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A Cost And Risk Analysis Of Human Exploration Missions To Mars
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Book Synopsis A Cost and Risk Analysis of Human Exploration Missions to Mars by : Stanford University. Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Download or read book A Cost and Risk Analysis of Human Exploration Missions to Mars written by Stanford University. Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Human Exploration of Mars by : Stephen J. Hoffman
Download or read book Human Exploration of Mars written by Stephen J. Hoffman and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Personnel representing several NASA field centers have formulated a "Reference Mission" addressing human exploration of Mars. Summarizes their work and describes a plan for the first human missions to Mars, using approaches that are technically feasible, have reasonable risks, and have relatively low costs. The architecture for the Mars Reference Mission builds on previous work of the Synthesis Group (1991) and Zubrin's (1991) concepts for the use of propellants derived from the Martian Atmosphere. In defining the Reference Mission, choices have been made. The rationale for each choice is documented; however, unanticipated technology advances or political decisions might change the choices in the future.
Book Synopsis Human Health and Performance Risks of Space Exploration Missions by : Jancy C. McPhee
Download or read book Human Health and Performance Risks of Space Exploration Missions written by Jancy C. McPhee and published by U. S. National Aeronautics & Space Administration. This book was released on 2009 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis A Subjective Assessment of Alternative Mission Architectures for the Human Exploration of Mars at NASA Using Multicriteria Decision Making by : Madjid Tavana
Download or read book A Subjective Assessment of Alternative Mission Architectures for the Human Exploration of Mars at NASA Using Multicriteria Decision Making written by Madjid Tavana and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The primary driver for developing missions to send humans to other planets is to generate significant new scientific knowledge. NASA plans human planetary explorations with an acceptable level of risk consistent with other manned operations. Space exploration risks cannot be completely eliminated. Therefore, an acceptable level of cost, technical, safety, schedule, and political risks and benefits must be established for exploratory missions. This study uses a multicriteria decision model to identify the risks and benefits associated with three alternative mission architecture scenarios for the human exploration of Mars. The three alternatives identified by the Mission Operations Directorate at the Johnson Space Center include split, combo lander, and dual scenarios. The model considers seven phases of the mission: (1) Earth vicinity/departure, (2) Mars transfer, (3) Mars arrival, (4) planetary surface, (5) Mars vicinity/departure, (6) Earth transfer, and (7) Earth arrival. Analytic hierarchy process, subjective probability estimation, and the entropy method are used to capture experts' beliefs concerning the risks and benefits of the three alternative scenarios through a series of sequential, rational, and analytical processes.
Author :National Aeronautics and Space Administration Publisher :CreateSpace ISBN 13 :9781495920066 Total Pages :62 pages Book Rating :4.9/5 (2 download)
Book Synopsis Reference Mission Version 3.0 Addendum to the Human Exploration of Mars by : National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Download or read book Reference Mission Version 3.0 Addendum to the Human Exploration of Mars written by National Aeronautics and Space Administration and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2014-02-12 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Addendum to the Mars Reference Mission was developed as a companion document to NASA Special Publication 6107, “Human Exploration of Mars: The Reference Mission of the NASA Exploration Study Team.” The Addendum summarizes changes and updates to the Mars Reference Mission that were developed by the Exploration Office since the final draft of SP 6107 was printed in early 1998. The Reference Mission is a tool used by the Exploration Team and the exploration community to compare and evaluate approaches to mission and system concepts that could be used for human exploration missions. It is intended to identify and clarify system “drivers”, or significant sources of cost, performance, risk, and schedule variation. It does not represent a final or recommended approach to human Mars missions. Several alternative scenarios, including human exploration missions to the Moon, Asteroids, or other targets beyond Earth orbit as well as employing different technical approaches to solving mission and technology challenges, are currently under study by the Exploration Team. Comparing alternative approaches provides the basis for continual improvement to technology investment plans and general understanding of future human exploration missions. The Addendum represents a “snapshot” of work in progress in support of planning for future human exploration missions through May 1998.
Author :National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Publisher :Createspace Independent Publishing Platform ISBN 13 :9781721581764 Total Pages :28 pages Book Rating :4.5/5 (817 download)
Book Synopsis A Subjective Assessment of Alternative Mission Architecture Operations Concepts for the Human Exploration of Mars at NASA Using a Three-Dimensional Multi-Criteria Decision Making Model by : National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Download or read book A Subjective Assessment of Alternative Mission Architecture Operations Concepts for the Human Exploration of Mars at NASA Using a Three-Dimensional Multi-Criteria Decision Making Model written by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-06-20 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The primary driver for developing missions to send humans to other planets is to generate significant scientific return. NASA plans human planetary explorations with an acceptable level of risk consistent with other manned operations. Space exploration risks can not be completely eliminated. Therefore, an acceptable level of cost, technical, safety, schedule, and political risks and benefits must be established for exploratory missions. This study uses a three-dimensional multi-criteria decision making model to identify the risks and benefits associated with three alternative mission architecture operations concepts for the human exploration of Mars identified by the Mission Operations Directorate at Johnson Space Center. The three alternatives considered in this study include split, combo lander, and dual scenarios. The model considers the seven phases of the mission including: 1) Earth Vicinity/Departure; 2) Mars Transfer; 3) Mars Arrival; 4) Planetary Surface; 5) Mars Vicinity/Departure; 6) Earth Transfer; and 7) Earth Arrival. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and subjective probability estimation are used to captures the experts belief concerning the risks and benefits of the three alternative scenarios through a series of sequential, rational, and analytical processes. Tavana, Madjid Johnson Space Center
Author :National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Publisher :Createspace Independent Publishing Platform ISBN 13 :9781722715106 Total Pages :68 pages Book Rating :4.7/5 (151 download)
Book Synopsis Reference Mission Version 3.0 Addendum to the Human Exploration of Mars by : National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Download or read book Reference Mission Version 3.0 Addendum to the Human Exploration of Mars written by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-07-13 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Addendum to the Mars Reference Mission was developed as a companion document to the NASA Special Publication 6107, "Human Exploration of Mars: The Reference Mission of the NASA Mars Exploration Study Team." It summarizes changes and updates to the Mars Reference Missions that were developed by the Exploration Office since the final draft of SP 6107 was printed in early 1999. The Reference Mission is a tool used by the exploration community to compare and evaluate approaches to mission and system concepts that could be used for human missions to Mars. It is intended to identify and clarify system drivers, significant sources of cost, performance, risk, and schedule variation. Several alternative scenarios, employing different technical approaches to solving mission and technology challenges, are discussed in this Addendum. Comparing alternative approaches provides the basis for continual improvement to technology investment plan and a general understanding of future human missions to Mars. The Addendum represents a snapshot of work in progress in support of planning for future human exploration missions through May 1998. Drake, Bret G. (Editor) Johnson Space Center...
Author :National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Publisher :National Academies Press ISBN 13 :0309463831 Total Pages :127 pages Book Rating :4.3/5 (94 download)
Book Synopsis Powering Science by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Download or read book Powering Science written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2018-01-29 with total page 127 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: NASA's Science Mission Directorate (SMD) currently operates over five dozen missions, with approximately two dozen additional missions in development. These missions span the scientific fields associated with SMD's four divisionsâ€"Astrophysics, Earth Science, Heliophysics, and Planetary Sciences. Because a single mission can consist of multiple spacecraft, NASA-SMD is responsible for nearly 100 operational spacecraft. The most high profile of these are the large strategic missions, often referred to as "flagships." Large strategic missions are essential to maintaining the global leadership of the United States in space exploration and in science because only the United States has the budget, technology, and trained personnel in multiple scientific fields to conduct missions that attract a range of international partners. This report examines the role of large, strategic missions within a balanced program across NASA-SMD space and Earth sciences programs. It considers the role and scientific productivity of such missions in advancing science, technology and the long-term health of the field, and provides guidance that NASA can use to help set the priority of larger missions within a properly balanced program containing a range of mission classes.
Book Synopsis Report of the 90-day Study on Human Exploration of the Moon and Mars by : United States
Download or read book Report of the 90-day Study on Human Exploration of the Moon and Mars written by United States and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Human Missions to Mars by : Donald Rapp
Download or read book Human Missions to Mars written by Donald Rapp and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-01-01 with total page 650 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book, Donald Rapp looks at human missions to Mars from a technological perspective. He divides the mission into a number of stages: Earth’s surface to low-Earth orbit (LEO); departing from LEO toward Mars; Mars orbit insertion and entry, descent and landing; ascent from Mars; trans-Earth injection from Mars orbit and Earth return. A mission to send humans to explore the surface of Mars has been the ultimate goal of planetary exploration since the 1950s, when von Braun conjectured a flotilla of 10 interplanetary vessels carrying a crew of at least 70 humans. Since then, more than 1,000 studies were carried out. This third edition provides extensive updating and additions to the last edition, including new sections, and many new figures and tables, and references.
Book Synopsis Safe on Mars by : National Research Council
Download or read book Safe on Mars written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2002-06-29 with total page 65 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study, commissioned by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), examines the role of robotic exploration missions in assessing the risks to the first human missions to Mars. Only those hazards arising from exposure to environmental, chemical, and biological agents on the planet are assessed. To ensure that it was including all previously identified hazards in its study, the Committee on Precursor Measurements Necessary to Support Human Operations on the Surface of Mars referred to the most recent report from NASA's Mars Exploration Program/ Payload Analysis Group (MEPAG) (Greeley, 2001). The committee concluded that the requirements identified in the present NRC report are indeed the only ones essential for NASA to pursue in order to mitigate potential hazards to the first human missions to Mars.
Book Synopsis Human Missions to Mars: Comprehensive Collection of NASA Plans, Proposals, Ongoing Research on Manned Mars Exploration, Robotic Precursors, Science Goals, Design Reference Mission - Part 1 Of 2 by : World Spaceflight News
Download or read book Human Missions to Mars: Comprehensive Collection of NASA Plans, Proposals, Ongoing Research on Manned Mars Exploration, Robotic Precursors, Science Goals, Design Reference Mission - Part 1 Of 2 written by World Spaceflight News and published by . This book was released on 2017-09-08 with total page 498 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sixteen landmark papers, studies, reports, and proposals from 1968 through September 2012 trace the evolution of NASA-related concepts for the human exploration of Mars. Manned missions to the red planet have been rejected by some presidents (Nixon, Carter, Reagan, Clinton) and endorsed by others (Bush 41, Bush 43, and Obama). In the past five decades, planners and scientists have drawn up plans that attempt to overcome serious obstacles to these missions, which - as the saying goes - always seem to be decades away. This unique compilation provides a superb overview of manned Mars flight planning. The paperback version is divided into two parts because of its large size.The compilation, arranged in chronological order, begins with the first volume of the 1968 Boeing "manned interplanetary spacecraft" study and von Braun's 1969 Space Task Group presentation. The 1986 Working Group Summary Report contains the Shuttle-era ideas presented at an LANL/Marshall meeting. In 1989, President George H. W. Bush unveiled the Space Exploration Initiative; our compilation includes the incisive book about the failure of the SEI, Mars Wars, as well as the infamous NASA 90-day study report. Our next reports come from 2005 and 2008, with planning group analysis of scientific exploration goals of human missions.From 2009, we have the latest NASA Mars Design Reference Architecture 5.0, along with an alternative austere mission concept, both using elements of the Constellation program.There are seven reports and documents from 2012, including the newly released and influential Mars Program Planning Group report on robotic and manned missions; papers on human exploration and precursors, strategic knowledge gaps for solar system exploration, two NASA headquarters documents outlining potential manned exploration missions under the latest Obama administration plan, and testimony in September 2012 before House and Senate space committees on exploration goals, the Space Launch System rocket, and the Orion crew capsule.Contents: PART ONE - Chapter 1 - 1968 - Boeing Integrated Manned Interplanetary Spacecraft Concept Definition * Chapter 2 - 1969 - Manned Mars Landing Presentation To The Space Task Group * Chapter 3 - 1986 - Manned Mars Missions Working Group Summary Report * Chapter 4 - 1989 - Mars Wars * Chapter 5 - 2005 - Mars Human Precursor Science Steering Group * Chapter 6 - 2005 - Analysis of the Precursor Measurements of Mars Needed to Reduce the Risk of the First Human Mission to Mars * PART TWO - Chapter 7 - 2008 - Planning for the Scientific Exploration of Mars by Humans by the MEPAG Human Exploration of Mars Science Analysis Group * Chapter 8 - 2009 - Austere Human Missions to Mars * Chapter 9 - 2009 - Human Exploration of Mars Design Reference Architecture 5.0 * Chapter 10 - 2012 - Human Exploration and Precursors * Chapter 11 - 2012 - NASA Exploration Destinations, Goals, and International Collaboration * Chapter 12 - 2012 - Mars Program Planning Group September 2012 Report * Chapter 13 - 2012 - Strategic Knowledge Gaps: Planning for Safe, Effective, and Efficient Human Exploration of the Solar System * Chapter 14 - 2012 - Analysis of Strategic Knowledge Gaps Associated with Potential Human Missions to the Martian System * Chapter 15 - 2012 - Voyages: Charting the Course for Sustainable Human Space Exploration * Chapter 16 - 2012 - Senate and House Hearings on Exploration Goals, SLS, and Orion
Book Synopsis Human Missions to Mars: Comprehensive Collection of NASA Plans, Proposals, Ongoing Research on Manned Mars Exploration, Robotic Precursors, Science Goals, Design Reference Mission - Part 2 Of 2 by : World Spaceflight News
Download or read book Human Missions to Mars: Comprehensive Collection of NASA Plans, Proposals, Ongoing Research on Manned Mars Exploration, Robotic Precursors, Science Goals, Design Reference Mission - Part 2 Of 2 written by World Spaceflight News and published by . This book was released on 2017-09-08 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sixteen landmark papers, studies, reports, and proposals from 1968 through September 2012 trace the evolution of NASA-related concepts for the human exploration of Mars. Manned missions to the red planet have been rejected by some presidents (Nixon, Carter, Reagan, Clinton) and endorsed by others (Bush 41, Bush 43, and Obama). In the past five decades, planners and scientists have drawn up plans that attempt to overcome serious obstacles to these missions, which - as the saying goes - always seem to be decades away. This unique compilation provides a superb overview of manned Mars flight planning. The paperback version is divided into two parts because of its large size.The compilation, arranged in chronological order, begins with the first volume of the 1968 Boeing "manned interplanetary spacecraft" study and von Braun's 1969 Space Task Group presentation. The 1986 Working Group Summary Report contains the Shuttle-era ideas presented at an LANL/Marshall meeting. In 1989, President George H. W. Bush unveiled the Space Exploration Initiative; our compilation includes the incisive book about the failure of the SEI, Mars Wars, as well as the infamous NASA 90-day study report. Our next reports come from 2005 and 2008, with planning group analysis of scientific exploration goals of human missions.From 2009, we have the latest NASA Mars Design Reference Architecture 5.0, along with an alternative austere mission concept, both using elements of the Constellation program.There are seven reports and documents from 2012, including the newly released and influential Mars Program Planning Group report on robotic and manned missions; papers on human exploration and precursors, strategic knowledge gaps for solar system exploration, two NASA headquarters documents outlining potential manned exploration missions under the latest Obama administration plan, and testimony in September 2012 before House and Senate space committees on exploration goals, the Space Launch System rocket, and the Orion crew capsule.Contents: PART ONE - Chapter 1 - 1968 - Boeing Integrated Manned Interplanetary Spacecraft Concept Definition * Chapter 2 - 1969 - Manned Mars Landing Presentation To The Space Task Group * Chapter 3 - 1986 - Manned Mars Missions Working Group Summary Report * Chapter 4 - 1989 - Mars Wars * Chapter 5 - 2005 - Mars Human Precursor Science Steering Group * Chapter 6 - 2005 - Analysis of the Precursor Measurements of Mars Needed to Reduce the Risk of the First Human Mission to Mars * PART TWO - Chapter 7 - 2008 - Planning for the Scientific Exploration of Mars by Humans by the MEPAG Human Exploration of Mars Science Analysis Group * Chapter 8 - 2009 - Austere Human Missions to Mars * Chapter 9 - 2009 - Human Exploration of Mars Design Reference Architecture 5.0 * Chapter 10 - 2012 - Human Exploration and Precursors * Chapter 11 - 2012 - NASA Exploration Destinations, Goals, and International Collaboration * Chapter 12 - 2012 - Mars Program Planning Group September 2012 Report * Chapter 13 - 2012 - Strategic Knowledge Gaps: Planning for Safe, Effective, and Efficient Human Exploration of the Solar System * Chapter 14 - 2012 - Analysis of Strategic Knowledge Gaps Associated with Potential Human Missions to the Martian System * Chapter 15 - 2012 - Voyages: Charting the Course for Sustainable Human Space Exploration * Chapter 16 - 2012 - Senate and House Hearings on Exploration Goals, SLS, and Orion
Book Synopsis The Human Factor in a Mission to Mars by : Konrad Szocik
Download or read book The Human Factor in a Mission to Mars written by Konrad Szocik and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-04-09 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A manned mission to Mars is faced with challenges and topics that may not be obvious but of great importance and challenging for such a mission. This is the first book that collects contributions from scholars in various fields, from astronomy and medicine, to theology and philosophy, addressing such topics. The discussion goes beyond medical and technological challenges of such a deep-space mission. The focus is on human nature, human emotions and biases in such a new environment. The primary audience for this book are all researchers interested in the human factor in a space mission including philosophers, social scientists, astronomers, and others. This volume will also be of high interest for a much wider audience like the non-academic world, or for students.
Author :National Aeronautics and Space Administration Publisher :Government Printing Office ISBN 13 : Total Pages :36 pages Book Rating :4./5 ( download)
Book Synopsis NASA's Journey to Mars: Pioneering Next Steps in Space Exploration by : National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Download or read book NASA's Journey to Mars: Pioneering Next Steps in Space Exploration written by National Aeronautics and Space Administration and published by Government Printing Office. This book was released on 2016-02-05 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This document communicates NASA’s strategy and progress to learn about the Red Planet, to inform us more about our Earth’s past and future, and may help answer whether life exists beyond our home planet. Together with NASA’s partners in academia and commercial enterprises, NASA’s vision is to pioneer Mars and answer some of humanity’s fundamental questions: • Was Mars home to microbial life? Is it today? • Could it be a safe home for humans one day? • What can it teach us about life elsewhere in the cosmos or how life began on Earth? • What can it teach us about Earth’s past, present, and future?
Book Synopsis Pathways to Exploration by : National Research Council
Download or read book Pathways to Exploration written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2014-09-30 with total page 405 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The United States has publicly funded its human spaceflight program on a continuous basis for more than a half-century, through three wars and a half-dozen recessions, from the early Mercury and Gemini suborbital and Earth orbital missions, to the lunar landings, and thence to the first reusable winged crewed spaceplane that the United States operated for three decades. Today the United States is the major partner in a massive orbital facility - the International Space Station - that is becoming the focal point for the first tentative steps in commercial cargo and crewed orbital space flights. And yet, the long-term future of human spaceflight beyond this project is unclear. Pronouncements by multiple presidents of bold new ventures by Americans to the Moon, to Mars, and to an asteroid in its native orbit, have not been matched by the same commitment that accompanied President Kennedy\'s now fabled 1961 speech-namely, the substantial increase in NASA funding needed to make it happen. Are we still committed to advancing human spaceflight? What should a long-term goal be, and what does the United States need to do to achieve it? Pathways to Exploration explores the case for advancing this endeavor, drawing on the history of rationales for human spaceflight, examining the attitudes of stakeholders and the public, and carefully assessing the technical and fiscal realities. This report recommends maintaining the long-term focus on Mars as the horizon goal for human space exploration. With this goal in mind, the report considers funding levels necessary to maintain a robust tempo of execution, current research and exploration projects and the time/resources needed to continue them, and international cooperation that could contribute to the achievement of spaceflight to Mars. According to Pathways to Exploration, a successful U.S. program would require sustained national commitment and a budget that increases by more than the rate of inflation. In reviving a U.S. human exploration program capable of answering the enduring questions about humanity's destiny beyond our tiny blue planet, the nation will need to grapple with the attitudinal and fiscal realities of the nation today while staying true to a small but crucial set of fundamental principles for the conduct of exploration of the endless frontier. The recommendations of Pathways to Exploration provide a clear map toward a human spaceflight program that inspires students and citizens by furthering human exploration and discovery, while taking into account the long-term commitment necessary to achieve this goal.
Download or read book Martian Outpost written by Erik Seedhouse and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-04-11 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mars Outpost provides a detailed insight into the various technologies, mission architectures, medical requirements, and training needed to send humans to Mars. It focuses on mission objectives and benefits, and the risks and complexities that are compounded when linked to an overall planet exploration program involving several expeditions and setting up a permanent presence on the surface. The first section provides the background to sending a human mission to Mars. Analogies are made with early polar exploration and the expeditions of Shackleton, Amundsen, and Mawson. The interplanetary plans of the European Space Agency, NASA, and Russia are examined, including the possibility of one or more nations joining forces to send humans to Mars. Current mission architectures, such as NASA’s Constellation, ESA’s Aurora, and Ross Tierney’s DIRECT, are described and evaluated. The next section looks at how humans will get to the Red Planet, beginning with the preparation of the crew. The author examines the various analogues to understand the problems Mars-bound astronauts will face. Additional chapters describe the transportation hardware necessary to launch 4-6 astronauts on an interplanetary trajectory to Mars, including the cutting edge engineering and design of life support systems required to protect crews for more than a year from the lethal radiation encountered in deep space. NASA’s current plan is to use standard chemical propulsion technology, but eventually Mars crews will take advantage of advanced propulsion concepts, such as the Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket, ion drives and nuclear propulsion. The interplanetary options for reaching Mars, as well as the major propulsive maneuvers required and the trajectories and energy requirements for manned and unmanned payloads, are reviewed . Another chapter addresses the daunting medical problems and available countermeasures for humans embarking on a mission to Mars: the insidious effects of radiation on the human body and the deleterious consequences of bone and muscle deconditioning. Crew selection will be considered, bearing in mind the strong possibility that they may not be able to return to Earth. Still another chapter describes the guidance, navigation, and control system architecture, as well as the lander design requirements and crew tasks and responsibilities required to touch down on the Red Planet. Section 3 looks at the surface mission architectures. Seedhouse describes such problems as radiation, extreme temperatures, and construction challenges that will be encountered by colonists. He examines proposed concepts for transporting cargo and astronauts long distances across the Martian surface using magnetic levitation systems, permanent rail systems, and flying vehicles. In the penultimate chapter of the book, the author explains an adaptable and mobile exploration architecture that will enable long-term human exploration of Mars, perhaps making it the next space-based tourist location.
