote economic growth, and improve societal welfare. Thus, it is important to understand the effects of biofuel production and use on water quality and quantity, soils, wildlife habitat and biodiversity, greenhouse gas emissions, air quality, public health, and the economic viability of rural communities.
Book Synopsis Effects of U.S. Tax Policy on Greenhouse Gas Emissions by : National Research Council
Download or read book Effects of U.S. Tax Policy on Greenhouse Gas Emissions written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2013-07-20 with total page 199 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The U.S. Congress charged the National Academies with conducting a review of the Internal Revenue Code to identify the types of and specific tax provisions that have the largest effects on carbon and other greenhouse gas emissions and to estimate the magnitude of those effects. To address such a broad charge, the National Academies appointed a committee composed of experts in tax policy, energy and environmental modeling, economics, environmental law, climate science, and related areas. For scientific background to produce Effects of U.S. Tax Policy on Greenhouse Gas Emissions, the committee relied on the earlier findings and studies by the National Academies, the U.S. government, and other research organizations. The committee has relied on earlier reports and studies to set the boundaries of the economic, environmental, and regulatory assumptions for the present study. The major economic and environmental assumptions are those developed by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) in its annual reports and modeling. Additionally, the committee has relied upon publicly available data provided by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, which inventories greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from different sources in the United States. The tax system affects emissions primarily through changes in the prices of inputs and outputs or goods and services. Most of the tax provisions considered in this report relate directly to the production or consumption of different energy sources. However, there is a substantial set of tax expenditures called "broad-based" that favor certain categories of consumption-among them, employer-provided health care, owner-occupied housing, and purchase of new plants and equipment. Effects of U.S. Tax Policy on Greenhouse Gas Emissions examines both tax expenditures and excise taxes that could have a significant impact on GHG emissions.
Book Synopsis The Impacts of Biofuels on the Economy, Environment, and Poverty by : Govinda R. Timilsina
Download or read book The Impacts of Biofuels on the Economy, Environment, and Poverty written by Govinda R. Timilsina and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-05-20 with total page 159 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Interest in biofuels began with oil shocks in the 1970’s, but the more rapid development and consumption of biofuel industry in recent years has been primarily driven by mandates, subsidies, climate change concerns, emissions targets and energy security. From 2004 to 2006, fuel ethanol grew by 26% and biodiesel grew by 172%. As biofuel production continues to expand, investments in capacity expansion and research and development have been made. The 2008 food crisis emphasized the need to re-examine biofuel consequences. Biofuels remain an important renewable energy resource to substitute for fossil fuels, particularly in the transportation sector, yet biofuels’ success is still uncertain. The future of biofuels in the energy supply mix relies on mitigating potential and improving the environmental gains. This book brings together leading authorities on biofuel from the World Bank to examine all of the impacts of biofuel (economic, social, environmental) within a unified framework and in a global perspective, making it of interest to academics in agricultural and environmental economics as well as industry and policy-makers.
Book Synopsis Biofuel Support Policies: An Economic Assessment by : OECD
Download or read book Biofuel Support Policies: An Economic Assessment written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2008-08-25 with total page 149 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report shows that the high level of policy support contributes little to reduced greenhouse-gas emissions and other policy objectives, while it adds to a range of factors that raise international prices for food commodities.
Book Synopsis A Biomass Future for the North American Great Plains by : Norman J. Rosenberg
Download or read book A Biomass Future for the North American Great Plains written by Norman J. Rosenberg and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-02-15 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The North American Great Plains is a major global breadbasket but its agriculture is stressed by drought, heat, damaging winds, soil erosion and declining ground water resources. Biomass production and processing on the Plains would partially restore a perennial vegetative cover and create employment opportunities. This book explores the possibility that the ecology and economy of the Plains region, and similar regions, would benefit from the introduction of perennial biomass crops.
Book Synopsis The Politics of Biofuels, Land and Agrarian Change by : Saturnino M. Borras Jr.
Download or read book The Politics of Biofuels, Land and Agrarian Change written by Saturnino M. Borras Jr. and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-09-13 with total page 499 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book addresses key questions on biofuels within agrarian political economy, political sociology and political ecology. Contributions are based on fresh empirical materials from different parts of the world. The book starts with four key questions in agrarian political economy: Who owns what? Who does what? Who gets what? And what do they do with the surplus wealth? It also addresses the emergent social and political relations in the biofuel complex and, given the impacts on natural resources and sustainability, engages with questions about people-environment interactions. At the same time, the book is concerned with the politics of representation, that is, what are the discursive frames through which biofuels are promoted and/or opposed? The book analyses the institutional structures, and cultures of energy consumption on which a biofuels complex depends, and the alternative political and ecological visions emerging that call the biofuels complex into question. Across sixteen chapters presenting material from five regions across the North-South divide and focusing on fourteen countries including Brazil, Indonesia, India, USA and Germany, these topics are addressed within the following themes: global (re)configurations; agro-ecological visions; conflicts, resistances and diverse outcomes; state, capital and society relations; mobilising opposition, creating alternatives; and change and continuity. This book was published as a special issue of the Journal of Peasant Studies.
